Native rainbow smelt and nonnative alewife distribution related to temperature and light gradients in Lake Champlain |
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| Authors: | Paul W Simonin Donna L Parrish Lars G Rudstam Patrick J Sullivan Bernard Pientka |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biology, SUNY Buffalo State, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, New York 14222, USA;2. Great Lakes Center, SUNY Buffalo State, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, New York 14222, USA;3. Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;4. One Health Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;5. Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;1. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 5351 North Shore Drive, Duluth, MN 55804, USA;2. Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA Office of Research and Development, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA;1. USGS Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Ontario Biological Station, 17 Lake St, Oswego, NY, USA;2. New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Lake Ontario Research Unit, Cape Vincent, New YorkNY 13126, USA;3. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Lake Ontario Management Unit, Glenora Fisheries Station, 41 Hatchery Lane, Picton, Ontario K0K 2T0, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) recently became established in Lake Champlain and may compete with native rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) for food or consume larval rainbow smelt. The strength of this effect depends partly on the spatial and temporal overlap of different age groups of the two species; therefore, we need a better understanding of factors affecting alewife and rainbow smelt distributions in Lake Champlain. We used hydroacoustics, trawls, and gill nets to document vertical fish distribution, and recorded environmental data during 16 day–night surveys over two years. Temperature, temperature change, and light were all predictors of adult and age-0 rainbow smelt distribution, and temperature and light were predictors of age-0 alewives' distribution (based on GAMM models evaluated with AIC). Adult alewives were 5–30 m shallower and age-0 alewives were 2–15 m shallower than their rainbow smelt counterparts. Adult rainbow smelt distribution overlapped with age-0 rainbow smelt and age-0 alewives near the thermocline (10–25 m), whereas adult alewives were shallower (0–6 m) and overlapped with age-0 alewives and rainbow smelt in the epilimnion. Adult rainbow smelt were in water < 10–12 °C, whereas age-0 rainbow smelt were in 10–20 °C, and adult and age-0 alewives were in 15–22 °C water. Predicting these species distributions is necessary for quantifying the strength of predatory and competitive interactions between alewife and rainbow smelt, as well as between alewife and other fish species in Lake Champlain. |
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