南京市景观格局演变与廊道网络构建研究

以南京市1990、2000和2010年TM遥感影像为数据源,选取合适的景观格局指数,运用景观生态学原理和RS、GIS技术,揭示南京市20年的景观格局演变特征。通过生态源点信息提取、最小累计距离耗费模型,构建南京市廊道生态网络。结果表明:①1990—2010年,南京市景观格局变化显著,在斑块类型尺度水平上表现为农田面积大量减少、破碎程度增加,建设用地面积增加、趋向集聚化发展,林地面积增加、斑块形状复杂化,水体景观比例先减后增、形状趋于规则化。在景观尺度水平上表现为景观整体多样性、破碎程度增加,自然景观空间异质性增强,各景观类型斑块形状相似化发展;②在累计耗费距离大的源地间构建垫脚石,可以有效增强景观的连通性、优化生态网络结构、发挥其生态服务功能。     

城市化背景下的小城市景观格局变化分析——以浙江省乐清市为例

中小城市是今后吸纳城市化人口的重要组分,理解其格局与过程对城市可持续发展至关重要。景观格局的时空变化是探索城市化驱动力、城市化对环境—经济—社会影响的基础。研究基于景观生态学原理,利用长三角小城市——乐清市2005年—2009年连续五年的土地利用类型矢量数据,分析各年份土地利用变化,并运用Arc GIS内嵌Patch Analysis软件进行景观格局指数计算,从斑块类型水平和景观水平对景观格局变化进行了分析。结果显示,在斑块类型水平上,五年间建设用地面积大幅增加,其他用地类型破碎化程度加剧,?本连通度较高的林地越来越分散。在景观水平上,景观结构趋于破碎化,斑块形状更加复杂,将此结果与全球多个中小城市进行比较,这为研究城市化驱动下生态系统功能变化提供基础信息与依据。     

锦葫沿海地区景观格局变化研究

在Erdas和Arcgis的支持下,绘制成1990、2000和2010年的锦葫沿海地区景观格局图作为基础数据,将景观划分为耕地、园地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地和未利用土地8种类型,采用转移矩阵及景观格局指数方法对锦葫沿海地区的景观格局及其动态变化进行了系统研究,得出了如下重要结论:锦葫沿海地区在过去的20年里,主要的景观变化是以建设用地的持续扩张与耕地以及林地、水域面积缩小为特点;景观斑块数呈增加趋势,除建设用地外,各景观平均斑块面积均呈减小态势,景观破碎化程度增加。     

漓江流域景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响

景观格局演变必然影响生态系统服务供给,探讨二者关系,对于实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义。基于1986、2001、2016年3期Landsat遥感影像,提取景观类型数据,分析漓江流域景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：30年来林地一直是漓江流域的优势景观,面积增加,农田和水体减少,建设用地和裸地增加,草地先减后增;研究区生态服务价值持续增加,净增7.50亿元,林地对生态服务价值贡献率最大,是生态服务价值增加的主要来源,生态系统的调节、支持等服务性功能远大于生产和文化性功能;生态系统服务价值存在明显的空间分异,中间河谷地带低、四周山林地区高;优势斑块面积扩大、斑块间保持良好自然连通性,景观类型的均匀性、异质性降低有利于生态系统服务价值的增加。研究揭示了景观格局与生态服务变化的关系,可为漓江流域景观可持续管理提供科学参考。     

基于GIS分析的西北地区土地利用与景观格局演变研究——以甘肃省兰州市为例

以西北地区重点城市兰州为研究对象,借助ENVI和GIS软件对兰州市1990、2000、2010年及2018年遥感影像图进行解译处理,得到兰州市4期土地利用型图。在此基础上进一步运用Fragstats及SPSS软件,进行类型变化、动态度、转移情况、相关性及景观格局指数分析,探寻其变化情况及影响因素。结果显示:(1)1990—2018年间,研究区土地利用和景观格局发生了明显变化,耕地、草地等自然景观利用类型面积逐年减少,建筑用地等人工景观利用类型面积则逐年增加;(2)驱动因素分析表明人为驱动因素GDP与城镇化率等是驱动土地利用变化的主要因素,总体变化与城市化的加快密切相关;(3)景观指数分析表明,人工景观的无限制扩张,导致整体景观向破碎化发展,景观复杂程度增加,斑块逐渐趋于分散。综上分析认为,兰州市的土地利用与景观格局状况在28年间趋于复杂,城市化发展是造成土地利用和景观格局向人工发生演变的重要因素。兰州市需要贯彻可持续发展理念,结合自身优势进行绿色生态农业及水域建设。     

基于“三生空间”的昆明市国土空间结构演变特征分析

从“三生空间”视角,以昆明市为例,从国土空间数量变化、重心迁移、转移特征和景观格局变化等方面,分析研究昆明市国土“三生空间”的结构特征,探寻其空间结构演化的过程和规律。结果表明:昆明市的优势功能空间是农业生产空间和绿地生态空间,所占面积超过区域总面积的70%;各功能空间在研究期内均有不同程度的增加或减少,除农业生产空间、水域生态空间和其他生态空间减少外,其余类型空间转入面积均大于转出面积;国土空间景观类型的异质性程度、土地利用均衡度和破碎化水平均降低,而集聚度和景观间的连通性在提高。该研究为今后昆明市国土空间开发利用和格局优化提供重要参考。     

辽河口潮滩湿地景观格局空间演变的动态分析

为解析辽河口潮滩景观格局的动态变化特征,以Landsat5 TM影像和Landsat8 OLI影像为主要数据来源,基于eCognition和ArcGIS软件,采用面向对象的方法对遥感影像进行解译,从类型水平和整体水平对景观格局进行了长期(1986—2018年)分析。结果表明:2018年辽河口潮滩自然景观面积缩减至1986年的41.58%,消失的自然景观主要转化为养殖池、水利工程设施和农田等人工景观;研究区域岸线长度波动增长且向南部海域扩张,岸线的主要类型由自然岸线向养殖区、城镇工业区、港口与码头岸线转换;在景观类型水平上,辽河口潮滩自然景观优势景观地位丧失,斑块形状向简单化、规律化方向发展,辽河口潮滩湿地景观格局整体破碎化严重;辽河口潮滩的工程建设直接影响各景观类型的面积大小与空间分布,并加速了芦苇演替翅碱蓬植被的进程。研究表明,养殖业及水利工程建设等人为活动对辽河口潮滩景观格局影响较大,进一步加强对辽河口潮滩养殖池的"退养还滩"工程可切实改善辽河口滨海湿地生境,实现盐沼植被的逆向演替。     

沿海都市区景观格局与生态环境质量的时空演变及关联性分析——以海口市秀英区为例

以建设用地快速扩张推动的城市化过程中,人类对资源利用不当,土地利用方式与类型发生剧烈变化,景观格局特征愈发复杂,受格局影响的生态环境质量不断变化。为探究沿海都市区景观格局与生态环境质量的关联性,文章以海口市秀英区为案例区,利用4期遥感影像数据在对1990—2015年区域景观格局时空变化过程分析的基础上,采用遥感生态指数（RSEI）模型进行生态环境质量动态评估,结合地理探测器模型识别影响生态环境质量的关键景观因素,运用地理加权回归分析主导因素的空间分异特征。研究结果表明：（1）研究期内,景观格局经历了显著变化。边缘密度（ED）和斑块个数（NP）不断减小,景观格局破碎化程度减弱;斑块平均规模增大,形状复杂程度减小;邻近度和蔓延度（CONTAG）波动变化,结合度（COHESION）渐高;景观类型多样性有所下降,优势景观类型的主导性逐步降低。（2）生态环境质量总体呈“先下降—后上升—再下降—整体下降”的态势,北部沿海地带生态环境条件较优。1990、2002、2007和2015年RSEI优良区面积占比分别为91.60%、75.28%、69.64%和84.04%。生态质量提升区主要集中于秀英区中西...     

重庆梁平区景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响

景观格局及其变化是生态系统服务价值(ESV)调控的关键因素之一,关系着区域生态安全和可持续发展。以梁平区1999、2009和2018年遥感影像为源数据,运用景观格局指数、ESV评估模型、热点分析等方法研究景观格局和ESV时空变化特征,并在此基础上探讨景观格局演变对ESV的影响。结果表明:(1)1999—2018年,耕地和水域面积总体呈减小趋势,而其他景观类型面积则呈增加趋势;研究区整体景观连通性降低、景观破碎度增大,空间异质性增加。(2)19年间研究区ESV增加6.47亿元;各景观类型中,林地ESV最高;单项生态系统服务价值中,水文调节ESV贡献率最大。ESV在空间分布上具有一定差异性:高值区主要集中分布于梁平区东部和西部高海拔林区及低海拔水域集中区;低海拔耕地和建设用地区为低值区。(3)ESV与景观格局密切相关,梁平区总ESV与景观形状指数、景观多样性指数、景观均匀性指数呈显著正相关,与蔓延度指数、散布与并列指数呈显著负相关。研究揭示了景观格局与总ESV变化的关系,可为梁平区资源可持续开发利用提供科学参考。     

2002—2017年厦门市景观格局与 热环境的时空耦合关系

基于2002、2007、2012、2017年4期Landsat遥感影像,应用景观生态学和统计分析相结合的方法,探讨了厦门景观格局对热环境的影响作用及其变化规律。结果表明,2002—2017年,厦门市相对地表温度(Relative Land Surface Temperature,RLST)呈上升趋势,城区的热岛效应逐步凸显;RLST较高的区域多为耕地、建设用地,RLST较低的区域多为绿地、水体;在类型层面,绿地的景观类型比例、最大斑块指数、聚集度指数、平均斑块面积、形状指数与相对地表温度呈负相关,斑块密度、边缘密度与RLST呈正相关。耕地、建设用地的景观指数与RLST均呈正相关;在景观层面,景观分割指数、形状指数、斑块密度、边缘密度、香浓均匀度指数与RLST呈正相关;景观优势度大、聚集度高的景观类型,如耕地、绿地、建设用地对RLST影响显著。随着城区的扩张与耕地的减少,建设用地景观格局对RLST的影响逐渐加强,而耕地景观格局对RLST的影响不断减弱;景观层面的景观格局对RLST的影响作用与不同景观类型总体的结构组分及空间构型有关。随着景观结构趋于复杂,景观层面的景观格局对RLST的影响逐渐增强。     

GIS技术支持下的农村土地利用景观格局分析——以湖北省麻城市为例

利用景观格局分析软件Fragstats,对麻城市各种景观类型进行相关分析。研究结果表明,麻城市景观格局以林地和耕地为主,对研究区整体景观产生深刻影响。水域及水利设施用地最为破碎。城镇中心城区范围小,农村居民点分布广泛且分散。园地、草地及其他土地破碎度较高。交通运输用地布局差异较大。总体景观多样性程度处于中等水平,区域内各类景观发育程度较好,整体破碎化程度较低,景观基质为林地。综合景观弹性度指数,麻城市景观格局稳定性处于较高水平。     

Landscape Pattern Analysis of International Livable Communities Based on Satellite Images of Wenjiang District,Chengdu City

This paper used Google Earth satellite maps of Wenjiang District, Chengdu City in 2008, 2012 and 2015 as basic data sources, and field investigation data in recent years, and employed Photoshop and Auto CAD to analyze landscape pattern of urban and suburban areas of Wenjiang District—the international livable communities. The results showed that urban forest patches accounted for the absolute dominance in the study area, the overall landscape fragmentation index in 2008 was 0.0054, landscape diversity index 1.3603, landscape dominance index 0.2937, and evenness index 0.8452. From 2008 to 2012, patch density index reduced by 7.04, landscape fragmentation index increased by 0.0014, diversity index reduced by 0.043, evenness index reduced by 0.0269, landscape dominance index increased by 0.0027. From 2012 to 2015, patch density index increased by 1.22, landscape fragmentation index kept stable, diversity index reduced by 0.024, evenness index reduced by 0.0149, landscape dominance index increased by 0.0196. Through analyzing quantitative indexes of urban landscape pattern, and exploring basic features of the international livable communities from the perspective of landscape eco-pattern, this paper put forward suggestions for city management and green space system protection of Wenjiang as the references for the future researches on maintenance and operation of landscape eco-pattern.     

Magnitude and Significance in Landscape Change

Landscape is organised in mosaics: sets of patches with a defined pattern of boundaries through which patches interact. Changes in patches cause changes in mosaics. Landscape change has two components: a quantitative one, referring to the areas in which changes happen, and a qualitative one, referring to the degree of similarity among the mosaics substituting each other. The quantitative component informs on the magnitude of the change: the total area in which landscape mosaics have changed; the qualitative one informs on the significance thereof: the ecological differences between the mosaics substituting each other. This paper presents an index for quantifying landscape change and for discriminating between magnitude and significance therein. It was tested by study of changes in the landscape mosaics in Madrid, Spain. Results show that the index developed is useful for this purpose. This enables objective comparison of different landscape changes presenting different combinations of magnitude and significance.     

RS-based Evaluation of Forest Cover Changes in Nanling National Nature Reserve

3S technology was applied to analyze spatio-temporal changes of landscape pattern in Nanling National Nature Reserve and the driving forces. The results showed that the study area was dominated by forest landscape from 1988 to 2009, accounting for 95% of the total area, among all forest landscapes, evergreen broadleaved forest accounted for the largest ratio(>50%). In terms of landscape fragmentation, landscape density index of the study area increased, landscape fragmentation was aggravated; patch density of core zone declined slightly, mean patch area of all landscape types increased, landscape fragmentation decreased slightly; buffer zone and experimental zone witnessed the aggravation of fragmentation. In terms of landscape diversity, landscape pattern of the study area became increasingly complex, diversity index increased, landscape heterogenization was enhanced; landscape diversity of the core zone increased slightly, that of the buffer zone increased greatly, but that of the experimental zone declined and landscape heterogenization reduced. Landscapes in the whole area grew more diversified, while landscape pattern of the core zone was simplified, that of the buffer zone witnessed slight changes, and that of the experimental zone kept consistent with that of the study area. In terms of driving forces of landscape pattern change, natural factors have contributed to the landscape changes in the study area, but human factors such as forest management, forest tourism, local residents an economic factors played a dominant role. With the increasing external interventions to the landscape pattern change, the contradiction between landscape eco-environment protection and resource development and utilization in Nanling National Nature Reserve will be increasingly sharpened.     

Relating surface fire spread to landscape structure: An application of FARSITE in a managed forest landscape

Recent studies suggest that manipulation of landscape patterns is the most preferred method to reduce susceptibility of landscape to fire spread. We evaluated the effects of landscape spatial pattern and spatial heterogeneity of fuel loading on surface fire spread using the FARSITE model in Chequamegon National Forest landscape, Wisconsin. Five forest management scenarios were developed to generate different landscape spatial patterns with unique fuel loading distribution. For each management scenario, 16 fires were simulated. We found that altered landscape spatial pattern and spatial heterogeneity of fuel loading interactively influenced fire spread. Moreover, we revealed that numerous, irregular-shaped, and different types of patches reduced fire spread. Among tested indices of landscape spatial pattern, patchy density, mean patch shape, patch shape standard deviation, area weighted mean shape index (AWMSI) and Shannon's diversity index were meaningful for predicting fire spread. However, the effect of landscape spatial pattern on fire spread decreased as fuel loading became more spatially heterogeneous. We also found that the effect of landscape spatial pattern on fire spread became insignificant when AWMSI was less than 4.33. Our results suggested that a forest management plan would need to consider the number, shape, size and type of forest patches for regulating fire spread.     

Impacts of land-use change on mammal diversity in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China: Implications for biodiversity conservation planning

The objective of this study was to assess land use change and the related biodiversity variations in the forest landscape of the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China. We examined temporal changes of land use at different periods. Remotely sensed images taken in 1974, 1986 and 2000 were rectified and classified based on the physiognomic characteristics of the vegetation. We applied landscape pattern metrics based on landscape composition, the shape and size of patches and patch isolation. We also calculated the suitable area for mammals in the upper reaches of Minjiang River and biodiversity of medium and large-sized mammals with Genera-Family index (G-F index). As a result of timber harvesting and increase of population, the forest area decreased and other land-use types increased. The suitable area for mammals decreased by 81,339 ha from 1974 to 2000, about 21.55% of the habitat in 1974. The number of medium and large-sized mammal species had decreased from 31 to 26, with G-F index decreased by 0.11, about 20% that of 1974. It can be concluded that landscape change and suitable habitat play an important role in protecting mammal diversity.     

近30年太湖流域湿地生态系统服务价值 对景观格局变化的响应：基于“退田还湖” 工程的实施

由于太湖流域湿地生态系统服务价值(ESV)受到"退田还湖"工程实施的影响,定量研究其发展演变规律,能够为流域湿地的保护提供参考。运用RS和GIS技术,以1990、2000、2010和2019年TM遥感影像为数据源,对4个时期太湖流域湿地景观格局动态变化进行研究,并分析"退田还湖"工程实施前后湿地ESV变化规律,探讨工程对湿地生态效益的影响。研究表明:1)1990—2000年,在"围湖造田"工程的影响下,太湖流域湿地总面积减少了3010.35km~2,其中自然湿地减少了4554.01km~2,湿地ESV降低了35.73%;2)2000—2010年,在"退田还湖"工程实施初期,自然湿地的减少趋势得到控制,湿地ESV提高了77.96%,湿地斑块数目(NP)增加了126%,香农多样性指数(SHDI)呈上升趋势;3)2010—2019年,在"退田还湖"工程的推进下,湖泊湿地呈增长趋势,坑塘与水库面积显著增加,受湿地总面积减少的影响,湿地ESV下降;4)总体来看,1990—2019年太湖流域湿地面积减少了29.40%,湿地ESV减少了50.07%。"退田还湖"工程实施前后,太湖流域湿地ESV对湿地...