高温服役对HP40Nb炉管焊接接头组织及性能的影响

以一段服役7年左右的HP40Nb制氢转化炉管为对象,研究了高温服役过程对其焊接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响。观察分析了不同区域显微组织的特征和析出相的形态及分布情况,并测定了各区域的硬度、强度和冲击韧性等性能参数。结果表明:HP40Nb炉管焊接接头的熔敷金属中只有少量碳化物析出,而在母材中有大量的碳化物析出并聚集在奥氏体晶界上形成网链状;接头的抗拉强度只有少量下降,但其延伸率和冲击韧性均发生严重下降。     

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢早期损伤非线性驻波法检测

针对非线性超声纵波检测中信号幅值较低、二次谐波不易被有效激发且易受干扰的问题,提出非线性驻波检测方法。分别对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb马氏体不锈钢拉伸试件进行非线性超声纵波法和非线性驻波法检测,检测结果表明,相比于非线性超声纵波法,非线性驻波法能够提升信号幅值,有效激发材料内部由于非线性相互作用产生的二次谐波,提高超声信号的信噪比和频谱的频率分辨率,且试验结果与有限元仿真结果基本一致。对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb马氏体不锈钢三点弯曲疲劳试件进行非线性驻波检测,在疲劳寿命50%以前,不同疲劳应力下归一化超声非线性系数均随疲劳寿命增加而增大。因此,非线性驻波法能够更好的检测0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢早期损伤。     

超声辅助激光熔覆IN 625高温合金涂层组织及性能研究

目的 针对激光熔覆制备IN625高温合金涂层时易产生缺陷和元素偏析进而导致合金性能下降的问题,提高增材制造IN 625高温合金的力学性能。方法 在激光熔覆IN 625涂层的过程中施加超声振动辅助,通过物相检测和微观组织观测研究超声功率对涂层物相种类和晶体尺寸的影响;通过分析析出相含量、分布方式及析出形态,研究超声功率对元素偏析的影响;通过对显微硬度、高温耐磨性进行测试,研究超声功率对涂层力学性能的影响。结果 施加超声前的涂层组织主要为方向杂乱的粗大枝晶,施加超声后的涂层物相组成未发生明显变化,但枝晶内亚晶排列紧密且尺寸明显减小;施加超声振动后的涂层析出相尺寸减小、含量下降,其中Laves相含量在施加超声后降幅较大,表明超声振动可以抑制Nb、Mo等元素的偏析;施加超声振动后涂层的显微硬度提高,磨损率明显下降,磨损机制由原来的表面疲劳磨损、黏着磨损和磨粒磨损的复杂磨损转变为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损的简单磨损。结论 施加超声辅助可以有效细化IN 625涂层组织,并抑制Laves相的析出,提高涂层的硬度和耐磨性。     

超微晶NiTiNb合金微观结构与演变

采用快淬法将NiTiNb记忆合金制备成超微晶薄带,晶粒尺寸为400nm～1.5μm,研究了晶粒的微观结构特征及演变过程.结果显示,NiTiNb薄带的微观组织由NiTi和少量的氧化物或碳化物颗粒组成,组织中无富Nb相.富Nb相在高温退火时析出,退火前后的薄带均不发生马氏体转变.     

304奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的非线性超声表征

利用非线性超声检测技术并辅助于XRD与微观组织分析,探讨了在650℃经过2,6,10h敏化处理的304奥氏体不锈钢样品非线性超声特征参数的变化规律。结果表明:随着敏化时间的延长,归一化非线性系数单调增大;相比于固溶试样,经2,6,10h敏化处理后样品的归一化非线性系数分别增加28%,32%,43%,意味着以非线性系数表征304不锈钢的敏化度是可行的。分析认为:晶界析出碳化物(Cr23C6)与奥氏体基体产生的错配引发了局部应变场,干扰了超声波的传播;此外,随敏化时间延长,析出相的增加进一步加剧了超声波的畸变。     

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢析出沉淀相的非线性超声检测

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢在不同时效温度处理下,其力学性能具有较大差异。针对此类问题,提出采用非线性超声检测技术对不同时效温度处理下的该不锈钢试件进行检测,通过测量不同时效温度试件的超声非线性系数β,得到了β随着时效温度升高,整体呈上升趋势。进一步,微观观察结果显示,时效处理后该钢内部微结构变化主要为沉淀相的析出与长大,且随着时效温度升高,沉淀相的析出量是不断增大的。分析认为:该钢在时效处理后沉淀相的析出量是超声非线性系数变化的主要原因,利用非线性超声检测技术可对该钢内部析出的沉淀相变化进行检测。     

奥氏体不锈钢钢包失效分析

钢包不锈钢侧壁外表面发生龟裂,经综合检测发现钢包不锈钢侧曾在500～800℃的高温长期受热,由于材料基体原始组织中存在大量的δ铁素体,经700℃左右的温度长期高温蠕变,晶界处析出σ相使基体脆性增加,不锈钢钢板材料的屈强比增高、塑性下降材料劣化,在受到交变的冷热负载时变形产生龟裂.     

Cu-Ni-Si合金的时效析出与再结晶

通过分析时效期间Cu-Ni-Si合金显微硬度、导电率及微观组织的变化,研究了析出相和再结晶行为的相互作用,以期为该合金多级复合工艺的制定提供参考.研究发现,时效初期析出相对随后的再结晶过程具有强烈阻碍作用.在450、550℃较低温度时效时,合金发生原位再结晶,析出相在其体积分数略微升高或不变的情况下发生粗化;导电率上升趋势为先快后慢并趋于稳定,因而其变化曲线上无峰值出现;显微硬度则由于时效后期析出颗粒粗化,析出强化效果降低而出现峰值.在750℃高温时效时,合金发生不连续再结晶,析出相在体积分数略有降低的情况下发生粗化;导电率先快速上升后缓慢下降,因而出现峰值,而显微硬度由于析出物迅速粗化,一开始就表现为持续下降.     

超超临界电站用镍铁基高温合金TCP相和碳化物相析出的热力学计算

利用材料相图与性能模拟计算软件JMatPro,研究了难熔元素W,Mo,Nb和Fe含量的变化对一种新型镍铁基高温合金拓扑密排相(TCP)和碳化物相析出及高温性能的影响。结果表明:新型镍铁基高温合金晶内强化相为γ′相,晶界为M23C6碳化物;在合金中添加Mo,W,Nb均可提高合金的持久强度和屈服强度;增加合金中Mo,Nb,Fe的含量会提高Laves相和σ相的析出温度;为避免在长期服役过程中合金析出较多的TCP相,在合金中添加不超过0.6%(质量分数,下同)的Nb或不超过1%的Mo和W,以使TCP相的析出温度尽可能低于使役温度。     

高熵修饰的纳米晶合金Fe–ZrNbMoTa的成形与高温稳定性研究

目的 获得高热稳定性的铁基高熵纳米合金并研究其热稳定性机理。方法 通过高能球磨方法制备了Fe–ZrxNbxMoxTax(x=0.1、0.2、0.5、1,原子数分数)单相纳米合金粉末,在不同的退火处理温度下对退火前后的组织演变与元素偏析行为进行表征。结果 获得了尺寸为15 nm的极细FeZr0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2晶粒,在900 ℃下退火1 h后,平均晶粒尺寸增长到73 nm,有第二相Fe2Ta析出。而纳米晶Fe–Zr1.0Nb1.0Mo1.0Ta1.0合金在同样条件下退火后尺寸为55 nm,同时观察到Fe2Ta和FeZr2析出。结论 高熵元素的加入使该类合金具有较好的热稳定性,而新强化相的析出进一步抑制了高温下的晶粒生长,即Fe–ZrNbMoTa合金在高温下的稳定性主要是受多组分偏析引起晶界处能量降低的热力学机制和与溶质拖拽、钉扎相关的动力学机制共同影响。     

Thermal Degradation Evaluation of HP40Nb Alloy Steel After Long Term Service Using a Nonlinear Ultrasonic Technique

Nonlinear ultrasonic analysis has been proposed to characterize the thermal degradation of HP40Nb steel associated with microstructure evolution. Measurements of ultrasonic nonlinear signals were performed in the thermally degraded damaged HP40Nb specimens and the results showed a clear change of increase-plateau-decrease tendency of the normalized nonlinear parameter with respect to the different thermal loading time. Based on metallographic studies, the variation in the measured acoustic nonlinearity reveals that the normalized acoustic nonlinearity increases due to the increases of the second phase precipitates and dislocation density in the early stage and it decreases as a combined result of the reduction of dislocation density, coarsening of precipitates and initiation of micro-voids after long-term high temperature exposure. Moreover, an analytical model calculation of precipitate–dislocation interaction has been performed to interpret the correlation between microstructural evolutions and the measured ultrasonic nonlinearity. Consequently, ultrasonic nonlinearity is found to be strongly sensitive to the microstructure evolutions during thermal degradation of HP40Nb steels.     

45号钢受热损伤的超声非线性检测实验研究

45 steel is a common material for parts manufacturing, and it is important to study its thermal damage detection for parts failure assessment.Here, in order to study ultrasonic nonlinear effects of 45 steel with different degrees of thermal damage, specimens with different degrees of thermal damage were made.Ultrasonic nonlinear detection tests were conducted for specimens using the RAM-5000 system made by RITEC company to obtain relation curves between ultrasonic nonlinear coefficients and heating temperature.These curves were deeply analyzed combining with the material’s metallographic microstructure evolution laws.Results showed that the ultrasonic nonlinear coefficient of 45 steel firstly increases, then decreases and increases again with increase in heating temperature;when heating temperature reaches 600 ℃, the ultrasonic nonlinear coefficient begins to increase; when temperature reaches 800 ℃, itreaches the peak value;thenit drops sharply, this is consistent with the coherent strain state of 45 steel between 700-800 ℃; finally, it at 1 300 ℃ rebounds slightly;the correlation between variation of ultrasonic nonlinear coefficient of 45 steel and its metallographic microstructure varying provides atest basis for the ultrasonic nonlinear detection of 45 steel thermal damage and the evaluation of its metallographic microstructure change.     

利用非线性表面波评价材料疲劳损伤

采用非线性Rayleigh表面波检测方法,实现了不同疲劳阶段下钢试样拉伸和腐蚀疲劳损伤的测试与评价;基于楔块\换能器激发与接收声波方式,搭建非线性Rayleigh波检测系统,测量了不同激励水平下基波幅值平方与二次谐波幅值间的线性关系以及Rayleigh表面波二次谐波的累积效应;分别在拉伸载荷和腐蚀疲劳载荷下,采集非线性时域信号并进行频谱分析,测量声学非线性系数在不同疲劳阶段下变化趋势,并分析不同疲劳载荷对钢试样声学非线性系数的影响。实验结果表明:超声非线性系数与疲劳周期数呈单调递增关系,可以用声学非线性系数来表征材料的表面疲劳损伤程度;相比较周期性拉伸疲劳损伤,腐蚀疲劳试样的声学非线性系数会增大,是由于腐蚀环境会加重实验中钢试样的疲劳损伤程度。研究成果可为疲劳损伤无损检测与评价提供一定的指导意义。     

Effect of overheating temperature on the microstructure and creep behavior of HP40Nb alloy

HP40Nb alloy has been widely used as a high temperature material in petrochemical plants. However, overheating or local temperature excursion occurs occasionally in service and leads to serious damage on the material. Effect of temperature on the microstructure and creep performance of the HP40Nb alloy is investigated in the present work. Several specimens are cut from serviced components of the alloy and heat-treated at different temperatures from 900 °C to 1250 °C for its possible working conditions, in which the temperature of 1200 or 1250 °C is used to simulate the overheating condition of HP40Nb tubes. The microstructure of specimens is examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The creep behavior is evaluated through using impression creep tests with a flat-ended cylindrical indenter. The content of inter- and intra-dendritic carbides in the specimens is represented by the surface fraction of each phase, which has been estimated by image processing method. The results show that the total of the surface fraction of inter- and intra-dendritic carbides in the HP40Nb alloy does not significantly change at the temperature lower than 1100 °C. However, the surface fraction of inter-dendritic carbides reaches the maximum at 1100 °C. A maximal steady state impression rate is also observed at 1100 °C. The results suggest that the content of inter-dendritic carbides is the main influencing factor on the creep performance of HP40Nb alloys comparing with that of the intra-dendritic carbides.     

High Manganese Steel Alloying Process and Its Influence on Microstructure and Properties of the Steel

The influence of two kinds of alloying processes, adding Nb (or Ti) and N-Mn alloy as well as adding Nb (or Ti) and spraying N2, on microstructures and properties of a high manganese steel has been studied. It has been found that adding Nb(or Ti), accompanying with N-Mn alloy, is unfavourable to microstructure compactness of the high manganese steel, but adding Nb (or Ti)and spraying N2 into the melt is good for refining austenitic grain, forming a lot of hard particles and improving microstructure compactness. The mechanical properties of the high manganese steel have relation to the content of elements Nb or Ti. Its fracture mode will turn ductile fracture into brittle cleavage fracture gradually. By X-ray and TEM analysis, it is proved that the austenite can be transformed to deformation-induced α martensite after adding a certain amount of element Nb (or Ti). The microstructure transformation of alloying high manganese steels through deformation is one of methods for strengthening austenite matrix and increasing the work-hardening rate as well as improving antiwear property.     

P91钢高温热损伤的二次谐波评价

P91钢是重要的核电承压钢结构材料,对其进行早期损伤评价具有重要意义。基于非线性超声理论,对P91钢不同温度的热损伤试样进行了非线性超声检测试验,逐级加大激励电压,基波幅度平方和二次谐波幅度呈现出良好线性关系,对基波和二次谐波进行频谱分析得到非线性系数,结果显示随着热处理温度的升高,非线性系数逐渐增大,可用于对这类材料热损伤进行有效评价。     

改性HP40合金碳化物析出规律的热力学计算

利用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件和与之相应的铁基合金数据库,计算了改性HP40合金中可能析出的平衡相及铌、钛和钨成分改变时对碳化物析出规律的影响,并计算了碳化物的平衡化学成分,以期为发展高稳定性的改性HP40合金提供理论依据。结果表明:铌和钛是MC型碳化物的主要形成元素。随着铌和钛含量的提高,MC型碳化物的最大析出量增加,M₂₃C₆型和M₇C₃型碳化物的最大析出量减少,MC型和M₂₃C₆型碳化物的开始析出温度升高。钨元素在高温时主要分布在γ基体中,在服役温度下长期时效,钨从γ基体向M₂₃C₆型碳化物不断偏聚。随着钨含量的提高,M₇C₃型碳化物的最大析出量减少,M₂₃C₆型碳化物的开始析出温度及M₇C₃相向M₂₃C₆相转变的温度均显著升高。     

钛合金蠕变损伤的非线性Lamb波检测

金属材料在高温高压服役过程中会发生蠕变损伤,检测和评价金属材料的早期蠕变损伤具有重要工程意义。针对Ti60钛合金蠕变损伤采用非线性Lamb波进行检测,分别选择Lamb波S_1-S_2模式对和A_4-S_8模式对开展钛合金蠕变损伤试样的实验测量,并采用归一化非线性参数来表征钛合金的蠕变损伤状态。研究结果表,明两种模式对的归一化非线性参数随着材料蠕变损伤程度的加剧均表现出"上升-下降"的变化趋势,且A_4-S_8模式对归一化非线性参数变化率比S_1-S_2模式对更大,说明该模式对对Ti60钛合金蠕变损伤更为敏感。     

Effect of Microstructure on Thermal Expansion Coefficient of 7A09 Aluminum Alloy

The relationship between microstructure evolution and coeffcient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 7A09 alu- minum alloy was investigated in this paper. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to investigate microstructure evolution taking place in 7A09 aluminum alloy during heating and cooling process. The corresponding CTE curves of the 7A09 alloy were recorded by thermal dilatometer. Results indicated that GPII zones and η phase were main precipitates in the highest strength tempered (T6) 7A09 alloy. The η phase was the main participate in 7A09 alloy during the cooling process. The nonlinear dependency existed between CTE and temperature in both changing temperature processes. During the heating process, obvious additional contraction of alloy volume was directly caused by phase transition, such as dissolution of η phase, transition from η to η phase and dissolution of η phase. The additional contraction could slow down the increase of CTE greatly and be expressed in the nonlinearity of CTE curve. Volume and energy changes of alloy system inffuenced the variation trend of CTE directly, which was caused by the precipitation of η phase during the cooling process. These effects were revealed by the corresponding nonlinear change of CTE.     

Carburisation layer evolution of Fe–Cr–Ni alloy in furnace after long term service: experimental study and numerical prediction

Abstract

Owing to high temperature comprehensive properties, Fe–Cr–Ni alloys are designed to operate in corrosive gaseous environments of ethylene pyrolysis furnace. However, most premature failed tubes were caused by carburisation. In the present study, based on the Fick’s second law and equilibrium constant method, study on the carburised layer evolution of HP40Nb and KHR45A alloys by pack carburising experimental investigation and numerical simulation by MATLAB software were carried out. The results show that the experimental and simulated data agree with each other acceptably. The carburising layer rate of KHR45A alloy is much smaller than that of HP40Nb alloy due to higher contents of Cr and Ni element in the former. With increasing operating temperature ranging from 1000 to 1100°C, the maximum service lives of the two alloys sharply decrease.