食品毒理学数据库构建研究

目的 建立食品毒理学数据库（FoodTox）。方法 建立食品毒理学数据库网站,确定数据库优先入库名单,通过文献检索的方式收集相关物质的毒理学资料,利用系统文献综述（SLR）方法整理入库物质的毒理学数据。结果 食品毒理学数据库已收录1 600余种物质,相关数据包括代谢、急性毒性、遗传毒性、生殖发育毒性、亚慢性毒性、慢性毒性和致癌、人群资料、健康指导值等毒理学资料和国内外管理法规、相关食物和症状等,已经向相关领域工作者开放使用。结论 本数据库的建立将为食品毒理学工作者提供第一手的参考资料,为相关优先物质的毒理学安全性评价提供依据,为应急风险评估提供技术支持。     

日本修订食品添加削列表和食品添加州使用标准

据日本厚生省消息，6月18日厚生省更新《食品添加剂列表》和《食品添加剂使用标准》。截至6月18日，共有442种食品添加剂获得批准。日本政府对食品添加剂的批准流程为：提交申请—确认申请——审核——提请风险评估——风险评估。风险评估包括：慢性毒理学数据、致癌毒性、致畸毒性。具体见下图。     

日本修订食品添加剂列表和食品添加剂使用标准

<正>据日本厚生省消息,6月18日日本厚生省更新《食品添加剂列表》和《食品添加剂使用标准》。截止6月18日,共有442种食品添加剂获得批准。日本政府对食品添加剂的批准流程为:提交申请—确认申请—审核—提请风险评估—风险评估。风险评估包括:慢性毒理学数据、致癌毒性、致畸毒性。具体见下图:     

食品添加剂的危险性评估方法进展与应用

目的:为了了解国内外食品添加剂危险性评估方法的现状和应用状况.方法:按照危险性评估的四个步骤收集JECFA、欧盟、美国、日本、澳大利亚、新西兰等国际组织和国家在食品添加剂危险性评估方面使用的方法及所需的资料.结果:在收集到的JECFA和其他国家食品添加剂的危险性评估方法中,多使用动物毒理学方法和体外毒理学试验方法进行危害识别,用阈值法获得食品添加剂的每日允许摄入量(ADI)进行危害特征描述,用筛选法、点评估、模型评估等构成渐进式多步骤的暴露量评估方法进行食品添加剂摄入量的评估,用食品添加剂的摄入量与每日允许摄入量比较进行食品添加剂的危险性特征描述.结论:目前JECFA和欧盟、美国、日本、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家和地区已经建立了比较系统的食品添加剂危险性评估方法,我国在食品添加剂管理中也已初步应用了危险性评估技术,应在食品添加剂管理实践中逐步完善.     

食品中遗传毒性致癌物风险评估方法研究

目的研究目前国际上食品中遗传毒性致癌物风险评估方法,为建立我国遗传毒性致癌物风险评估技术体系提供方法学支持。方法收集目前国际上食品中遗传毒性致癌物风险评估方法的科研文章和指南文件,梳理、对比各种方法的优缺点及其适用范围,研究其中可为我国风险评估借鉴和参考的内容。结果目前国际上对食品中遗传毒性致癌物进行风险评估的主要方法包括尽可能低作用水平(ALARA),毒理学关注阈值(TTC),低剂量外推和暴露限值(MOE)。尽管ALARA原则容易理解,但是它不能给出任何一个风险程度的指导,所以不能为制定现实的风险管理建议提供可靠的依据。在致癌剂量-反应关系数据缺乏或不足的情况下,若符合毒理学关注阈值适用范围,可以采用毒理学关注阈值的方法进行筛选评估。当来自动物试验的致癌数据可用时,可以采用暴露限值法,也可采用低剂量外推的方法,但推荐优先采用暴露限值法。结论我国应在充分参与国际遗传毒性物质风险评估相关工作的基础上,深入开展遗传毒性物质基础研究,尽快建立遗传毒性物质风险评估技术体系。     

食品添加剂通用法典标准与国家使用标准的比较研究

目的:简要介绍食品添加剂通用法典标准和我国食品添加剂使用标准概况,为进一步完善我国食品添加剂使用标准提供参考。方法:从分类、功能、一般原则、主要内容等方面逐一进行了对比。结果:我国食品添加剂使用标准在食品分类、使用范围、使用量和质量等方面还不够科学合理。结论:建议由业界专家参与标准制定,提高检测方法和监测水平,加强对食品添加剂安全性评估和毒理学的研究。     

膨化食品中铝含量的不同检测方式对比

正铝元素是人体非必要微量元素,在毒理学中属于低毒微量元素,进入人体细胞之后会与多种蛋白质、酶等生物活性物质相结合,在人体内积累会产生慢性毒性。当前生活中摄入铝的途径除了餐具和自然摄入之外,作为食品添加剂的膨松剂和着色剂是其主要来源。对食品中铝元素的检测,我国现有的国家标准和行业标准都存在一定问题。由食品引发的疾病是全世界人类     

细胞技术在食品毒理学毒性快速细胞技术在食品毒理学毒性快速筛选方面的应用研究

对食品中外源化合物毒性的考察是一项繁重而艰巨的工作,传统食品毒理学方法效率低、耗资较大,不能满足实际工作的需要,因此,建立简单、快速、可靠的快速筛选替代模型,一直是国际上讨论的课题。近年来,应用细胞技术对食品中的外源性化合物的毒性进行筛选和安全评价进展迅速,现就细胞技术在食品毒理学毒性快速筛选方面的应用做一总结。     

三聚氰胺毒理学安全性评估

对三聚氰胺毒理学安全性资料包括代谢、急性毒性、遗传毒性、亚慢性毒性、慢性毒性和致癌性、人群可能暴露水平、危险性评估进行了综述。     

细胞毒理学技术在食品安全方面的应用

食品是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础,在人类社会空前繁荣的今天,食品安全已经成为一个重要的全球性问题.影响食品安全性的因素很多,包括农药残留、食品添加剂、重金属材料、生物毒素等.细胞毒理学通过研究食品中有害因子在机体细胞中的毒性作用、毒物代谢及其毒效应作用机制,来对食品进行安全性分析,具有快速、准确、经济等优点,在食品安全领域具有良好的应用前景.本文主要阐述了细胞毒理学技术在筛选食品中上述危害因子方面的应用研究.     

Evaluating the safety of food and color additives with pharmacokinetic data.

Pharmacokinetic studies are designed to quantify, as a function of time, the processes associated with absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a chemical in experimental animals or in humans. Such studies have played an important role in drug safety evaluation and could be very useful in the safety evaluation of food and color additives. This presentation provides an overview of the potential use of metabolic and pharmacokinetic data in the design and evaluation of toxicological studies and in the assessment of the potential hazard to humans from exposure to food or color additives.     

Food contact substances and chemicals of concern: a comparison of inventories

Food contact materials (FCMs) are intended to be in contact with food during production, handling or storage. They are one possible source of food contamination, because chemicals may migrate from the material into the food. More than 6000 FCM substances appear on regulatory or non-regulatory lists. Some of these substances have been linked to chronic diseases, whilst many others lack (sufficient) toxicological evaluation. The aim of this study was the identification of known FCM substances that are also considered to be chemicals of concern (COCs). The investigation was based on the following three FCM lists: (1) the 2013 Pew Charitable Trusts database of direct and indirect food additives legally used in the United States (or Pew for short), (2) the current European Union-wide positive list for plastic FCMs (or Union for short), and (3) the 2011 non-plastics FCM substances database published by EFSA (or ESCO for short). These three lists of food contact substances (Pew, Union, ESCO lists) were compared with the Substitute It Now! (SIN) list 2.1, which includes chemicals fulfilling the criteria listed in article 57 of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH), and the TEDX database on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. A total of 175 chemicals used in FCMs were identified as COCs. Fifty-four substances present on the SIN list 2.1 were also found on the Union and/or ESCO lists. Twenty-one of those 54 substances are candidates for Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC), and six of these 21 are listed on Annex XIV and intended for phase-out under REACH. In conclusion, COCs used in FCMs were identified and information about their applications, regulatory status and potential hazards was included.     

Comprehensive European dietary exposure model (CEDEM) for food additives

European methods for assessing dietary exposures to nutrients, additives and other substances in food are limited by the availability of detailed food consumption data for all member states. A proposed comprehensive European dietary exposure model (CEDEM) applies summary data published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in a deterministic model based on an algorithm from the EFSA intake method for food additives. The proposed approach can predict estimates of food additive exposure provided in previous EFSA scientific opinions that were based on the full European food consumption database.     

食用香料风险评估方法与应用

食用香料的风险评估方法与其他食品添加剂相比有一定的特殊性,毒理学关注阈值法是香料评估的主要方法。应用毒理学关注阈值法进行香料评估时,同样要求对人类的暴露水平进行正确估计,目前常用的香料暴露评估方法有源自调查的最大摄入量法、单份暴露技术、双份暴露技术等。本文将介绍食用香料的风险评估方法。     

中国食品毒理学的现状和发展

中国食品毒理学建立于20世纪50年代，发展于70年代。在农药残留量标准的制定，辐照食品的安全性评价，食品添加剂使用的研究，霉菌毒素污染的研究，化学污染物的研究，茶叶防癌机制的研究，保健食品的安全性评价及功能性评价等方面食品毒理学发挥了重要的作用，得到了长足的发展，但与国际先进水平比较仍有较大差距，为适应国际国内食品贸易的要求，食品毒理学必须得有一个较大的发展。     

FADB: a food additive molecular database for in silico screening in food toxicology

A crucial limit to in silico preliminary toxicological evaluations in the “food safety” area is the lack of a specific, efficient and available free dataset of 3D small molecules. In this direction, we present the first version of FADB (Food Additives Data Base), a suitable and freely available food additives dataset. FADB is the 3D version of the EAFUS (Everything Added to Food in the United States) list, a sum of WHO, FAO food additive databases and could be a useful starting material in preliminary stages of toxicological assessments. Molecules in FADB are represented through several chemical and 1D identifies, physical properties and 3D (SD and Mol2 file) file formats. FADB also contains important information about functional uses of chemicals as food additives. The aim of the work is to put together substances potentially relevant to food into a “computational” library for virtual screening and docking studies with interesting scenarios for toxicology.     

Revisions to the FDA's Redbook guidelines for toxicity testing: neurotoxicity.

In 1982, the Food and Drug Administration issued a publication, known as the Redbook, that described the current toxicological principles used for the safety assessment of regulated food and color additives. However, this document contained only minimum reference to neurotoxicity as a specific toxicological concern and only general mention of the types of data that should be collected to detect and assess adverse changes to the nervous system. The general nature of the toxicological information typically derived from studies based on the original Redbook has had only limited use as a guide for comprehensive assessment of neurotoxic hazard. This limitation is one of the issues being addressed in the current efforts to update the information provided in the Redbook. In the revised Redbook, neurotoxicity, encompassing adverse structural and functional changes to the nervous system, is explicitly identified as an important criterion in the assessment of food chemical safety. The proposed strategy for evaluating neurotoxic hazard has a tiered testing approach. Accordingly, testing would initially involve the identification of chemicals presumptively associated with neurotoxic effects. As appropriate, subsequent testing would be carried out to confirm and delineate the scope of the neurotoxicity, to determine the dose response kinetics, and to define the no-adverse-effect levels.     

Safety assessment of antioxidants and color fixatives for the Korean population using dietary intake monitoring

Food additives such as antioxidants and color fixatives are substances used in food intentionally for technical effect, such as decolorizing or intensifying the color of food. Based on the necessity of re-evaluating food additives for safety and to improve consumer perception, we conducted safety assessments for food additives according to the Risk Assessment Guidelines of the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. These safety assessments evaluated new risk information based on toxicology data and estimates of dietary intake exposures to food additives in comparison with the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Estimated daily intakes (EDI) of food additives were calculated using food consumption data for the Korean population derived from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and monitoring data based on the analysis of food additives in food products. Unlike contaminants, antioxidants and color fixatives are purposely added as food additives, and they are largely consumed in processed foods. Therefore, EDI was compared with ADI to investigate the likelihood of potentially hazardous effects in humans. The risk likelihoods of food additives, evaluated by comparing the EDI with the ADI, were less than 2% in the total population. Thus, exposure levels to antioxidants and color fixatives do not exceed the ADI. Based on the safety assessments conducted in this study, we estimate exposure to food additives to be within safe limits for all population groups.     

Enhancing the capacity of food consumption surveys of short duration to estimate long term consumer-only intakes by combination with a qualitative food frequency questionnaire

In principle, a proper risk assessment for a food chemical requires that the time-frame for food chemical intake estimates matches the time-frame for the toxicological assessments upon which the safety statements (ADI, PTW I, etc.) are based. For food additives, the toxicological assessments are based on exposure over a lifetime. While food consumption data cannot be collected over the lifetimes of individuals, the information should reflect habitual intakes as closely as possible. This study investigated the possibility of combining a 3-day food diary with a food frequency questionnaire to estimate mean consumer-only food intakes comparable to estimates based on a 14-day diary. The study population consisted of 948 teenagers and analysis was based on 32 clearly defined foods. For 47% of the foods, the difference was ≤ 1g/day. When expressed as portion sizes, 56% of the foods showed differences representing 14% of an average portion. When between-method differences (portions/day) were plotted against the mean of the methods, the mean between-method difference was 0.02 (± 0.06) portions/ day with limits of agreement of -0.10 to 0.14. This preliminary investigation suggests that the combined 3-day diary and FFQ method provides comparable estimates of mean consumer only intakes to a 14-day diary. Therefore, a qualitative FFQ may be a useful adjunct to a food consumption survey of short duration if estimates of longer term food intakes are required.