金属3D打印技术的研究

3D打印或增材制造是一种采用逐层材料堆积的方式直接从数字模型制造零件的新方法,被誉为"第三次工业革命"的核心技术。这种无模具的制造方法可以在短时间内生产出高精度、完全致密的金属零件。3D打印具有零件设计自由、零件复杂性、轻量化、零件整合和功能设计等特点,故金属3D打印在航空航天、石油天然气、海洋、汽车、模具制造和医疗领域中的应用受到特别的关注。首先简要介绍了金属3D打印技术的基本原理、特点及分类,然后重点介绍了几种金属3D打印技术——选择性激光烧结技术(SLS)、选择性激光熔化成形技术(SLM)、直接金属激光烧结技术(DMLS)、电子束熔化成形技术(EBM)和激光工程化净成形技术(LENS),包括技术的基本原理、优缺点及其具体应用领域。最后对金属3D打印技术的优势、目前面临的主要问题及未来发展趋势进行了总结与展望。

Metal 3D Printing Technology

As core technology of the third industrial revolution, 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a novel method of making parts directly from digital model in the approach of layer-by-layer material build-up. This mould-free production method could be used to produce fully dense high precision metal parts in short time. As 3D printing featured in free part design, part complexity, lightweight, part consolidation and function design, its application has received special attention in for the fields of aerospace, oil & gas, marine, automobile, mould making and medical treatment. Firstly, basic principle, characteristics and classification of metal 3D printing technology were briefly introduced. Then several kinds of metal 3D printing technologies were emphatically introduced, which covered selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), electron beam molding (EBM) and laser engineered net shaping (LENS), including basic principles, advantages and disadvantages as well as specific application field of the technologies. Finally, the advantages, main problems at present and future development trends of metal 3D printing technology were summarized and prospected.