基于仿射跳跃-扩散过程的电力市场电价随机模型

基于金融工程理论的电价随机模型对于竞争性电力市场中的电力衍生产品定价、风险管理、资产定价及不确定条件下的投资决策等具有基础意义。文中提出了基于仿射跳跃-扩散过程的、具有2个和3个跳跃分量的电价随机模型以及一种新的参数标定方法。所提出的近似参数标定方法可利用历史电价数据快速求解模型参数,且计算量与电价样本点数量无关。由于直接根据历史电价的数字特征求解,不存在误差累积的问题。根据法国Powernext、德国EEX和荷兰APX等3个主要欧洲电力市场的历史日前小时电价数据标定了模型参数并采用Monte Carlo方法分析了模型的模拟效果。计算表明,文中提出的电价随机模型能够较为准确地描述电价的整体概率分布,满足进一步研究的需要。     

电力现货市场环境下提供位置信号电价机制的协同作用

对电价中的位置信号及能够提供位置信号的电价机制进行分类梳理和总结,对电力现货市场环境下电价中位置信号的作用进行分析;结合电力现货市场仿真,定量分析在不同的电网结构及系统阻塞条件下,电能量现货市场中的“节点边际电价（LMP）机制”和“分区输电定价”机制在实现其作为公共事业服务价格作用方面的协同作用关系;结合中国某省电网的实际情况,通过电力现货市场仿真和电价测算对分析结果进行验证,为中国电力现货市场环境下的电价机制选择提出建议。     

电力现货市场环境下提供位置信号电价机制的协同作用

对电价中的位置信号及能够提供位置信号的电价机制进行分类梳理和总结,对电力现货市场环境下电价中位置信号的作用进行分析;结合电力现货市场仿真,定量分析在不同的电网结构及系统阻塞条件下,电能量现货市场中的“节点边际电价（LMP）机制”和“分区输电定价”机制在实现其作为公共事业服务价格作用方面的协同作用关系;结合中国某省电网的实际情况,通过电力现货市场仿真和电价测算对分析结果进行验证,为中国电力现货市场环境下的电价机制选择提出建议。     

集成定价法在输电电价中的应用

对输电电价的定价方法进行了研究,对输电网的成本进行了分析,将其成本分为固定成本和变动成本2大类,固定成本基本上不随时间变化,变动成本随时间变化而不断改变。提出了集成定价思想,即对输电网的固定成本采用综合成本定价法,按最大需量进行分摊,而对变动成本则采用基于边际成本定价法的实时电价并进行实时分摊,两者有效结合即得出输电网的电价模型。该模型可称为集成定价法下的节点电价模型,可以应用于实时电价、分时电价、日前市场电价和远期合同电价。通过算例说明了该电价模型的具体应用。     

A large generator's bids in an electricity supply auction: Uniform pricing versus pay‐as‐bid pricing

A pay‐as‐bid auction has been adopted in a balancing market under New Electricity Trading Arrangements in England and Wales since 2001 instead of a uniform price auction previously used in a day‐ahead pool market. In contrast, a spot market in Japan, where a general electric utility would be the main supplier, plans to employ a uniform price auction. In this paper we model an electricity spot market in which one large generator competes with many fringe generators to supply electricity, analyze how this large generator bids to maximize its profits, and report some implications for the design of this market. Three types of auction are analyzed: a highest‐winning‐bid pricing (HWB) uniform price auction, a lowest‐losing‐bid pricing (LLB) uniform price auction, and a pay‐as‐bid auction. It is shown that the slope of the bid curve, which is obtained by plotting the large generator's bidding prices against its generation costs, are steeper in an LLB uniform price auction and flatter in a pay‐as‐bid auction than those in an HWB uniform price auction. This implies that an LLB uniform price auction or a pay‐as‐bid auction would make room for the fringe generators to win an auction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(4): 41–48, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20420     

基于马氏距离和密度聚类的电力现货报价模式分析

为体现电力的时间价值,针对供需变化的价格弹性和遵循的经济学原理,电力现货市场通常采取多段报价的申报形式,即每段均包括段容量和价格.现货市场中机组报价行为复杂,且除部分极端高价或低价外,潜在的串谋行为或离群度高的异常报价则难以区分.为有效识别现货市场中的异常报价,有效监测和分析市场行为并及时发现和控制市场风险,文中采用马氏距离消除价格和容量量纲不同的影响,以衡量不同机组报价的相似性.提出衡量报价相似性的3维现货报价对比向量,运用密度聚类分析报价模式以规避对离散点的过度分类,并设计了针对串谋行为特征中价格相似和交易结果呈现串谋的预期效益的判断指标.最后,在5段报价的背景下,文中以模拟现货市场申报数据为算例对比了马氏距离和欧氏距离在聚类分析中的特点.所提方法能消除量纲的影响,有效发现机组在价格申报、容量申报、量价申报3个维度的相似性.     

论等耗量微增率与电力市场统一边际价的联系

电力系统中原有的经济运行理论要随着电力市场的实行而改变,但同时电力市场中的一些经典运行理论同电力市场中的新理论也存在着联系。现首先从电力市场的支点实时电价进行理论证明,表明了实时电价与边际电价的联系,接着详细分析了电力市场下的统一边际报价模型,指出了电力市场下发电侧竞价模式的统一边际价和经典电力系统的等耗量微增率的联系。表明原有的电力系统的这个经典理论和市场下统一边际价格理论存在着一定的联系。     

System security control and optimal pricing of electricity

Optimal electricity spot pricing internalizes electricity transportation network costs and constraints. We extend spot pricing theory by including system security control issues in the model. The engineering and physics of system security control imposes a need for speed and precision of response. Traditionally this need has been met by central control of centrally owned equipment and little control of customer-owned equipment. We show that socially optimum prices exist which decentralize security control by internalizing its costs. These prices are robust and feasible to determine without unreasonable information requirements by the market maker. Families of optimal prices and price/quantity controls are determined and interpreted. Contingency planning and enhanced centre/market-maker roles are derived. Applications of immediate interest are also discussed, such as pricing of interruptible loads and assignment of power pool reserves. Symmetry between demand side and supply side security control is shown to be optimal.     

市场环境下分布式光伏协调售电交易机制及策略

推进分布式电源参与电力市场交易是能源发展与市场发展的必然要求,而分布式电源可通过售电公司代理的方式参与市场。在现货市场背景下,以分布式光伏为例,针对协调售电的模式,提出了以售电公司购电成本最小化为目标的交易决策模型。设计了代理双方“双价格”的合约定价机制,分别基于预测电价及实际电价确定优化决策价格和结算价格,前者用于模型优化,后者用于合约结算,从而实现代理双方的利益平衡,为售电公司代理并管理分布式光伏发电从而促进市场环境下分布式光伏的有效利用提供思路,也为售电公司在新的代理关系下参与现货市场申报提供依据。     

欧洲统一电力市场演变和日前市场出清模型

本文首先梳理了欧洲一体化电力市场的融合过程,介绍了用于计算电价及跨境容量的区域价格耦合项目;其次研究了泛欧混合电力市场集成算法,研究了节点边际电价、可用传输容量和基于潮流的市场耦合数学模型;最后总结了各种市场耦合模型的特点,并针对南方区域电力现货市场建设提出了建议。     

基于多周期GARCH-M模型的短期电价预测

电价的分布特性是电力市场风险管理和电力金融产品定价的重要依据。建立了一个采用虚拟变量和正弦函数来刻画现货电价序列多周期性特征的GARCH-M模型。该模型易于定阶、待估参数少,可同时处理电价序列的趋势变化、多周期、异方差及其与负荷之间的非线性相关性,具有一定的实用价值。对PJM电力市场历史数据的分析表明,电价分布的异方差和负荷的平方对电价均值具有显著的影响,电价序列具有周、半月、月、季、半年等多重周期和明显的波动集聚性。     

A time series spot price forecast model for the Nord Pool market

We present three relatively simple spot price forecast models for the Nord Pool market based on historic spot and futures prices including data for inflow and reservoir levels. The models achieve a relatively accurate forecast of the weekly spot prices. The composite regression model achieves a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of around 7.5% and under-forecasts the actual spot price by some 1.4 NOK/MW h in the sample period. Out of sample testing achieves a MAPE of around 7.4% including a match of the actual spot price. A myopic model using the previous week’s spot price as a predictor for the next week’s spot price achieves a MAPE of 7.5% and under-forecasts the actual spot price by some 0.9 EUR/MW h. A futures model using the futures price for next week as a predictor for next week’s spot price achieves a MAPE of 5.3% and over-forecast the actual spot price by some 4.3 EUR/MW h.     

电力市场下的无功实时电价研究

介绍了实时电价理论、实时电价数学模型以及近年来国内外学者在电力市场环境下无功实时电价领域的研究成果和经验,详细分析了各无功实时电价模型的优缺点,并对无功实时定价方法进行了评估,对无功电价的实际制定工作提出建议:无功定价模型应考虑负荷的不确定性、投标策略的不确定性等因素;需要有更精确的无功生产、维护成本以及发电机无功功率机会成本模型;无功电价应整合区域牲和输电投资;确保无功实时电价在线计算的应用性和灵敏度。     

面向电力现货市场的专项工程两部制输电价格优化模型

针对电力现货市场运行后,专项工程输电价格核价电量难以按照原有方法确定以及现行输电定价机制可能影响电力现货市场竞争效率的问题,提出了面向电力现货市场的专项工程两部制输电价格优化模型。首先,分析了中国现行的、以输电功能为主的跨省跨区专项工程输电定价机制在电力现货市场环境下的不适应性,阐述了传统方法在专项工程准许收入回收风险的公平分担以及在促进电力市场有效竞争等方面产生的不利影响。然后,定性分析了以输电功能为主的专项工程电量输电价格对电力现货市场交易的影响,设计建立了基于一维搜索算法及多时段电能量与备用联合经济调度模型的专项输电工程两部制电价优化模型,以此确定两部制输电价格中通过容量电价回收专项工程准许收入的临界点。最后,通过算例仿真验证了模型的有效性,并分析了影响输电价格结构的关键因素。     

现代电力市场中的电价热点问题综述

电力市场改革是世界电力改革的共同趋势,也是中国电力改革与发展的必然选择。电价是现代电力市场机制的核心,直接关系到市场参与者最直接和最敏感的经济利益因素,能起到调整电力供求关系、引导电力消费、优化资源配置的作用。基于此,重点研究了现代电力市场中电价的若干热点问题：现代电力市场改革、峰谷分时电价、发电企业竞价、无功功率定价、风力发电定价、大用户直购电定价,针对每个问题进行了详细的分析,做了相应评述并提出个人看法。综述表明：电价改革是电力体制改革的核心内容,所分析的电价问题均为现代电力市场中的重要问题,有效解决这些问题,是实现现代电力市场改革的重要环节。     

统一出清定价体制助长发电商默契串谋的机理分析

揭示了在很一般的寡头竞争情况下,特别是在电力并不富余的情况下,统一出清定价体制不能防止默契串谋的发生。首先讨论了在长期重复报价条件下,统一出清定价体制可能助长发电商默契串谋的若干因素;描述了发电商默契串谋如何形成以及需要研究的问题;然后使用Forehheimer模型框架,构造了发电商默契串谋的模型,分析了发电商的市场行为,发现了形成默契串谋的必要条件;进而运用默契串谋的“内稳定”和“外稳定”的概念进行分析后指出,由于电力市场一般都不是理想的完全竞争市场,在统一出清体制和重复报价条件下,市场最终会形成2种局面:由一个大的发电商单独实施市场力;多个发电商的稳定默契串谋,而其余发电商“搭便车”。某电力市场的实例验证了理论的合理性,随后给出了5点结论。此项研究有助于政府加强监管,甚至表明,有必要寻求替代统一出清电价体制的新方法。     

供电公司分时售电电价研究

首先简要介绍了供电公司在电力市场中需要研究的问题。根据边际成本定价原理，针对简化的配电网条件，建立了分时电价优化模型。利用Kuhn-Tucker条件，进一步得到了供电公司分时售电电价的表达式，并从工程角度探讨了分时电价中各分量的计算方法。算例考虑了配电网线损和简化的可靠性要求，所得到的分时售电电价更接近于供电成本。     

Development of a hybrid model for electrical power spot prices

A great deal of interest has been paid to the market-based pricing of electrical power. Electrical power contracts often contain embedded options, the valuations of which require a stochastic model for electricity prices. Successful stochastic models exist for modeling price variations in traditional commodities. Electricity is critically different from these commodities as it is difficult to store and, on short time scales, its price is highly inelastic. This has important implications for stochastic spot price models of electricity. Several stochastic models of electricity spot prices already exist. In these random models, price returns play a dominant role. In this paper, we lead a guided tour through existing electricity price data to motivate a new stochastic electricity price model different in that it directly models price. We apply the new model to the problem of pricing options on electrical power and discuss these preliminary results     

分时电价模型优化方法研究

随着电力供需矛盾的日益深化和智能电网建设的不断推进,电力需求侧管理（DSM）受到广泛重视,峰谷分时电价作为DSM的重要组成部分,能够通过引导用户有效改善电力负荷,实现用户和供电方的双赢局面,因此峰谷分时电价的优化已成为电力市场中的研究热点。在分析电价制定方法和影响因素的基础上,重点对分时电价的模型优化方法进行了评述,并为今后峰谷分时电价的进一步发展提出建议。     

Forecasting the Mean and the Variance of Electricity Prices in Deregulated Markets

A fundamental bid-based stochastic model is presented to predict electricity hourly prices and average price in a given period. The model captures both the economic and physical aspects of the pricing process, considering two sources of uncertainty: availability of the units and demand. This work is based on three oligopoly models-Bertrand, Cournot, and supply function equilibrium (SFE) due to Rudkevich, Duckworth, and Rosen-and obtains closed form expressions for expected value and variance of electricity hourly prices and average price. Sensitivity analysis is performed on the number of firms, anticipated peak demand, and price elasticity of demand. The results show that as the number of firms in the market decreases, the expected values of prices increase by a significant amount. Variances for the Cournot model also increase, but the variances for the SFE model decrease, taking even smaller values than Bertrand's. Thus, if the Rudkevich model is an accurate representation of the electricity market, the results show that an introduction of competition may decrease the expected value of prices but the variances may actually increase. Finally, using a refinement of the model, it has been demonstrated that an accurate temperature forecast can reduce significantly the prediction error of the electricity prices.