羟丙基化改性对普通玉米杂交种淀粉糊化热力学性质的影响

采用湿法在实验室条件下提取18种普通玉米杂交种淀粉,并制备了羟丙基淀粉.采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析了原淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的糊化过程中的热力学性质.结果表明羟丙基化改性显著降低了所有普通玉米杂交种淀粉的热焓值、起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度和终止糊化温度,平均降幅分别为29.6%、13.9%、12.2%和7.8%.但羟丙基化改性对不同的普通玉米杂交种淀粉热力学性质的影响程度明显不同,即热力学性质各参数的降幅在杂交种间存在显著差异,热焓值、起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度及终止糊化温度的降幅的变化范围分别为10.95～47.15、9.1%～16.9%、8.7%～14.3%、4.8%～12.2%.     

普通玉米杂交种间淀粉的糊化热力学性质的分析

采用湿磨法在实验室条件下提取了31种玉米杂交种(普通玉米杂交种29种、糯玉米和高直链玉米杂交种各1种)淀粉,并采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分折了玉米杂交种淀粉的糊化热力学性质。结果表明:普通玉米杂交种淀粉的热焓值(ΔH)介于糯玉米和高直链玉米杂交种淀粉之间,且具有最低的起始糊化温度(To)、峰值糊化温度(Tp)、终止糊化温度(Tc)。普通玉米杂交种淀粉间峰值糊化温度(Tp)与起始糊化温度(To)和热焓值(ΔH)相关性达到极显著水平;根据热焓值(ΔH)的大小对供试的普通玉米杂交种进行分类。     

磷酸酯化改性对玉米杂交种淀粉糊化过程中热力学性质的影响

采用湿法在实验室条件下提取18种玉米杂交种淀粉,并制备了磷酸酯淀粉.采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析了原淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的糊化过程中的热力学性质.结果表明:磷酸酯化改性显著降低了所有玉米杂交种淀粉的热焓值,小幅度降低了起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度和终止糊化温度,平均降幅分别为15.1%、6.3%、4.8%和1.7%.但磷酸酯化改性对不同的玉米杂交种淀粉热力学性质的影响程度明显不同,即热力学性质各参数的降幅在杂交种间存在显著差异,热焓值、起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度及终止糊化温度的降幅的变化范围分别为0 7%～37 0%、3 3%～10 2%、2 6%～7 8%、0 2%～6 4%.     

乳熟期玉米糊化热力学性质的分析

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对18种乳熟期玉米的糊化热力学性质进行研究,探讨玉米中主成分(水分,直链淀粉,支链淀粉及蛋白质质量分数)对其糊化热力学行为的影响,分析其成分与玉米糊化热力学参数之间的相关性。结果表明:水分质量分数、直链淀粉和支链淀粉的质量分数与起始糊化温度(T0)、峰值糊化温度(TP)均为极显著正相关,而与终止糊化温度(TC)、热焓值(ΔH)的相关性均不显著;此外,热焓值(ΔH)与终止糊化温度(TC)是极显著相关。     

脱脂对糯玉米淀粉热力学特性的影响

以4个糯玉米淀粉为材料,对其进行脱脂处理,分析了其对淀粉热力学特性的影响。结果表明,脱脂使淀粉中的磷元素含量显著降低,导致淀粉的起始温度、峰值温度、终值温度、峰值指数和热焓值降低,糊化范围扩大。淀粉和脱脂淀粉糊化冷藏后发生回生,表现为脱脂增加了回生淀粉的热焓值,进而增加了淀粉的回生值和峰值指数,而起始温度、峰值温度、终值温度和糊化范围受脱脂影响较小。淀粉和脱脂淀粉的热焓值存在显著的基因型差异,淀粉的热焓值以渝糯408最低,脱脂淀粉的热焓值以郑彩糯1号最低。淀粉回生后热焓值和回生值差异较小,而脱脂淀粉回生后热焓值和回生值以YA30142最高,郑彩糯1号最低。     

韧化处理对甘薯淀粉糊化特性的影响

本文采用差示扫描量热分析、快速粘度分析等现代仪器分析方法研究了不同韧化时间、韧化温度和含水量等韧化处理方法对甘薯淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明,不同韧化温度处理后,甘薯淀粉的起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度和终止糊化温度均呈升高趋势,其中起始糊化温度升高趋势明显,由甘薯淀粉的62.47℃升高到70.37℃,糊化温度范围变窄,糊化热焓值增加;其峰值黏度呈下降趋势,55℃时为1342 cp比甘薯淀粉下降了321 cp,破损值降低、回生值升高。不同韧化时间处理后,甘薯淀粉To升高,糊化温度范围变窄,由甘薯淀粉的21.35℃减少到60 h的15.09℃,回生值上升了29.89%。不同水分含量韧化处理后,85%时糊化热焓值提高了36.20%,峰值黏度比甘薯淀粉下降了378 cp。甘薯淀粉经韧化处理后糊化温度、热焓值升高,黏度下降,回生值增加。     

菠萝茎淀粉的特性研究

本研究探讨了农副产品菠萝茎中淀粉的主要特性。包括白度、颗粒形貌、粒度分布、糊化温度、透明度、凝沉性、溶解度、热性能和晶体结构等性质。结果表明:菠萝茎淀粉的白度值为93%;颗粒呈不规则圆形、多边形,粒径范围为2-10μm,平均粒径为6μm,且颗粒粒径分布较为分散;菠萝茎淀粉的糊化温度为63-83℃,透光率为1.5%,溶解度随温度的升高而增加;X-射线衍射图分析表明,菠萝茎淀粉的晶体类型为A-型;DSC测定菠萝茎淀粉糊化的起始温度、峰值温度、终止温度、糊化焓值分别为87.95℃、93.36℃、99.36℃、10.95J/g。菠萝茎淀粉的特性研究表明其有很好的应用前景。     

海藻酸钠对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉物化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪、动态流变仪、物性测试仪等,研究了海藻酸钠对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化、凝胶及老化性质的影响。结果表明:海藻酸钠显著影响高直链玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉及蜡质玉米淀粉的物化性质,且对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉物化性质的影响不同。海藻酸钠使3种玉米淀粉的糊化难度增大,起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度、终止糊化温度升高,糊化焓增加。海藻酸钠提高3种玉米淀粉的峰值黏度、末值黏度、表观黏度及损耗模量。海藻酸钠提高高直链玉米淀粉的热稳定性和抗老化性,使高直链玉米淀粉的衰减值、老化率降低。海藻酸钠阻碍高直链玉米淀粉形成凝胶,使高直链玉米淀粉的损耗角正切值升高、凝胶硬度降低。     

菠萝茎淀粉的特性研究

本研究探讨了农副产品菠萝茎中淀粉的主要特性。包括白度、颗粒形貌、粒度分布、糊化温度、透明度、凝沉性、溶解度、热性能和晶体结构等性质。结果表明:菠萝茎淀粉的白度值为93%;颗粒呈不规则圆形、多边形,粒径范围为2-10μm,平均粒径为6μm,且颗粒粒径分布较为分散;菠萝茎淀粉的糊化温度为63-83℃,透光率为1.5%,溶解度随温度的升高而增加;X-射线衍射图分析表明,菠萝茎淀粉的晶体类型为A-型;DSC测定菠萝茎淀粉糊化的起始温度、峰值温度、终止温度、糊化焓值分别为87.95℃、93.36℃、99.36℃、10.95J/g。菠萝茎淀粉的特性研究表明其有很好的应用前景。     

羟丙基和磷酸酯化对不同玉米杂交种淀粉糊化特性的影响

采用了实验室方法提取了高直链、糯性和普通玉米杂交种的淀粉，并分别进行了羟丙基化和磷酸酯化反应。采用快速粘度分析仪（RVA）和差示扫描量热仪（DSC）分别分析了淀粉的糊化和热力学性质。结果表明：羟丙基化和磷酸酯化反应都不同程度地降低了所有淀粉的热焓值和糊化温度，缩短了出峰时间，增加了峰值粘度。二者相比，羟丙基化更显著地降低了原淀粉的糊化温度和热焓值，缩短了出峰时间；而磷酸酯化则更明显地提高了原淀粉的峰值粘度和终粘度．     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.