Pull-out tests and slope stability analyses of nailing systems comprising single and multi rebars with grouted cement

The pull-out capacities for soil nailing systems comprising of one single 29 mm diameter (type A) and four 16 mm diameter (type B) rebars with grouted cement were examined. A field test and numerical analysis for the type A and type B systems were carried out to investigate the pull-out capacities and the slope stability reinforcement efficiency in soil and rock slopes. The results of the pull-out tests show the mobilized shear force and load transfer characteristics with respect to soil depth. The load-displacement relationship was examined for both type A and type B systems. Slope stability analyses were carried out to study the relationships between soil and nail reinforcement and bending stiffness as well as combined axial tension and shear forces. Factors of safety were calculated in relation to the number of nails and their outside diameters. Both soil and rock slopes were included in this evaluation.