Laparoscopic vs conventional appendectomy--a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

A comparison was made of the dynamics of sympathoadrenal activity in 11 age-matched male and female rats, under basal conditions and after exposure to footshock. Rats were prepared with indwelling catheters in the tail artery 24 h before the experiment. Measurements were made of plasma corticosterone (COR), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) under resting conditions, after transfer to the shock box (novelty) and at various times after footshock. Under basal conditions, males have significantly higher blood pressure and plasma DHPG/NE ratios but lower plasma levels of COR, NE and DOPAC than females. Three min after exposure to the shock chamber (novelty stress) there were significant increases in COR, EPI, NE and DHPG in both sexes, while DOPA increased only in females and DOPAC remained unchanged in both sexes. Footshock produced a further increase in EPI, NE and DOPAC within 2 min, which lasted about 15 min. There were significant sex differences in the extent and duration of the response of COR, EPI and DHPG. The data show that the female sympathoadrenal system is more reactive than that of the male to the stresses of a novel environment and footshock. The smaller DHPG/NE ratios in females at rest and after stress suggest that neuronal uptake of NE is lower in females than in males. The finding that stress produces larger increments of plasma DOPA and DOPAC in female rats indicates that tyrosine hydroxylase in the sympathetic nerve terminals and adrenal medulla may also be higher than in males.