对乳液废水处理的研究与探索

本文叙述了乳液胶粒的结构及使乳液废水絮凝的机理、对絮凝剂的选择、几种絮凝剂絮凝效果的对比、无机絮凝剂和有机絮凝剂复合使用的作用及加入次序的影响、温度对絮凝和絮凝颗粒增长的影响，并且对高浓度乳液废水的处理进行了一些实验研究。     

改性聚丙烯酰胺絮凝废弃油基钻井液中有害固相的研究

以丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰乙基三甲基氯化铵为原料，采用反相乳液聚合法制备了应用于废弃油基钻井液的新型絮凝剂。通过红外光谱、热重分析等方法测定了絮凝剂分子的结构与热稳定性；通过特性黏度法测量了絮凝剂分子的分子质量；通过絮凝剂乳液及絮凝前后分散相的粒径变化规律，分析了该絮凝剂对废弃油基钻井液的絮凝率与絮凝效果。结果表明，该处理剂在油相中对于有用固相絮凝效果微弱，但可以高选择性地絮凝钻屑等有害固相，在絮凝剂最佳质量分数为2.5%时，固液分层效率最高(43%),絮凝效果最好(92.13%)。将该絮凝剂应用于湛江某井的废弃油基钻井液，絮凝率达到了97.92%,经固控设备处理后的废弃油基钻井滤液性能稳定，能满足现场使用要求。絮凝剂可以循环使用，有效降低了钻井液使用成本。     

阳离子絮凝剂PDA的合成与应用——对再生造纸废水的污泥脱水处理

研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂PDA对一种废纸再生造纸废水中的污泥的絮凝脱水处理过程，探讨了絮凝剂PDA的投加量，电荷密度，平均相对分子质量对絮凝脱水效果的影响，并比较了各种不同絮凝剂的处理效果，研究结果表明，絮凝剂PDA的电荷密度越大，相对分子质量越高，其絮凝脱水效果越好，在与无机絮凝剂PAC复配使用的相同条件下，实验室自制的絮凝剂PDA的絮凝脱水效果优于其他作对比的市售多种阳离子聚丙烯酰胺类絮凝剂。     

絮凝剂脱乙酰甲壳素配制方式的研究

本文采用不同酸度的盐酸及醋酸溶液对脱乙酰甲壳素絮凝剂进行配制，考察了各种配制方式的絮凝剂对谷氨酸菌体絮凝分离效果的影响。研究表明，使用一定酸度的醋酸溶液来配制脱乙酰甲壳素絮凝剂是较理想的配制方式，表现出絮凝分离效果好且絮凝剂存放时间长等优点。     

絮凝法处理废弃钻井液试验

研究了废弃钻屑进行絮凝处理的方法及其作用机理,利用絮凝剂处理废弃钻井液,分离出废液中多余固相,所选絮凝剂为聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)等。研究了最佳质量浓度、pH值、温度及与有机阳离子高分子絮凝剂(CPAM)复配使用效果来考察上述絮凝剂的絮凝能力。实验结果表明,三种絮凝剂均存在其最佳质量浓度,其中PAC与PFS为80～100 mg/L,PEI为70 mg/L;pH将对絮凝效果产生重要影响,其中在碱性范围内将极大提升絮凝效果;当温度在20～40℃范围内对絮凝效果无明显影响;当三种絮凝剂与有机阳离子高分子各自进行复配时对其絮凝能力有着不同程度的增强,其中PEI与有机阳离子高分子絮凝剂复配时絮凝效果要优于其他两种。     

Al2（SO4）3—CPAM复合絮凝剂在造纸脱墨废水中的应用

实验制备了无机／有机高分子复合型絮凝剂，考察了这类絮凝剂的组成、用量以及造纸脱墨废水pH值对其絮凝效果的影响。发现复合絮凝剂比单一的无机或有机高分子絮凝剂具有更佳的絮凝效果，并对复合絮凝剂的絮凝机理进行了初步研究。在最佳的复合絮凝剂的组成和废水的pH值的条件下，处理后的脱墨废水的悬浮物含量、COD和浊度可分别降低80％、75％和95％以上。     

聚合铝基复合絮凝剂脱色性能的初步研究

在众多印染废水脱色处理方法中，絮凝-沉淀法以其投资费用低、设备占地少、处理容量大、脱色率高而普遍采用。无机高分子絮凝剂与有机高分子絮凝剂相比，在聚合度及相应絮凝效果方面要差：有机高分子絮凝剂具有用量少、絮凝速度快、受pH值及温度影响小的优点，但价格昂贵，难以推广使用。     

煤炭微生物絮凝剂研究现状及展望

为制备高效煤炭微生物絮凝剂,论述了煤炭微生物絮凝剂的物质组成及絮凝效果,重点讨论了微生物絮凝剂的引入分形理论改良絮凝动力学的研究进展,分析了絮凝剂投加机制和絮凝剂微生物对煤炭微生物絮凝效果的影响。针对目前煤炭微生物絮凝剂存在的问题和局限,提出了展望。未来应加强煤炭微生物絮凝活性物质结构的研究,特别是分子层次的研究;从基因调控,DNA诱变的角度开展煤炭絮凝微生物的选育工作,以生物工程的方式组建高效工程菌;加强煤炭絮凝微生物的复合菌型技术研究以及微生物絮凝剂与传统絮凝剂的复配效果研究,探索多种协同复配的给药制度。     

水处理絮凝剂的研究现状

絮凝沉降法是一种经济简便的水处理方法。絮凝沉降技术中所使用的絮凝剂性能好坏决定着水处理的效果,所以絮凝剂是絮凝沉降法水处理技术的核心。文章中列举了无机絮凝剂、有机絮凝剂、微生物絮凝剂和复合絮凝剂四种不同类型絮凝剂,并对各自的性能进行了比较。介绍了目前我国最常用的聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的主要生产工艺及产品剂型,最后对聚丙烯酰胺水包水乳液的合成及应用情况进行了综述。     

阳离子絮凝剂的制备及絮凝性能

本文探讨了丙烯酰胺与甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯共聚合时引发剂、单体浓度及温度对所制得的阳离子絮凝剂的他子量的影响，并利用所制得的絮凝剂对造纸厂中段投水进行絮凝试验。讨论了絮凝剂种类、用量、分子量、体系ＰＨ值对絮凝效果的影响。实验结果表明，该絮凝剂可使被处理液透光率达９０％以上。     

阳离子型改性淀粉对稠油废水絮凝性能考察

合成了三种具有不同阳离子度的阳离子型改性淀粉接枝共聚物絮凝剂ZHYC-n,考察了这三种絮凝剂与PAC复配对稠油废水的絮凝性能,并与市售阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂CPAM进行了对比.絮凝实验结果表明,ZHYC-n与PAC复配具有优良的絮凝脱油脱硫效果,随阳离子度增加絮凝效果显著增加.阳离子型絮凝剂分子链上的阳离子电荷密度不是影响絮凝效果的惟一主要因素,阳离子型改性淀粉接枝共聚物具有的多支链型结构可以明显的提高絮凝剂的絮凝效果.     

不同絮凝剂对高泥氧化铜浸出液沉降的影响

为解决云南某氧化铜现场生产中酸浸矿浆含泥量高、沉降速度慢、固液分离困难的问题,对其浸出矿浆进行絮凝沉降实验研究. 实验用浸出矿浆浓度为28.73%,考察了絮凝剂种类、用量、浓度对矿浆沉降的影响. 结果表明,明矾、十二烷基丙磺酸钠、聚丙烯酰胺、明胶、改性阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺、改性阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺均不能有效改善沉降速度,而改性非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(GH-6C)可使矿浆沉降速度大大加快. 这是由于GH-6C分子链上的官能团与浸出液中的胶体粒子发生吸附架桥作用,使颗粒逐渐变大而絮凝沉降. GH-6C分子量较大,在水相中流体力学尺寸或体积也较大,絮凝网捕能力也大,可有效降低絮凝剂的使用浓度、提高絮凝效率. GH-6C浓度为0.1%、用量为0.067 g/L时,沉降指标较好.     

Dispersion—flocculation studies on a Goethite-clay system

Dispersion–flocculation studies on a Goethite–clay system using flocculants were carried out as a function of flocculant concentrations, pH of slurry, time of agitation and dispersant dosage. Also, the effects of pH and polymer concentrations on the adsorption behaviour of the system were investigated. Results show that well flocculated goethite was preferentially obtained from 4% goethite/kaolinite clay suspensions, with 50 ppm causticised starch in the slurry at pH values of 3–11·5 and with 50 ppm polyacrylamide at pH values of 3–8. Good flocs were also obtained on flocculation of the goethite suspension with 50 ppm polyacrylamide at pH values of 5–7, while the kaolinite suspension did not respond to the same dosage of causticised starch in the same pH range. Results further reveal that for the goethite/kaolinite suspension, the best results was obtained with 50 ppm polyacrylamide at pH values of 7–10. Based on the data generated in the study, it was concluded that causticised starch is a better flocculant than polyacrylamide for goethite suspensions although polyacrylamide is an excellent flocculant for kaolinite suspensions.     

Study on chain deformation of polyacrylamides in solutions and its flocculation performance during the flocculation process

Effects of external conditions, solution concentration, solvent quality, added salt, and pH on the chain conformation dimension of two kinds of polyacrylamide (PAAm) flocculants, neutral‐PAAm, and cationic‐P(AAm‐DMC) (DMC, 2‐[(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride), in parent solutions and their flocculation performance for Kaolin suspensions have been investigated by Ubbelohde viscometer and spectrophotometer, respectively. It was found that a negative correlation existed between the flocculation performance of PAAm flocculants and their chain sizes in parent solutions. This was attributed to the expanded chain deformation of PAAm flocculants during the flocculation process from the flocculant parent solution to the Kaolin suspension and was interpreted in term of the competitive interaction among the polymeric flocculant, solvent, and Kaolin particle in the chain deformation process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Synthesis and application of salt tolerance amphoteric hydrophobic associative flocculants

A series of amphoteric hydrophobic-associative flocculants with outstanding flocculation efficiency and salt tolerance, poly(acrylamide/acrylic acid/dimethyl benzyl aminoethyl acrylate chloride), are successfully prepared (named AAB series) and used to flocculate the montmorillonite suspensions. The solution properties of AAB copolymer are systematically evaluated by viscometer, rheology and steady-state fluorescence analysis. The results suggest that the space network structure forming via hydrophobic-associating interaction can increase solution viscosity and improve the bridging capacity of copolymers. Meanwhile, the apparent viscosity in salt solution increases with increase in the concentration of salt stemming from the anti-polyelectrolyte effect of polyampholyte. Further, the flocculation performances of flocculants in 1 wt% montmorillonite suspensions are evaluated by turbidity, optimal dosage and settlement rate measurement. The results elaborate that the flocculation performances of amphoteric hydrophobic-associating AAB flocculants are better than that of commercial flocculants (cationic and anionic polyacrylamide) and homemade cationic flocculant (AAB-0-5) independent of the type and concentration of salt. The novel ampholyteric hydrophobic-associative flocculants will exhibit intriguing prospective in industry water treatment, in that the anti-polyelectrolyte effect of polyampholyte and hydrophobic-associating interaction can endow excellent flocculation efficiency and salt tolerance.     

Factors effecting a loss of flocculation activity of polyacrylamide solutions: Shear degradation,cation complexation,and solution aging

Polyacrylamide and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) flocculant solutions were subjected to shear degradation in a rotating cone instrument. At constant shear rate, shear degradation was minimized (highest limiting intrinsic viscosity) by the use of a lower solution concentration and high ionic strength of the polymer solution. Resistance to shear degradation also increased with increasing anionic character of the polyacrylamide. Sheared polymers showed reduced performance as flocculants of coal preparation plant tailings, their major commerical application in the U.K. Partially anionic polyacrylamide solutions were completely inactivated in the presence of certain multivalent cations. Aluminium, iron_III, lead, copper, and zinc ions formed complexes with the carboxyl groups on the polymer, resulting in zero flocculation activity. Nonionic polyacrylamides were unaffected. Viscosity–aging of polyacrylamide solutions was observed over a period of several months, but was insufficient to affect the flocculation activity. In the presence of 3% ethanol or methanol, no aging was observed in solutions stored for over a year.     

聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂研究进展

聚硅酸铝铁作为絮凝剂应用于污水处理,因其优越的絮凝能力及宽泛的使用条件,已被广泛关注.聚硅酸铝铁在污水浊度、色度以及COD的去除方面,具有非常好的应用前景.主要从聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂制备方法、絮凝机理及絮凝处理效果进行阐述.制备的重要方式包括:复合法、共聚法、酸溶液中和法.絮凝的机理包含压缩双电层理论、吸附电中和、吸附架桥和网捕作用,在絮凝进程中多种作用协同发挥,聚硅酸铝铁具有优于其他絮凝剂的水处理能力.影响其絮凝能力的主要因素有Al/Fe/Si摩尔比、絮凝剂投加量和处理絮凝剂pH值等.最后简述了当前研究存在的困难及对聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂今后的发展前景及方向进行了展望.     

温敏型聚合物在稠油污水中的絮凝作用探讨

稠油污水絮凝剂大都是阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM),但该絮凝剂在稠油污水中高分子长链的伸展受到高温和高矿化度的影响,絮凝效果大大降低。探讨了一种温敏型絮凝剂PA在不同浓度、温度、及不同浓度无机盐(NaCl和CaCl_2)条件下的絮凝作用并与CPAM进行对比。实验结果表明:温敏絮凝剂PA对稠油污水的乳化油和固相悬浮物的去除率较CPAM高,其主要原因是PA在较高温度下发生相分离使溶液亲水性降低、吸附能力增强;温度和无机盐(NaCl、CaCl_2)能促进温敏絮凝剂PA对稠油污水中乳化油和固相悬浮物的去除效果。     

复合型微生物絮凝剂与化学絮凝剂的复配及其应用

通过实验考察F2–F6复合型微生物絮凝剂分别与无机絮凝剂氯化铝、无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铝、有机絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺复配使用处理泥浆废水絮凝条件和絮凝效果,并对水源水和工业废水中的处理效果进行了测定。实验结果表明：F2–F6微生物絮凝剂与化学絮凝剂配合使用不仅获得了更好的净化效果,而且可大大降低絮凝剂的总投加量。     

氧化铝厂赤泥生产聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂

利用拜耳法氧化铝生产产生的赤泥和工业盐酸为主要原料,添加适量粉状铝酸钙,制备出絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁。对影响聚合氯化铝铁制备的因素,如赤泥的预处理温度、盐酸浓度、盐酸用量、反应温度和铝酸钙用量等进行了研究,得到了制备聚合氯化铝铁的优化条件,同时将该絮凝剂用于造纸废水的处理。研究结果表明:采用赤泥生产聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂具有原料易得、制造成本低的优势;制备的聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂物理化学指标和絮凝效果优于一些传统的絮凝剂。