A Computer-Aided Rule-Based Mamluk Madrasa Plan Generator

A computer-aided rule-based framework that restructures the unstructured information embedded in precedent designs is introduced. Based on a deductive analysis of a corpus of sixteen case studies from Mamluk architecture, the framework is represented as a generative system that establishes systematic links between the form of a case study, its visual properties, its composition syntax and the processes underlying its design. The system thus formulated contributes to the areas of design research and practice with a theoretical construct about design logic, an interactive computerized plan generator and a combination of a top-down approach for case study analysis and a bottom-up methodology for the derivation of artifacts.     

一种特殊的上下文无关文法及其语法分析

SAQ系统是一个进行软件规约获取、检验和复用的实验系统，其中以上下文无关文法表示的概念是规约的一部分.SAQ要求将概念的词法和句法定义结合在一个上下文无关文法中.如果用常规的上下文无关文法描述诸如程序设计语言和自然语言等一些复杂概念的语法，则需要把诸如空格和回车等没有实质意义的分隔符包含到语法中去(这种描述方法称为朴素表示法),使得语法描述很累赘.为此，作者设计了一种特殊的上下文无关文法,它把通常上下文无关文法定义中的非终极符集合和终极符集合进行细化.用这种文法可以相对简洁地描述程序语言和自然语言等复杂概     

Relational-grammar-based generation in the JETS Japanese-English machine translation system

This paper describes the design and function of the English generation phase in JETS, a minimal transfer, Japanese-English machine translation system that is based on the linguistic framework of relational grammar. To facilitate the development of relational grammar generators, we have built a generator shell that provides a high-level relational grammar rule-writing language and is independent of both the natural language and the application. The implemented English generator (called GENIE) maps abstract canonical structures, representing the basic predicate-argument structures of sentences, into well-formed English sentences via a two-stage plan-and-execute design. The modularity inherent in the plan-and-execute design permits the development of a very general and stable deterministic execution grammar. Another major feature of the GENIE generator is that it iscategory-driven, i.e., planning rules and execution rules are distributed over a part-of-speech hierarchy (down to individual lexical items) and are invoked via an inheritance mechanism only if appropriate for the category being processed. Categorydriven processing facilitates the handling of exceptions. The use of a syntactic planner and category-driven processing together provide a great deal of flexibility without sacrificing determinism in the generation process.     

A Bi‐Directional Procedural Model for Architectural Design

It is a challenge for shape grammars to incorporate spatial hierarchy and interior connectivity of buildings in early design stages. To resolve this difficulty, we developed a bi‐directional procedural model: the forward process constructs the derivation tree with production rules, while the backward process realizes the tree with shapes in a stepwise manner (from leaves to the root). Each inverse‐derivation step involves essential geometric‐topological reasoning. With this bi‐directional framework, design constraints and objectives are encoded in the grammar‐shape translation. We conducted two applications. The first employs geometric primitives as terminals and the other uses previous designs as terminals. Both approaches lead to consistent interior connectivity and a rich spatial hierarchy. The results imply that bespoke geometric‐topological processing helps shape grammar to create plausible, novel compositions. Our model is more productive than hand‐coded shape grammars, while it is less computation‐intensive than evolutionary treatment of shape grammars.     

可视化语言技术在软件开发中的应用

可视化语言技术比一维文本语言在描述软件组成方面具有优越性.由于图表和图形概念在系统建模中的广泛使用,可视化语言可以应用于需求分析、设计、测试和维护等软件开发的各个阶段.除了具有直观易见的特点之外,图文法在计算机上的精确建模和验证能力,为设计可视化语言提供了一个坚实的理论基础.讨论了可视化语言的形式理论基础,回顾了相关的可视化图形编程环境.特别提出了一种空间图文法,并且用该图文法定义了统一建模语言的行为语义.基于空间图文法,开发了一种基于模式驱动的框架,以帮助软件架构与设计.     

基于形式语法的建筑设计细胞衍生法研究

目前可用的计算机辅助设计工具,为设计开发过程后期阶段提供了相当有效地支 持,但对于设计初始阶段,即设计思路成熟、但设计的结构和形状还未确定之时,需要一种新 的CAD 解决方案来支持设计者思维方式并激发创作灵感。因此,提出一种基于空间形式语法的 建筑设计生成方法,描述复杂空间形体如何自动派生--通过限定的规则产生初始体块,在规 则内生成与初始体块相似体块,再而改变局部可变规则生成多样复杂的系统,同时允许设计者 积极参与整个生成过程。以CFS 墙体原型建模为例,验证该参数化建模方法的有效性和可行性。     

MacDroid:一种Android轻量级内核层强制访问控制框架

智能移动终端已成为移动互联网时代重要的信息处理平台,其面临的安全威胁越来越严重,针对传统计算机的安全防护架构已无法适应智能移动终端安全防护的特殊需求。通过对智能移动终端操作系统的特点和层次进行分析,设计了一种轻量级内核层强制访问控制框架——MacDroid,深入研究了MacDroid 的安全策略定义、安全策略编译、安全策略实施等关键问题。提出了MacDroid 的安全策略描述语言——PSL,对PSL 的词法和语法进行了形式化定义。最后通过实验测试了MacDroid 访问控制框架对智能移动终端不同层的恶意软件行为的控制效果。实验结果表明,MacDroid框架对Android智能移动终端应用层、本地层和内核层的恶意软件行为均有较好的控制效果。     

Formalisation method for the text expressed knowledge

This paper describes a method of knowledge representation as a set of text expressed statements. The method is based on the identification of word-categories/phrases and their semantic relationships within the observed statement. Furthermore, the identification of semantic relationships between words/phrases using wh-questions that clarify the role of the word/phrase in the relationship is described. A conceptual model of the computer system based on the formalization method of text-expressed knowledge is proposed. The subsystem text formalization is described in detail, especially its parts: syntactic analysis of the sentence, sentence formalization, phrase structure grammar and lexicon. The phrase structure grammar is formed by induction and it is used to generate the language of the formalized notation of a sentence. The derivation of grammar is based on the simple phrase structure grammar which was used for the syntactical analysis of informal language notation. In its base, the suggested method translates sentences of the informal language into formal language sentences which are generated by the derivated phrase structure grammar. Current limitations of the method that also set the path of its further development are shown. Next concrete steps in the development of the method are also described.     

What can be learned from raw texts?

The growing availability of large on-line corpora encourages the study of word behaviour directly from accessible raw texts. However, the methods by which lexical knowledge should be extracted from plain texts is still a matter of debate and experimentation. In this paper we present an integrated tool for lexical acquisition from corpora, ARIOSTO, based on a hybrid methodology that combines typical NLP techniques, such as (shallow) syntax and semantic markers, with numerical processing. The lexical data extracted by this method, calledclustered association data, are used for a variety of interesting purposes, such as the detection of selectional restrictions, the derivation of syntactic ambiguity criteria and the acquisition of taxonomic relations.     

Describing process plans as the formal semantics of a language of shape

A method of formalising manufacturing information for use in the design process is presented. The method uses a grammar of shape and its formal semantics to describe the set of objects manufacturable by a given process, to generate objects from that set, and to describe corresponding process plans for the manufacture of those objects. The grammar thus defines a search space for generative process planning, and the semantics provide an interpretation of the results of a search in that space.     

分布式制造调度体系结构的π演算形式化建模

分布式制造调度控制体系结构的良好形式化设计是确保后续开发系统一致性和高效性的基础。以Agent（Holon）的制造调度控制体系结构模型为对象,在比较现有形式化方法优劣的基础上,提出基于一阶多元π-演算的体系结构形式化建模和分析方法,并以一种基于Holon的柔性制造车间生产调度控制体系结构为实例,重点对各个实体的通信协调机制进行了形式化分析,并借助计算机工具进行了相应的死锁分析。结果表明了基于一阶多元π-演算在形式化建模和分析方面的有效性。     

Design Transformations for Rule‐based Procedural Modeling

We introduce design transformations for rule‐based procedural models, e.g., for buildings and plants. Given two or more procedural designs, each specified by a grammar, a design transformation combines elements of the existing designs to generate new designs. We introduce two technical components to enable design transformations. First, we extend the concept of discrete rule switching to rule merging, leading to a very large shape space for combining procedural models. Second, we propose an algorithm to jointly derive two or more grammars, called grammar co‐derivation. We demonstrate two applications of our work: we show that our framework leads to a larger variety of models than previous work, and we show fine‐grained transformation sequences between two procedural models.     

Parsing Turkish using the lexical functional grammar formalism

This paper describes our work on parsing Turkish using thelexical-functional grammar formalism [11]. This work represents the first effort for wide-coverage syntactic parsing of Turkish. Our implementation is based on Tomita's parser developed at Carnegie Mellon University Center for Machine Translation. The grammar covers a substantial subset of Turkish including structurally simple and complex sentences, and deals with a reasonable amount of word order freeness. The complex agglutinative morphology of Turkish lexical structures is handled using a separate two-level morphological analyzer, which has been incorporated into the syntactic parser. After a discussion of the key relevant issues regarding Turkish grammar, we discuss aspects of our system and present results from our implementation. Our initial results suggest that our system can parse about 82% of the sentences directly and almost all the remaining with very minor pre-editing.This work was done as a part of the first author's M.Sc. degree work at the Department of Computer Engineering and Information Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06533, Turkey.     

桌面环境下的笔式三维交互框架

笔输入和三维交互结合是研究三维交互范型的一种新方法。提出一个桌面虚拟环境下的笔式三维交互框架,包含交互原语和交互任务构造两个核心组件。首先采用词法到语法的二级封装机制来生成高级事件和交互原语,然后综合交互上下文、用户修正和手势识别实现基本交互任务到复杂交互任务的整合机制。框架中内嵌的手势交互、约束感知和混合交互技术能有效降低任务分解和模式切换带来的认知负担,提高交互自然性。     

复杂嵌入式实时系统体系结构设计与分析语言:AADL

首先归纳了AADL(architecture analysis and design language)的发展历程及其主要建模元素.其次,从模型驱动设计与实现的角度综述了AADL在不同阶段的研究与应用,总结了研究热点,分析了现有研究的不足,并对AADL的建模与分析工具、应用实践进行了概述.最后,探讨了AADL的发展与研究方向.     

Multilingual generation: The role of telicity in lexical choice and syntactic realization

Multilingual generation in machine translation (MT) requires a knowledge organization that facilitates the task of lexical choice, i.e. selection of lexical units to be used in the generation of a target-language sentence. This paper investigates the extent to which lexicalization patterns involving the lexical aspect feature [+telic] may be used for translating events and states among languages. Telicity has been correlated syntactically with both transitivity and unaccusativity, and semantically with Talmy's path of a motion event, the representation of which characterizes languages parametrically.Taking as our starting point the syntactic/semantic classification in Levin's English Verb Classes and Alternations, we examine the relation between telicity and the syntactic contexts, or alternations, outlined in this work, identifying systematic relations between the lexical aspect features and the semantic components that potentiate these alternations. Representing lexical aspect — particularly telicity — is therefore crucial for the tasks of lexical choice and syntactic realization. Having enriched the data in Levin (by correlating the syntactic alternations (Part I) and semantic verb classes (Part II) and marking them for telicity) we assign to verbs lexical semantic templates (LSTs). We then demonstrate that it is possible from these templates to build a large-scale repository for lexical conceptual structures which encode meaning components that correspond to different values of the telicity feature. The LST framework preserves both semantic content and semantic structure (following Grimshaw during the processes of lexical choice and syntactic realization. Application of this model identifies precisely where the Knowledge Representation component may profitably augment our rules of composition, to identify cases where the interlingua underlying the source language sentence must be either reduced or modified in order to produce an appropriate target language sentence.     

Generalised Stream X-Machines and Cooperating Distributed Grammar Systems

Stream X-machines are a general and powerful computational model. By coupling the control structure of a stream X-machine with a set of formal grammars a new machine called a generalised stream X-machine with underlying distributed grammars, acting as a translator, is obtained. By introducing this new mechanism a hierarchy of computational models is provided. If the grammars are of a particular class, say regular or context-free, then finite sets are translated into finite sets, when ?k, = k derivation strategies are used, and regular or context-free sets, respectively, are obtained for ?k, * and terminal derivation strategies. In both cases, regular or context-free grammars, the regular sets are translated into non-context-free languages. Moreover, any language accepted by a Turing machine may be written as a translation of a regular set performed by a generalised stream X-machine with underlying distributed grammars based on context-free rules, under = k derivation strategy. On the other hand the languages generated by some classes of cooperating distributed grammar systems may be obtained as images of regular sets through some X-machines with underlying distributed grammars. Other relations of the families of languages computed by generalised stream X-machines with the families of languages generated by cooperating distributed grammar systems are established. At the end, an example dealing with the specification of a scanner system illustrates the use of the introduced mechanism as a formal specification model. Received September 1999 / Accepted in revised form October 2000     

A syntactic analysis method for sinusoidal tracking eye movements

A syntactic method for the recognition of sinusoidal eye movements is presented. The method is based on a piecewise transformation of an eye movement signal to strings of a formal language and use of a formal grammar which generates the formal language. Gain and phase parameters of sinusoidal eye movements between a stimulus and its response are computed after the recognition of eye movements and after removing corrective saccades from the transformed signal. The method is used at an otoneurological laboratory.     

电子词典与词汇知识表达

词汇知识的表达与取得是自然语言处理极须克服的问题,本论文提出一个初步的架构与常识的抽取机制。语言处理系统是以词为讯息处理单元,登录在词项下的讯息可以包括统计、语法、语义、常识等。语言分析系统利用〈词〉为引得取得输入语句中相关词汇的语法、语义、常识等信息,让语言处理系统有更好的聚焦能力,可以藉以解决分词歧义、结构的歧义。对于不易以人工整理取得的常识,本论文也提出计算机自动学习的策略,以渐进式的方式累积概念与概念之间的语义关系,来增进语言系统的分析能力。这个策略可行的几个关键技术,包括(1)未登录词判别及语法语义自动分类, (2)词义分析, (3)应用语法语义及常识的剖析系统。