旋流对同轴富氧扩散燃烧NOx排放的影响

对30%～40%的氧浓度下甲烷富氧空气同轴扩散燃烧的火焰形态、可见火焰高度、燃烧特性以及NOx排放进行了实验测量,研究了旋流数对NOx排放控制的影响.结果显示,随着旋流数的增加,火焰高度略有升高,火焰发光由白色逐渐变为橙黄色;最高火焰温度逐渐降低,温度分布也变得平坦;NOx排放指数随旋流数的增加而降低,氧浓度越高,其下降幅度越大.保持其他条件不变,增加氧化剂流速可以增强旋流对燃烧特性及NOx排放的影响.     

稀释合成气微混合燃料喷射燃烧火焰特性研究

研究了耦合CO2稀释和微混合燃料喷射燃烧的火焰特性.结果表明:耦合CO2稀释和微混合燃料喷射燃烧是一种降低合成气扩散火焰NOx生成量的有效途径;实验范围内排放的NOx质量浓度一般低于2mg/m3,排放的CO质量浓度低于10mg/m3,排放的CO质量浓度随火焰热功率的增大而降低;燃烧器出口温度、壁面温度和喷嘴出口温度等均随火焰热功率的增大而升高.     

不同氧气浓度下CH4旋流燃烧器燃烧特性的数值模拟

对一种新型强制鼓风式燃烧器在不同O2浓度下的燃烧特性进行了研究,O2浓度分别为21%、23%、25%、27%、29%和31%。对燃烧器测试炉的炉膛内部温度分布和NOx生成情况进行了分析,并通过实验验证了模拟方法的准确性。研究结果表明:随着O2浓度的增加,测试炉膛内部火焰温度升高,炉膛温度分布均匀性变差,火焰最高温度位置前移,火焰整体长度增加,测试炉膛内部NOx浓度相应升高;当O2浓度低于27%时NOx的增长速率较为缓慢,当O2浓度高于27%时NOx的增长速率变大。因此,对于该燃烧器将O2浓度控制在27%以下可以有效地减少NOx的排放。     

DME与LPG预混平面火焰的甲醛及NO_x排放特性

对二甲醚与液化石油气预混平面火焰中不同掺混比例下的甲醛生成、NOx的排放特性进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,固定燃料质量流量和当量比条件下,火焰中甲醛质量浓度随着二甲醚掺混比例的增加而增加,其峰值质量浓度为相同工况纯LPG燃烧时的2～5倍,表明混合燃料中的二甲醚仍然是甲醛产生的主要来源;尾气中的NOx质量浓度随二甲醚比例的增加而降低,但均不高于16.08,mg/m3.控制二甲醚的完全氧化是二甲醚与液化石油气掺混燃烧中减少甲醛排放的关键途径.     

煤与污泥的循环流化床富氧燃烧

结合污泥的特性与富氧燃烧技术的优点,在一个内径为100mm的循环流化床焚烧炉内进行煤与污泥的富氧燃烧试验.试验分析了不同煤泥质量比,在氧体积分数为21%～35%环境下的燃烧特性以及送风含氧量、床层温度对烟气成分的影响.结果表明:不同质量比的燃料在不同氧气氛围的燃烧特性不同;当给料量恒定时,随着送风含氧量的增大,总风量减少,炉膛的温度逐渐升高,烟气中SO2与NOx浓度都呈增大的趋势,这有利于SO2与NOx的脱除;NOx体积分数随床层温度的升高逐渐增加.     

发动机起动动态过程富氧燃烧排放及其失火特性研究

针对发动机选择性组分进气富氧燃烧,采取氧浓度21%～27%的富氧进气,研究点燃式发动机起动初始段瞬态过程燃烧与排放特性.试验表明:随着进气氧浓度的增加,CO、HC排放明显下降,NOx排放有所升高.在氧浓度23%～25%的低富氧程度时,对于CO、HC排放的影响相对显著,随着富氧程度的进一步增加,该影响作用明显减弱.尽管富氧起动带来一定程度的NOx排放增加,但是起动过程的NOx排放仍然处于较低水平.缸内燃烧探测可知,合适的富氧氛围有利于火焰传播和扩散,明显减少失火现象,失火率呈线性降低趋势,起动燃烧稳定性明显增强.     

9E燃气轮机贫-贫模式燃烧及NOx排放特性研究

采用数值模拟方法对9E燃气轮机LEC-III低氮燃烧室在贫贫模式下的燃烧特性进行计算,分析了流场、温度场和污染物NOx的生成规律,比较不同燃料分配比对NOx排放的影响。结果表明：在贫贫模式下,一级燃烧区、二级燃烧区均有高温火焰,呈现部分预混部分扩散的燃烧特性,NOx排放浓度达到78.9ppm,与运行试验值吻合较好;燃烧室内形成3个流场回流区,有助于增强高温烟气掺混和火焰稳定性,文丘里组合件处的流速最高,可以防止回火;燃料分配比对二级燃烧区的NOx生成影响显著,其最佳值在70%～75%范围时,达到NOx排放最低且燃烧火焰分布合理。     

当量比对锥形燃烧器火焰稳定位置影响

为了探究当量比对锥形燃烧器头部火焰稳定位置及排放特性的影响,采用数值模拟方法对锥形燃烧 器的流动与燃烧特性进行研究。分析讨论了当量比从0. 54增加至0. 78时燃烧器头部的火焰锋面位置与高 温区温度的变化规律,以及不同当量比下火焰指数、NOx与C0排放量的变化趋势。研究结果表明,速度分布 与回流区特征随当量比升高未见明显变化。随着当量比升高,高温区的最高温度逐渐升高,火焰稳定位置向 燃烧器内部移动。当量比增加至0.66时开始发生回火,继续增加当量比时高温区贴近锥形燃烧器头部壁面 与喷嘴,有烧毁燃烧器的危险。NOx排放量随当量比增大而增大,当量比从0. 54增加至0. 66时,NOx排放量 缓慢增加,当量比继续增加至0.78过程中,NOx排放量迅速增加,NOx排放增加了 32.4倍。C0排放量随当 量比的增大先减小后增大,并在当量比为0.66时达到最小值     

醇基-废机油混合燃料燃烧特性分析

以醇基-废机油混合燃料为研究对象,在一台标定功率为50 k W的柴油燃烧器上开展实验研究,结合数值模拟方法,分析不同配比混合燃料在不同过量空气系数下的火焰燃烧特性、炉膛温度分布、污染物生成等的变化规律和燃烧器出口流场特性.结果发现:随着混合燃料中废机油含量从10%增加到30%,在工业热态锅炉中燃烧的火焰颜色更加白亮、火焰长度有所增加,炉膛温度升高,沿炉膛轴线方向上的CO和NO排放均出现先增大后减小现象;随着过量空气系数从1.05增加到1.30,不同配比混合燃料燃烧的火焰长度均有所减小,炉膛内温度和炉膛出口处的NO质量浓度均先增加后减小,炉膛出口处的CO质量浓度减小;当过量空气系数为1.10、燃烧废机油含量为30%的醇基-废机油混合燃料时,炉膛燃烧区域温度最高达2 000 K,炉膛出口处的NO质量浓度最高,达到530 mg/m~3.     

流化床垃圾焚烧炉中NOx的排放特性试验研究

在哈尔滨垃圾发电厂流化床垃圾焚烧炉上进行NOx的排放特性试验研究,得到了垃圾特性、燃烧温度、烟气中氧浓度、尿素喷射量等因素对排烟中NOx排放浓度的影响规律.试验结果表明,随着垃圾中有机物含量及燃烧温度的增加,NOx排放浓度增加;随着烟气中氧浓度(＜7%～8%)的增加,NOx排放浓度也相应增加,进一步增加空气量,NOx排放浓度开始缓慢下降.在850～900℃下喷尿素水溶液进行脱氮试验研究,发现NOx排放浓度不但没有降低反而比不喷尿素时增高,说明尿素中的有机氮被氧化为NOx,造成总NOx排放浓度增加.在正常燃烧工况下,排气中NOx浓度一般小于150mg/m3.此研究结果对流化床垃圾焚烧炉运行具有指导作用.     

预燃室式天然气掺氢发动机燃烧及排放模拟

为探索掺氢对预燃室式大功率中速天然气发动机燃烧和排放的影响,采用计算流体动力学耦合化学动力学方法,在一台6ACD320型天然气发动机上,对氢气体积分数为0~30%的天然气-氢气混合燃料的燃烧过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在天然气中掺氢促使缸内产生了更多的O、OH等活性自由基,从而加速了缸内火焰传播,发动机的指示燃气消耗率下降、指示热效率提高,CO、THC和非甲烷碳氢化合物(NHMC)排放下降,NOx排放上升.对于预燃室式发动机,掺氢增加缸内火焰传播速率的效应主要体现在燃烧过程的后半段,而前半段燃烧过程中,预燃室射流对缸内混合气的湍流激扰效应对缸内湍流燃烧速率起着主导性的作用.综合比较,采用10%的掺氢比对发动机性能和排放较为有利.     

乙醇-氢气-空气混合物层流燃烧特性研究

氢气是一种高效的添加剂,可以改善生物质燃料的层流燃烧特性。为研究氢气对乙醇-空气预混层流火焰燃烧特性的影响,利用定容燃烧弹结合高速纹影摄像技术,系统研究了初始温度为400 K,初始压力为0.1 MPa和0.4 MPa,氢气含量为0%、10%、30%、50%、70%和90%,当量比为0.7 ~ 1.4时的氢气-乙醇-空气混合燃料的层流燃烧速度（LBV）、火焰厚度和马克斯坦长度等参数,并采用辐射校正公式使LBV更加精准。通过数值仿真构建预混火焰模型,与实验结果进行对比。结果表明,氢气比例的增加可以提高混合燃料的层流燃烧速度。当氢气比例小于50%时,LBV随氢气比例的增加线性增长。而当氢气比例大于50%,LBV随氢气的增加呈指数增长。初始压力的上升虽然降低了LBV,但提高了LBV的增长率。此外,随着氢气比例和初始压力的增加,火焰厚度减小,马克斯坦长度降低,火焰的不稳定性增强。     

A model for the laminar flame speed of binary fuel blends and its application to methane/hydrogen mixtures

Recent studies have demonstrated promising performance of adding hydrogen to methane in internal combustion engines and substantial attention has been devoted to binary fuel blends. Due to the strong nonlinearity of chemical reaction process, the laminar flame speed of binary fuel blends cannot be obtained from linear combination of the laminar flame speed of each individual fuel constituent. In this study, theoretical analysis is conducted for a planar premixed flame of binary fuel blends and a model for the laminar flame speed is developed. The model shows that the laminar flame speed of binary fuel blends depends on the square of the laminar flame speed of each individual fuel component. This model can predict the laminar flame speed of binary fuel blends when three laminar flame speeds are available: two for each individual fuel component and the third one for the fuel blends at one selected blending ratio. The performance of this model as well as models reported in the literature is assessed for methane/hydrogen mixtures. It is demonstrated that good agreements with calculations or measurements can be achieved by the present model prediction. Moreover, it is found that the present model also works for other binary fuel blends besides methane/hydrogen.     

Effects of hydrogen addition on the structure and pollutant emissions of a turbulent unconfined swirling flame

This article aims at investigating the effect of hydrogen addition on the temperature and pollutant emissions of turbulent unconfined swirling methane/air flame. A computational approach utilizing the steady laminar flamelet and the realizable k–ε combustion and turbulence models, respectively, has been used. The turbulence–combustion interaction has been modeled by a β-shaped presumed probability density function. The percentage of hydrogen in the fuel stream is modeled at a wide range from 0% to 50% of the fuel volume flow rate. Results show that with the increase of volumetric hydrogen percentage in the fuel stream the flame structure changes considerably. The size of maximum temperature region decreases significantly to a small region at flame tip and peak temperature rises which leads to increase in NO emission levels. The flame with 10% hydrogen is observed to be slightly of the general trend. This is deemed to be due to the change in flow field as a result of change in fuel density, while the amount of hydrogen is not effective enough to change the combustion characteristics of the flame.     

密闭空间内10%氢气浓度的氢气-空气混合气体燃爆的仿真和实验研究

当今世界各国正积极开发新能源以实现碳中和的目标,氢能是新能源中备受关注的一种能源形式。氢安全是氢能利用领域中被重点关注的问题之一,但氢气的燃烧和爆炸研究实验具有一定危险性。与实验相比,计算仿真是一种低成本且更安全的方法。针对10%氢气浓度的氢气-空气混合气体在密闭空间的燃爆现象,进行了4个工况的实验,并依托FLACS程序开展计算仿真,将实验结果与仿真结果进行对比分析。结果显示,FLACS计算压强的平均误差为15.3%,温度的平均误差为10.4%。FLACS压强峰值的高估比例为1.073,温度峰值高估比例则为1.272。误差的部分原因是FLACS无法模拟部分实验现象,例如部分火焰熄灭,导致仿真峰值数据高于实验数据。仿真结果中,压强和温度数据相比于实验数据有提早上升的趋势,这与许多文献的结论一致。该现象发生的原因在于FLACS模拟中燃烧是点火零时刻发生,而实验中燃烧在燃料被实际点燃时发生,该时刻与点火器启动时刻有短暂时间间隔。对比层流火焰燃烧速度,FLACS仿真的误差为13%。对比温度场发展趋势图,仿真与实验结果都显示火焰往罐体上部传播速度最快,在实验中火焰前锋停止于罐体两侧而仿真结果的火焰前锋则停止于罐体上部。     

Hydrogen enrichment of methane and syngas for MILD combustion

Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion is a technology with important characteristics such as significant low emission and high-efficiency combustion. The hydrogen enrichment of conventional fuels is also of interest due to its favorable characteristics, such as low carbon-containing pollutants, high reaction intensity, high flammability, and thus fuel usage flexibility. In this study, the effects of adding hydrogen to methane and syngas fuels have been investigated under conditions of MILD combustion through numerical simulation of a well-set-up MILD burner. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach is adopted along the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) combustion model with two different chemical mechanisms. Molecular diffusion is modeled using the differential diffusion approach. The effects of oxidizer dilution and fuel jet Reynolds number on the reactive flow field have been studied. Results show that with an increase in hydrogen portion of the fuel mixtures, the volume of the high-temperature region of combustion field increases whereas a reduction of oxidizer oxygen content leads to more proximity to the MILD condition. Increasing the fuel jet Reynolds number will result in an expansion of the combustion zone and shifting of this region in the axial direction. Predictions revealed that the methane flame is more sensitive to the oxidizer dilution and fuel jet Reynolds number than syngas. Moreover, enrichment of fuel with hydrogen seems to be better for acquiring condition of the MILD combustion for syngas rather than methane. Indeed, syngas shows more sensitivity to hydrogen enrichment than methane, which makes hydrogen a good additive to syngas in terms of MILD condition benefits.     

Hydrogen for dual fuel engine operation

In this investigation, an attempt was made to burn hydrogen in compression ignition engines that were operated on a dual fuel principle. Hydrogen was supplied along with intake air in small proportions and ignition was initiated by injecting diesel fuel in the conventional manner. A single cylinder compression ignition engine was operated throughout its load range inducting small proportions of hydrogen in intake air. Such an operation resulted in an increase of thermal efficiency at full load, a reduction in exhaust temperature and an increase in maximum pressure. Nitrogen oxides in the exhaust were observed to increase though the hydrocarbon emissions reduced as expected. Closed vessel explosions were conducted to study the effect of adding a hydrocarbon to a hydrogen-air mixture on the flame propagation velocities. The effect of increasing the proportion of hydrogen in the hydrogen-hydrocarbon-air mixture was observed to increase the flame propagation velocity.     

Effects of Moisture and Hydrogen Content on the Heating Value of Fuels

Abstract

In this work, effects of moisture and hydrogen contents on lower heating value (LHV) of fuels were investigated. The LHV at constant pressure measures the enthalpy change of combustion with and without water condensed, respectively. Moisture in biomass generally decreases its heating value. Moisture in biomass is stored in spaces within the dead cells and within the cell walls. Higher heating value (HHV) of a fuel decreases with increasing of its moisture content. The LHV of a fuel increases with increasing of its hydrogen content. The LHV of a fuel depends on its oxygen content and the LHV of a fuel decreases with increasing of its oxygen content. The LHV of a fuel increases with increasing the hydrogen content due to cause combustion water. Moisture in a fuel generally decreases its HHV. The LHV of a fuel increases with increasing the sulfur content due to cause SO_x gases absorbed by water.     

掺氢比对低排放燃烧室性能影响研究

为了探究传统天然气燃气轮机对氢气燃料的适应性,基于现役某型工业低排放燃气轮机结构和性能,用数值模拟方法分析了燃料中氢气比例对低排放燃烧室性能的影响,确定了燃烧室燃用甲烷和氢气燃料的换用性能。研究表明：在1.0额定工况,掺氢比小于等于30%时,燃烧室不发生回火,喷嘴内部和火焰筒肩部回流区的温度以及燃烧室的总压损失随掺氢比的升高而升高,NOx排放体积分数小幅升高,CO排放体积分数减少;当掺氢比大于30%时,燃烧室发生回火,喷嘴和火焰筒肩部回流区温度、总压损失、NOx排放体积分数大幅升高,CO排放基本为零。在其他工况下,负荷变化对燃烧室边界条件影响较为复杂,对喷嘴回火边界影响无单调性变化规律。     

氢能与燃料电池能源系统

基于对世界能源需求、氢能的特点和应用的分析,论证了氢能作为替代能源和未来主要能源构成的现实性;通过对氢气制备与储存技术和燃料电池技术进展的简要分析,论证了氢能利用的可行性;介绍了三种燃料电池能源系统;简论了氢经济转化的主要障碍是燃料电池技术发展和氢能基础设施建设。