用于环境监测的气敏元件开发研究

以纳米级 Sn O2 为气敏材料制作了气敏元件 ,以无机试剂为前驱原料加入少量适当的溶胶形成助剂 ,采用溶胶 -凝胶法制备了纳米级 Sn O2 .通过研究不同掺杂量和不同加热条件下这类气敏元件对几种还原性气体的灵敏度和选择性 ,为开发用于环境监测的新型高灵敏度和高选择性的气敏元件提供技术数据 .     

纳米NiO的合成及其气敏特性研究

采用常温沉淀法制备出纳米NiO粉体,经过TEM和XRD研究表明,制备的NiO粉体为纳米级.通过研究纳米NiO气敏元件的气敏性能发现,该元件对HCHO,CH3OH,C2H5OH,TMA气体都有响应,且响应-恢复快.     

两步氧化法制备纳米ZnO及其气敏性能研究

采用H2O2对纳米Zn粉进行两步氧化,制备出不同的纳米ZnO气敏元件．物相结构和形貌表征结果表明：650℃热氧化2h后纳米Zn粉已经完全氧化成纯相ZnO,预氧化阶段,纳米Zn粉在H2O2中的比例为20g／L时,针状氧化物生长最为茂密．气敏性能测试表明：纳米Zn粉在H2O2中比例为20g／L时制备的气敏元件对苯、甲苯、二甲苯的灵敏度最高,其在320℃处的灵敏度分别达到9．9,11．8,13．     

Ru-ZnO气敏材料的敏感特性研究

采用化学沉淀法合成了纯ZnO微粉.用纯ZnO微粉为基料采用浸渍法合成了Ru-ZnO气敏材料,并以Al2O3微粉为基料合成了Au,Ag,Pd,Pt,Ru或Rh等贵金属附载型催化剂,最后通过分步复合的方法制得了Al2O3/Ru-ZnO双层膜气敏元件.通过对样品的静态气敏测试发现:Ru-ZnO的气敏性能优于ZnO,而催化涂层的施加则可以改善Ru-ZnO对汽油、乙醇和丁烷的气敏选择性,从而获得实用化的选择性检测元件.Ru-ZnO气敏材料的敏感特性研究@徐甲强$郑州轻工业学院化学工程系@胡平$郑州轻工业学院化学工程系@秦建华$郑州轻工业学院化学工程系@谷书华$郑州轻工业学…     

纳米CuO材料的甲醛气敏性研究

采用化学沉淀法制备出纳米CuO气敏材料,利用静态配气法测试了CuO的气敏性能.结果表明,在纳米CuO材料中掺入适量Ag2O后,使CuO对甲醛的气敏性得到很大改善,灵敏度和选择性都得到了提高.     

导电微纳纤维复合纱的制备及其气敏特性

为开发高质量的气敏传感器,利用水浴静电纺丝法制备以涤纶(PET)为芯纱,聚酰胺6(PA6)纳米纤维为包覆层的微纳纤维复合纱(MNY),基于原位聚合方法对MNY进行连续导电处理,制备微纳米纤维复合纱/聚苯胺(MNY/PANI)复合导电纱,以此作为气敏元件,同时将相同参数下制备的PET/PANI复合导电纱也作为气敏元件进行对照,探究不同结构纱线之间气敏效果的差异。研究结果表明：MNY具备良好的皮芯结构,经导电处理后MNY表面均匀分布了聚苯胺颗粒,MNY/PANI的电导率最高可达7.53 S/cm;相比于PET/PANI气敏元件,MNY/PANI气敏元件因其纳米结构的高比表面积对NH₃的灵敏度更高,能表现出更好的响应-恢复效果,重复性和稳定性更好,已初步具备了作为优良气敏元件的条件。     

掺杂纳米NiO粉体材料的气敏性能研究

采用固相研磨法对纳米NiO粉体气敏材料进行掺杂,用静态配气法测试了掺杂后材料对还原性气体的气敏性能.结果表明:掺杂WO3可以明显地提高纳米NiO的检测灵敏度,且随着掺杂量的增加,灵敏度提高显著.     

掺杂SO4^2-对In2O3电导和气敏性能的影响

用超声分散浸渍法制备了掺杂SO2-4的In2O3半导体气敏材料,并对其电导和气敏性能进行了研究.结果表明:SO2-4的掺入改变了N型半导体In2O3材料的导电性能;少量SO2-4(w(SO2-4)≈2%)的存在,能提高材料的比表面积和表面吸附氧On-2量,187℃下对乙醇有较好的选择性和灵敏度.     

掺杂SO2-4对In2O3电导和气敏性能的影响

用超声分散浸渍法制备了掺杂SO2-4的In2O3半导体气敏材料, 并对其电导和气敏性能进行了研究.结果表明: SO2-4的掺入改变了N型半导体In2O3材料的导电性能;少量SO2-4(w(SO2-4)≈2%)的存在,能提高材料的比表面积和表面吸附氧On-2量,187 ℃下对乙醇有较好的选择性和灵敏度.     

用SDS微乳液合成SnO2微粉的研究

用化学沉淀法、十二烷基硫酸钠（简称ＳＤＳ）微乳液介质法分别合成了ＳnO2微粉,并将其制备成旁热式气敏元件,进行了气敏性能测定。结果表明,用ＳＤＳ微乳液合成的ＳnO2纳米微粉,可以提高ＳnO2气敏元件对某种气体的灵敏度和选择性,对ＳnO2气体传感器的开发具有一定的价值。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.