施工扩孔作业对透水桩坝的影响

透水桩坝是近年来在黄河河道控导工程中采用的新坝型，它有独自的优势和良好的发展前景。透水桩坝工作条件复杂，影响因素众多，其中施工中的扩孔作业对桩坝运行有重要影响。在桩距较小的情况下实施扩孔作业，可使滩面以下的桩体实际上联为一体，减小了桩间隙的通透性，使坝前主流冲刷坑大大深于坝后隙流冲刷坑，桩坝将因此受到背河侧巨大的水、土压力。这不但增大了桩体埋置深度，而且也削弱了桩坝的结构安全度。     

透水桩坝导流落淤效果研究

利用实体模型对透水桩坝导流冲淤情况及桩坝前后水力特性进行了研究,结果表明:①随着入流角的增大,透水桩坝的导流能力逐渐减弱;②在透水率分别为27%、33%、43%条件下,不管入流角度大小,透水桩坝前冲刷达到稳定后,桩坝前、后水位差一般在0.05～0.15 m之间;③入流角分别为30°、60°和90°时,透水桩坝前、后最大垂线平均流速比值分别为3.5、2.0 和1.3;④透水桩后滩地淤积部位、范围和淤积量与来流含沙量、入流角和桩坝透水率有关;⑤透水桩坝前的冲刷坑形状为一近乎平行于桩坝的长条状冲坑,当入流角分别为30°、60°和90°时,透水桩坝前最大冲刷坑深度分别为18.0～19.0、19.5～19.9 m和19.9～20.7 m.     

黄河下游河势控制与滩区治理示范工程的实施及效果

河势控制与滩区治理示范研究课题实施状况,直接影响国家重点研发计划专项"黄河下游河道与滩区治理研究"项目成果推广使用前景。在阐述课题研究目标、执行情况及示范河段概况基础上,分别介绍了"钢结构异型板桩坝河势控导""上挑变流坝促淤""钢管轮胎透水桩坝束流输沙""Z型钢板桩护滩""钢管排桩坝护岸""钢管轮胎透水桩整合坝送溜""钢管透水桩缓冲限流"等示范工程形式。这些工程的实施,不仅实现了河势控导、变流促淤、束流输沙、护滩防塌、护岸防冲、整合送溜、缓冲限流等预期目的,满足当地群众需要,而且增加了示范工程种类,扩大了示范作用,达到了更好的示范效果。尤其是不占原有农田,有效保护了耕地,河内进占便宜且不需要抢险维护,在下游能够直接淤出广阔嫩滩,有利于生态修复,可直接和间接产生巨大的经济社会与生态效益。     

透水桩坝对黄河下游河势控导效果

对透水桩坝在黄河下游的应用情况及动床实体模型试验结果进行了分析。与传统丁坝相比,透水桩坝具有结构简单、施工机械化程度高、运用安全可靠、不用抢险、占地少等优点。建议:在实际应用中将透水桩坝的平面位置按规划治导线向河中推进一定距离,以弥补其透水过流后导溜部位后靠而控导能力较弱的不足;进一步开展透水桩坝布局及位置的试验研究,为合理布置工程提供科学依据。     

透水桩坝前冲刷坑深度影响因素探讨

通过模型试验对透水桩坝前冲刷坑深度的影响因素进行研究.受透水桩坝前螺旋环流淘刷,坝前冲刷坑形状为一近乎平行于桩坝的长条状冲坑,与透水桩坝连线方向一致.在来流含沙量及床沙组成不变的情况下,最大冲刷坑深度一般出现在主流顶冲段或稍偏下游部位.透水桩坝的坝前最大冲刷坑深度主要与来流单宽流量、入流角、桩坝透水率等因素有关,其中单宽流量对冲刷坑深度的影响最大.通过试验实测资料进行回归分析,得到最大冲刷坑深度与来流条件之间的无量纲表达式.     

不同透水率对水力插板透水丁坝防冲促淤效果的试验研究

水力插板透水丁坝新型护岸结构的提出提高了新疆粉细沙河床上治河工程的防洪护岸效益。本文为了探讨透水率对水力插板透水丁坝防冲促淤效果的影响,利用动床模型水槽试验研究了水力插板透水丁坝缓流效果、局部冲刷及坝后最大淤积高度随透水率的变化规律,为透水率这个重要工程设计参数的合理选取提供理论依据。试验结果表明:水力插板透水丁坝坝后流速的减缓效果明显,且透水率对坝后流速的影响较小;坝头最大冲刷深度随着透水率的增大而变小;坝后最大淤积高度随透水率的增加先增加后减小;当透水率为30%左右时,水力插板透水丁坝的防冲促淤效果达到最佳。     

桩柱透水丁坝水流特性试验研究

在前人研究的基础上,结合室内试验,对桩柱透水丁坝附近水流特性进行了探讨.由不同透水率的丁坝试验结果,绘制透水丁坝附近流场分布图,得出透水丁坝的流场分布规律,分析了平轴螺旋流产生的机理,并给出了透水丁坝附近流场分区划分方法.同时发现坝后回流随着丁坝透水率的增大而逐渐消失,缓流状态下,透水率在20%-30%之间时,透水丁坝坝后回流现象消失,随之出现了一个流速减小区.通过量纲分析给出了该流速减小区长度的计算公式,公式与试验数据拟合良好.     

黄河下游河势控制与滩区治理示范研究及进展

在阐述课题研究内容、关键技术问题等基础上,通过对多个黄河下游多个滩区比选,确定在最为典型的东明辛店集至老君堂河段进行示范研究,对新建滩槽工程协同治理方案进行优化调整,研发出滩区治理示范工程专利与施工创新技术。文章分别介绍了课题研究在河道制导工程示范项目空间布局、钢管轮胎透水桩束流输沙工程、钢结构板桩组合坝、上挑变流促淤坝、Z型钢板桩护滩工程、泥沙高效处置等技术的创新和示范建设的进展。示范工程建设实践表明,通过在辛店集工程下首"钢结构板桩组合坝+上挑变流促淤坝示范工程"对岸沿治导线近主槽处修建的两排108 m长的"钢管轮胎透水桩束流输沙示范工程",在有效输沙流量下具有束流输沙功能,限制河势上提,又在不断后退的滩沿修建的184 m长"Z型钢板桩护滩示范工程",显然可发挥几大示范工程对于滩槽的协同治理作用。希望课题研究成果及相关建议为下一步黄河下游河势控制与滩区治理提供参考。     

护岸式透水桩坝缓流落淤效果及桩部冲刷过程

通过河工动床模型试验，结合理论分析，对护岸式透水桩坝应用于黄河的缓流落淤效果及桩柱附近局部冲刷过程进行了研究。认识到影响透水桩坝缓流落淤效果的因素、坝后滩地淤积形态及过程、透水桩坝坝前的局部冲刷过程及形态，以及桩柱坝后的冲刷形态。     

透水桩坝(压管坝)

为了改进现有治河措施,我局鄄城和东阿两修防段,于1969年汛期,在苏泗庄险工处建成了一道钢筋混凝土管桩透水坝,简称压管坝。这种坝的主要作用是控导水流、稳定河槽、缓流落淤、造滩保堤。与五十年代的透水柳坝相比,在导流稳槽、安全可靠作用     

Experimental study of flow characteristics around floodplain single groyne

This study investigated the flow around river’s floodplain single groynes. Two different compound channels with one and two symmetrical floodplains having widths of 1- and 2-times of the main channel width, respectively, were used. Both impermeable and permeable groynes with three different relative lengths (relative to the floodplain width) and having three different permeability values of 40, 60, and 80% were investigated. The 3D flow velocities were measured in the horizontal plane at 0.25 and 0.5 of floodplain water depth (h_f), and in the vertical plane at the main channel’s centerline. Therefore, the flow velocities in the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions, and the flow water surfaces were measured and analyzed. The results showed that, as the groyne permeability increased up to 60%, a reduction of up to 30% to the maximum velocity and 22% to the tip velocity were observed. The permeable groyne length had limited influence on the flow structure. Both the groyne permeability and the length ratio had significant effects on the floodplain water depth. The scouring and the deposition activities resulting from impermeable groynes can be avoided, should the groyne length be kept below half of the floodplain width.     

Analysis of flow around impermeable groynes on one side of symmetrical compound channel:An experimental study

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the influences of floodplain impermeable groynes on flow structure,velocity,and water depth around the groyne(s).A wooden symmetrical compound channel was used.Groyne models with three different groyne relative lengths,0.5,0.75,and 1.0,were used on one floodplain with single and series arrangements.Analysis of the experimental results using the measured flow velocity and water depth values showed that flow structure,velocity,and water depth mainly depend on groyne relative length and the relative distance between series groynes.The flow velocity at the main channel eenterline increased by about 40%,60%,and 85%,and in other parts on the horizontal plane at the floodplain mid-water depth by about 75%,125%,and 175% of its original value in cases of one-side floodplain groyne(s)with relative lengths of 0.5,0.75,and 1.0,respectively.The effective distance between two groynes in series arrangement ranges from 3 to 4 times the groyne length.Using an impermeable groyne with a large relative length in river floodplains increases the generation of eddy and roller zones downstream of the groyne,leading to more scouring and deposition.To avoid that,the groyne relative length must be kept below half the floodplain width.     

有植被的河道水流紊动特性模型试验研究

通过物理模型试验,研究了有植被的河道水流紊动特性.试验结果表明,在复式断面河道滩地种植柔性植被后,滩地糙率增大,水流紊动更为剧烈,河道水流紊动强度峰值由原先的滩槽交界区转移到滩地区.滩地的水流紊动强度沿程递减;滩槽交界区的水流紊动强度沿程不断增大;主槽的水流紊动强度主要与床面糙率有关,滩地植被影响了滩地水流的归槽时间,使主槽水流流速沿程增大.     

透水丁坝挑角对河床保护区域影响的试验研究

透水丁坝具有挑流效果明显、造价低廉、维护容易等优点,广泛应用于我国诸多大小河流中.通过动床水槽试验,采用不同挑角的透水丁坝,对其附近的水流结构、形态以及坝后的保护宽度、淤积长度等因素进行了初步的分析和研究.通过试验分析可知:当丁坝透水率一定时,淤积长度和保护宽度均随着挑角的增大而减小,但保护宽度的变化很小.     

水力插板透水丁坝水流结构随透水率的变化规律研究

为了研究水力插板透水丁坝水流结构随透水率变化的规律,采用ANSYS FLUENT 15. 0,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型,对不同透水率下透水丁坝周围的流场进行三维数值模拟。结果表明,透水丁坝坝体前后压差随透水率的增大逐渐减小,上游坝根处压强最大,坝头下游侧附近压强最小,坝根和坝头部位易发生水毁。回流强度随着透水率的增大逐渐减弱。当透水率达到40%时,回流基本消失,坝后为一个缓流区。不同透水率下水槽同一横断面处流速分布规律相似。随着离丁坝侧河岸距离的增加可划分为流速缓慢增大区、流速迅速增大区和流速稳定区。随着透水率的增大,主流区流速逐渐减小,坝后作用区流速逐渐增大。研究成果能够为透水率这一重要工程设计参数的合理选取提供参考,实际应用中推荐透水率为30%。     

大马洲水道演变特点与丙寅洲守护方案研究

长江中游大马洲水道为微弯河道,上接窑监弯曲分汊河道。监利出口主流的频繁易位直接导致大马洲主流不稳定,滩槽易变,存在进口弯曲、出口宽浅的碍航现象。近期航道整治设计方案的重点是守护丙寅洲与大马洲崩岸,但不足以维护枯水河势及航槽的稳定,建议大马洲河道由"S"型弯道演变至单一弯道时,再进一步采取措施稳定有利河势。通过局部动床模型试验,对丙寅洲不同守护方案的护底排宽度、河漫滩滩面的守护效果进行了试验研究,分析表明初设方案的护底排头前伸接近主槽位置,护底效果优于工可方案;对于丙寅洲上段外滩在主汛期流量下流速大于0.8 m/s时易发生明显冲刷的滩面区域,应采取适当的滩面守护工程措施。     

梯形透水潜坝附近水面线及透水率

为研究结构物的透水特性和水动力特性,利用PIV流场测量系统专用水槽物理模型试验与Flow3D数值模拟相结合的方法研究均匀开孔的梯形透水潜坝附近水面线及坝体透水率的变化规律。结果表明:潜坝附近壅水及水跌高度随透空率的增大而减小,不同透空率潜坝坝后水面均出现"逆坡现象"。相同断面平均流速条件下,水深越大,相对壅水高度越小;当水深大于2倍坝高时,坝体壅水效果逐渐消失。相同坝前远端水深条件下,随着断面平均流速增大,坝后水跌高度增大。最后利用数模计算结果经回归拟合得到透水率的综合计算公式,经验证该经验公式计算结果和实测值最大偏差不超过5%,具有一定的可靠性。     

Water quality changes in hyporheic flow paths between a large gravel bed river and off‐channel alcoves in Oregon,USA

Changes in water quality that occur as water flows along hyporheic flow paths may have important effects on surface water quality and aquatic habitat, yet very few studies have examined these hyporheic processes along large gravel bed rivers. To determine water quality changes associated with hyporheic flow along the Willamette River, Oregon, we studied hyporheic flow at six‐bar deposit sites positioned between the main river channel and connected lentic alcoves. We installed piezometers and wells at each site and measured water levels and water quality in river, hyporheic and alcove water. Piezometric surfaces along with substrate characteristics were used to determine hyporheic flow path direction and hyporheic flow rate. At all sites, hyporheic flow moved from the river through bar deposits into alcove surface water. Stable isotope analysis showed little influence of upwelling groundwater. At a majority of sites, hyporheic dissolved oxygen and ammonium decreased relative to river water, and hyporheic specific conductance, nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorous increased relative to river water. At three sites, hyporheic temperature decreased 3–7°C relative to river water; there was less temperature change at the other three sites. At the two sites with the highest hyporheic flow rates, hyporheic cooling was propagated into the alcove surface water. Hyporheic changes had the greatest effect on alcove water quality at sites with highly permeable substrates and high‐hyporheic flow rates. The best approach to enhancing hyporheic flows and associated water quality functions is through restoring fluviogeomorphic channel processes that create and maintain high‐permeability gravel deposits conducive to hyporheic flow. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.