The molecular basis for A-site mutations conferring aminoglycoside resistance: relationship between ribosomal susceptibility and X-ray crystal structures

Aminoglycoside antibiotics target the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) bacterial A site and induce misreading of the genetic code. Point mutations of the ribosomal A site may confer resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. The influence of bacterial mutations (introduced by site-directed mutagenesis) on ribosomal drug susceptibility was investigated in vivo by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations. To determine the origin of the various resistance phenotypes at a molecular level, the in vivo results were compared with the previously published crystal structures of paromomycin, tobramycin, and geneticin bound to oligonucleotides containing the minimal A site. Two regions appear crucial for binding in the A site: the single adenine residue at position 1408 and the non-Watson-Crick U1406.U1495 pair. The effects of mutations at those positions are modulated by the nature of the substituent at position 6' (either hydroxy or ammonium group) on ring I, by the number of positive charges on the antibiotic, and by the linkage between rings I and III (either 4,5 or 4,6). In particular, the analysis demonstrates: 1) that the C1409-G1491 to A1409-U1491 polymorphism (observed in 15 % of bacteria) is not associated with resistance, which indicates that it does not affect the stacking of ring I on residue 1491, 2) that the high-level resistance to 6'-NH3+ aminoglycosides exhibited by the A1408G mutation most probably results from the inability of ring I forming a pseudo base pair with G1408, which prevents its insertion inside the A site helix, and 3) that mutations of the uracil residues forming the U1406.U1495 pair either to cytosine or to adenine residues mostly confer low to moderate levels of drug resistance, whereas the U1406C/U1495A double mutation confers high-level resistance (except for neomycin), which suggests that aminoglycoside binding to the wild-type A site and its functional consequences strongly depend on a particular geometry of the U1406.U1495 pair. The relationships between the resistance phenotypes observed in vivo and the interactions described at the molecular level define the biological importance of the different structural interactions observed by X-ray crystallography studies.