基于GEANT4模拟分析不同能量质子在CMOS APS中的位移损伤研究

本文针对图像传感器在空间辐射环境中电学性能退化问题,采用蒙特卡罗方法基于互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）APS器件建立几何模型,开展不同能量质子与靶原子的相互作用过程研究。通过研究不同能量质子辐照下初级碰撞原子的能谱分布及平均位移损伤能量沉积随质子能量的变化,讨论不同能量质子及空间站轨道质子能谱下在CMOS APS器件中位移损伤的差异。计算结果表明：随着入射质子能量的增大,辐照产生的初级碰撞原子的最大能量及核反应产生的初级碰撞原子（PKA）对位移损伤能量沉积的贡献逐步增加;对于大于1 MeV的质子辐照,CMOS APS器件中位移损伤研究可忽略氧化层的影响;不同能量的质子和CREME96程序中空间站轨道质子能谱下器件中位移损伤能量沉积分布结果显示,35 MeV质子与该空间站轨道质子能谱在器件敏感区中产生的总位移损伤能量沉积相近。该工作对模拟空间站轨道质子辐照下电子器件暗电流增长研究中辐照实验的能量选择,提供了参考依据。     

空间实用GaAs/Ge太阳电池高能质子辐射效应研究

用能量为5—20MeV,注量为1×109—7×1013 cm-2的高能质子对空间实用GaAs/Ge太阳电池进行辐照,得到了其性能随质子能量和注量的变化关系,并进行了微观机理的讨论。研究结果表明,注量低于1×109 cm-2的质子辐照不会引起太阳电池性能的变化; 注量高于1×109 cm-2辐照,会引起太阳电池性能的改变。当注量为3×1012 cm-2时,5、10、20 MeV质子辐照引起太阳电池性能参数Isc衰降变化分别是原值的80%、86%、90%;Voc衰降变化分别为原值的82%、85%、88%;Pmax衰降的变化分别为原值的60%、64%、67%。当辐照注量为5×1013 cm-2时,5、10、20 MeV质子辐照引起Pmax衰降的变化分别为原值的26%、30%、36%。即随着注量的增加,太阳电池性能衰降增大;且相同注量的辐照,质子能量愈高,太阳电池性能衰降愈小。这与质子在电池材料中的能量损失和辐照引入的深能级Ec-0.41eV有关。     

双极运算放大器在不同电子能量下的辐射效应和退火特性

介绍了LM837双极运算放大器分别在不同能量（1。8、1 MeV）不同束流、相同能量不同束流电子辐照环境中的响应特性及变化规律。分析了不同偏置状态下其电离辐照敏感参数在辐照后3种退火温度（室温,100、125 ℃）下随时间的变化,并讨论了引起电参数失效的机理。结果表明：与1 MeV 辐照相比,1。8 MeV电子辐照引起的LM837辐射损伤更明显;辐照过程中正偏条件下的偏置电流变化较零偏时的稍大;LM837辐照后的退火行为与温度有较大的依赖关系,而这种关系与辐照感生的界面态密度增长直接相关。     

双能量质子束辐照晶闸管的研究

在制造快速晶闸管的过程中电子辐照已被广泛采用，但是，电子辐照在提高开关速度的同时，也会引起正向导通压降的增大。采用高能质子辐射既能提高开关速度又能尽量降低正向导通压降。由于一定能量的质子在物质中的射程是一定的，质子辐照造成缺陷或复合中心分布在一定的狭窄区域，在那里，缺陷可以有效地增加开关速度又不显著增加导通压降。本文介绍用HI-13串列加速器产生的质子束辐照晶闸管的工作。实验表明，双能量质子束的辐照效果是非常优越的。     

316不锈钢疲劳过程中的质子辐照硬化

对316不锈钢疲劳过程中的质子辐照硬化行为,应用恒振幅疲劳装置,在333—573k温度区间和10~(-4)应变振幅下进行了研究。实验结果表明,质子辐照引起了疲劳过程的附加硬化。疲劳应变振幅和疲劳试验温度对辐照硬化有重要的影响。     

MOS结构的质子辐照效应

利用微分电容法和禁带中央电压漂移技术,研究了铝栅MOS结构质子辐照诱发的新生界面陷阱和氧化层陷阱结构。结果表明,质子辐照所诱发的新生界面陷阱和氧化层陷阱随质子能量和剂量的增加而增加。用H~+二级过程模型和计算机模拟定性解释了实验结果。     

0.28-2.80 MeV质子辐射对空间实用GaInP/GaAs/Ge多结太阳电池性能的影响

用0.28、0.62和2.80 MeV质子束模拟空间辐射对国产MOCVD方法制备的GaInP/GaAs/Ge多结电池进行质子辐射效应研究.辐照注量为1×1012 cm-2.对电池的辐射效应用I-V特性和光谱响应测试进行分析.结果表明:随质子辐照能量的增加,太阳电池性能参数Isc,Voc,Pmax和光谱响应的衰降幅度均减小,0.28MeV质子辐照引起电池性能衰降最显著;低能质子辐照引起中间GaAs电池光谱响应衰降更明显.     

双极运算放大器的质子辐照效应

研究了ＯＰ－７双极运算放大器在８ＭｅＶ，１２ＭｅＶ两种能量下的质子辐照效应及损伤特性，并通过对电路内部的损伤分析，探讨了各敏感参数和的变化规律，结果表明，由位移损伤和电离辐射损伤引起的晶体管增益衰降是导致运算放大器各参数变化的主要原因。     

C276合金质子辐照损伤模拟及活化分析

C276合金是先进核电站燃料元件包壳的候选材料之一。本工作采用TRIM程序分别计算10和20MeV质子辐照C276所产生的辐照损伤，比较分析能损、离位原子、DPA等参数分布。同时使用FISPACT-2007程序进行活化计算，对放射性活度、衰变余热及接触剂量率等参数进行了详细分析。结果表明：辐照损伤主要来自电子能损的贡献，高能质子与靶原子发生碰撞的几率较低。C276经同种能量质子辐照后，活化特性随着辐照时间的增长而增加。辐照时间相同时，高能质子会对材料产生更大的影响。本工作为后续的辐照损伤分子动力学模拟及计划开展的质子辐照实验提供支持。     

质子和γ射线辐照对Bi-系超导体零电阻温度的影响

２０ＭｅＶ质子辐照固态反应法和硝酸盐溶胶凝胶法制备的Ｂｉ－系超导体，伴随有核激发的γ及β射线辐照。在线测量的结果表明超导样品的零电阻温度Ｔ是增加的，但是随着时间的推移Ｔ值逐渐下降。我们测量了超导体的Ｔ和γ射线随时间的变化情况。发现Ｔ在伴随γ射线辐照下首先增加，而后逐渐下降。这表明γ射线对超导体的Ｔ存在两方面的影响，一是激发样品中的载流子，激发态的载流子构成载流子对，其能隙较宽，提高了：二是产生辐照缺陷，破坏超导体的微观结构，降低Ｔ质子辐照在超导样品中产生很多缺陷，降低Ｔ。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.