水下潜航器的惯导/超短基线/多普勒测速信息融合及容错验证

针对水下潜航器惯导系统的定位误差积累和容错性差等问题,分析了水声超短基线的相位差定位方法,推导了基于惯导提供实时位置、姿态误差角信息的惯导/超短基线(INS/USBL)导航解算过程及其坐标转换。结合惯导/多普勒测速(INS/DVL)滤波器,给出INS/USBL/DVL组合导航联邦滤波在3种信息融合算法下的应用。通过MATLAB仿真对导航算法进行了验证,结果表明该导航算法能够抑制惯导系统误差随时间发散的问题,能充分利用了3种导航系统提供的参数信息,且状态维数低,滤波收敛速度快,其中基于精度因子信息分配方法的导航系统误差最小。容错性验证结果显示,当超短基线出现故障时,重构后的组合导航系统在较高航速情况下依旧能提供有效的导航参数。所提出的INS/USBL/DVL组合导航联邦滤波方法能够精确地提供水下潜航器的各位导航参数信息,且具有较高的容错性和稳定性。     

GPS/INS组合导航系统的研究

讨论了飞机惯性导航系统(INS)与全球卫星导航系统(GPS)的利与弊以及卡尔曼滤波方法在组合定位中的应用情况,进一步提出了基于神经网络数据融合方法的GPS/INS组合导航系统.系统神经网络结构采用单隐层的三层神经网络,输入输出神经元数目是4个,基于256个训练样本由经验公式求得隐层神经元数目为8个,同时还建立了惯导系统的数学模型和数据融合的数学模型.给出了利用MATLAB编制的神经网络训练程序并对这一神经网络进行了训练和仿真.实验表明,组合导航系统经度误差可达9m,纬度误差可达8m,与单独GPS定位和INS定位相比精度得到了提高.     

基于因子图的 INS / UWB 室内行人紧组合定位技术

针对室内复杂应用场景下待定位行人接收到的超宽带(UWB)测距信息数量不确定问题,提出一种基于因子图的INS/UWB室内行人紧组合定位算法,实现对动态随遇接入与退出的UWB量测信息有效融合。首先,基于室内行人运动模型以及UWB量测模型构建INS/UWB紧组合因子图模型,由于对行人位置与速度同时进行建模估计,导致该因子图模型含有环结构。在此基础上,针对有环因子图模型基于和积算法(SPA)通过两次迭代推导因子图中各节点间消息传递算法,计算行人位置与速度的后验概率密度。进一步,针对特殊量测矢量条件下因子图算法定位误差跳变问题,提出一种基于坐标变换的因子图改进方法,从而有效提高行人位置与速度估计精度。仿真结果表明,本文提出的INS/UWB紧组合定位算法可以有效融合动态随遇接入与退出的UWB测距信息。在满足计算量与内存消耗需求的前提下,与变结构多模型扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)相比,本文提出算法的定位精度与速度估计精度可以分别提高14.94%与56.42%。     

Improving ultrasonic-based seamless navigation for indoor mobile robots utilizing EKF and LS-SVM

The ultrasonic positioning system is able to provide centimeter-level location information. However, the signal of the system is easy to be disturbed and the outages of the positioning system appear. Inertial measuring units (IMUs) is a self-contained device and can provide long-term navigation information independently, but it has the drawback of error drift. In order to obtain accurate and continuous location information indoors for indoor mobile robots, this work proposed a seamless integrated navigation utilizing extended Kalman filter (EKF) and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM). In this mode, the EKF estimates the position and the velocity of the robot while the signals of ultrasonic positioning system are available. Meanwhile, the compensation model is trained by LS-SVM with corresponding filter states. Once the signals of ultrasonic positioning system are outages, the model is able to correct inertial navigation system (INS) solution as filter does. A prototype of the system has been worked in a real scenario. The results show that the performance of EKF is robust, and the prediction of LS-SVM is able to work as EKF does during the outages.     

INS/SFGPS PPP紧组合系统动态补偿滤波算法

惯性/卫星组合导航系统结合精密单点定位技术可有效提高导航定位精度。但精密单点定位技术一般需采用双频接收机,成本较高;同时该系统中采用载波相位作为部分或全部观测量,极容易受到周跳的影响而导致精度下降和系统不稳定。针对上述问题,设计了一种惯性/卫星精密定位紧组合导航系统以及基于动态周跳补偿的鲁棒滤波算法。该系统采用低成本的单频接收机(SFGPS),以精密单点定位技术(PPP)处理过的伪距和载波相位作为观测信息,与惯性导航系统(INS)等效观测量进行紧组合,建立了相应紧组合观测模型并引入周跳作为信息融合滤波状态模型中的状态量,以滤波器信息构建周跳检测统计量并对周跳幅值进行识别和估计,实时补偿观测量以提高观测信息精度,同时以前述周跳估计的结果对状态模型中周跳状态量部分滤波参数进行实时调节。上述方法通过动态补偿周跳误差提高导航精度,通过滤波器参数自适应调节提高滤波稳定性。仿真结果验证了该系统模型及算法的有效性。     

交互多模型在车辆组合定位系统中的应用（英文）

为解决扩展卡尔曼滤波器(extended Kalman filter,EKF)在车辆组合定位系统中因车辆加减速、转弯(以下简称机动)而存在的精度低、稳定性差等问题,设计了一种将交互多模型(interacting multiple model,IMM)算法与非线性卡尔曼滤波器相融合的自适应滤波算法。该算法使用三种状态空间模型来描述车辆的运动模式,采用多个非线性滤波器对每个模型并行滤波,通过模型匹配似然函数对滤波结果进行加权融合,最终得到系统的定位信息。该方法具备非线性系统滤波器优点,克服了单一模型滤波算法对机动目标定位效果差的缺点。利用该方法和EKF算法分别对GPS/INS/DR车辆组合定位系统中进行了仿真实验,结果表明,该算法的滤波定位精度明显优于目前组合定位系统中所用的EKF滤波器,大幅提高了组合定位系统的稳定性和定位精度。     

引入滑模观测器的GPS/INS组合导航滤波方法

由低成本器件组成的卫星/惯性(GPS/INS)组合导航系统中,存在较大的非线性与不确定性,为改善这一问题,本文提出一种引入滑模观测器(SMO)的滤波方法。首先,该方法建立了组合导航系统模型,介绍了扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)计算过程并分析存在的不足。然后,介绍了滑模观测器的基本原理,根据系统构建观测器。最后,说明了引入滑模观测器的EKF组合导航算法实现流程,滑模观测器将模型误差、状态估计以及均值方差融入EKF算法,修正系统输出。通过轨迹仿真实验与车载实验验证了所提方法优于传统EKF算法,具有更高的滤波精度。在车载实验中,卫星信号失锁15 s情况下,与EKF方法相比,所提方法的东向位置误差降低了53%,北向位置误差降低了37%,证明该方法能够有效抑制GPS/INS组合导航误差发散,为以后工程实践提供一定的参考价值。     

A derivative UKF for tightly coupled INS/GPS integrated navigation

The tightly coupled INS/GPS integration introduces nonlinearity to the measurement equation of the Kalman filter due to the use of raw GPS pseudorange measurements. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) is a typical method to address the nonlinearity by linearizing the pseudorange measurements. However, the linearization may cause large modeling error or even degraded navigation solution. To solve this problem, this paper constructs a nonlinear measurement equation by including the second-order term in the Taylor series of the pseudorange measurements. Nevertheless, when using the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to the INS/GPS integration for navigation estimation, it causes a great amount of redundant computation in the prediction process due to the linear feature of system state equation, especially for the case with system state vector in much higher dimension than measurement vector. To overcome this drawback in computational burden, this paper further develops a derivative UKF based on the constructed nonlinear measurement equation. The derivative UKF adopts the concise form of the original Kalman filter (KF) to the prediction process and employs the unscented transformation technique to the update process. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the derivative UKF can achieve higher accuracy with a much smaller computational cost in comparison with the traditional UKF.     

应用RB无迹卡尔曼滤波组合导航提高GPS重获信号后的导航精度

针对微机电-船舶惯性导航/全球定位(MEMS-SINS/GPS)组合导航系统在GPS信号中断时造成的强非线性误差及重获信号后精度变差的问题,设计了基于Rao-Blackwellised无迹卡尔曼滤波(RB-UKF)的组合导航算法。首先,基于捷联平台欧拉失准角定义了姿态误差,建立了捷联惯导系统的非线性误差传播方程。然后,针对组合导航的状态方程为非线性而量测方程呈线性的特点,设计了RB-UKF算法,在保证精度的同时降低了计算量。最后,设计了滤波算法总体结构,分别给出了GPS信号正常时和中断时组合导航滤波计算的流程。将提出的算法用于跑车实验,结果表明:在GPS失锁20s和40s再重获信号之后,使用RB-UKF算法的组合导航系统位置精度分别优于6m和7.5m,比扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法精度提高了1.5倍以上,误差收敛速度提高了1.88~16.5倍,计算量比UKF量测更新的计算量减小了41.7%。实验显示该方法显著提升了组合导航系统GPS信号中断再恢复后的滤波精度,且易于工程实现。     

微惯性测量组合与GPS组合导航技术

分析了惯性导航系统和全球定位系统的优缺点;介绍了微惯性器件的发展及其用于惯性导航的前景;分析了由微惯性器件组成的捷联惯导与GPS组合导航的可行性;综述了GPS/INS组合导航的工作原理和关键技术.     

轻量化惯导系统振动响应分析与减振器优化

惯导系统轻量化设计产生的结构柔性对其振动响应会产生不可忽略的影响。针对某型轻量化惯导结构,采用基于频响函数的子结构综合方法,建立了惯导系统的动力学模型,并应用此模型分析了IMU柔性对惯导系统的影响,并提出了一种减振系统参数优化设计方法。通过减振器优化,惯导系统的角位移明显减小,有效抑制了振动耦合。最后通过振动实验验证了优化方法的准确性,同时发现惯导系统经减振器参数优化后提高了振动过程中惯导系统航向和姿态测量精度。     

A new method of seamless land navigation for GPS/INS integrated system

For the last few years, integrated navigation systems have been widely used to calculate positions and attitudes of vehicles. The strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) provides velocity, attitudes and position information, whereas the global positioning system (GPS) provides velocity and position information. A method using neural network (NN) and wavelet-based de-noising technology is introduced into the SINS/GPS/magnetometer integrated navigation system, because system accuracy may decrease during GPS outages. When the GPS is working well, NN is trained using the velocity and position information provided by SINS as input and the corresponding errors as output. Wavelet multi-resolution analysis (WMRA) is also introduced to de-noise the errors, the desired output of NN. Test results showed that velocity accuracies improved using NN, but other accuracies remained poor. By re-training NN with WMRA, the system accuracies improved to the level of using normal GPS signal. In addition, NN trained with WMRA also improved the approximation to the actual model, further enhancing alignment accuracy.     

垂线偏差对惯导系统位置误差的影响分析

针对制约高精度惯性导航系统精度的垂线偏差误差项问题，研究了垂线偏差对惯性导航系统水平位置误差的影响及各级惯导系统误差补偿时垂线偏差的指标需求。首先，推导了垂线偏差引起的惯导系统误差项的直接差分法和四阶龙格库塔数值更新算法，对比分析了两种算法在不同地区的水平位置误差的更新效果；然后，采用3种分辨率的垂线偏差网格数据对惯导系统进行补偿；最后，分析了垂线偏差补偿频率对位置误差补偿的效果并开展了车载导航DOV补偿实验。仿真及实验结果表明，两种误差更新算法都可以有效计算水平位置误差；垂线偏差最大可引起近3 000 m的位置误差，水平姿态误差与方位姿态误差1 h漂移约18″和72″;经DOV补偿后，水平定位精度提升了约230 m。     

Analysis of a robust Kalman filter in loosely coupled GPS/INS navigation system

GPS/INS integrated system is very subject to uncertainties due to exogenous disturbances, device damage, and inaccurate sensor noise statistics. Conventional Kalman filer has no robustness to address system uncertainties which may corrupt filter performance and even cause filter divergence. Based on the INS error dynamic equation, a robust Kalman filter is analyzed and applied in loosely coupled GPS/INS integration system. The norm bounded robust Kalman filter, with recursive form by solving two Riccati equations, guarantees a estimation variance bound for all the admissible uncertainties, and can evolve into the conventional Kalman filter if no uncertainties are considered. This paper will analyze the suitable case for the robust Kalman filter in GPS/INS system, the filter characteristics including parameter setting, parameter meaning, and filter convergence condition are discussed simutaneously. The robust filter performance will be compared with conventional Kalman filter through simulation results.     

长航时惯导系统全阻尼综合校正算法

针对惯导系统长时间工作时导航误差随时间发散的问题,提出一种适用于长航时惯导系统的全阻尼综合校正算法。设计了全阻尼网络,利用外部速度量测对惯导系统进行水平和方位阻尼,衰减了导航误差中舒拉周期及地球自转周期振荡;根据全阻尼条件下的惯导系统误差传播规律设计了综合校正算法,利用不定期获取的外部参考位置计算导致导航误差发散的陀螺漂移并进行修正,更好地保证了惯导系统的工作自主性。试验结果表明,该算法明显地抑制了惯导误差随时间的发散,可有效提高长航时惯导系统的导航精度。     

基于SINS/DR组合导航和地图匹配技术的地铁定位方法研究

随着轨道交通的发展,地铁在人们日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色,地铁的定位技术也是移动闭塞实现的关键.本文针对地铁无法使用GPS且地面设备复杂,成本高的缺点,提出了一种基于惯性测量单元(IMU)和速度传感器辅以轨道电子地图的自主定位方法,在抑制捷联惯导系统(SINS)的误差发散的同时,减少了航迹推算(DR)由于姿态角误差造成的累计误差.根据铁路线路的特殊性,提出了运用最小二乘进行地图匹配的方法校正组合定位带来的误差,极大提高了定位的精度,同时减少了对轨旁设备的依赖性,降低了造价和维护成本.     

里程计辅助的高精度车载GNSS/INS组合导航系统

针对城市隧道、偏远山区等复杂路况下,卫星导航系统信号被遮挡较严重或无卫星导航系统信号的场景中,车载GNSS/INS组合导航系统精度下降的问题,提出一种里程计辅助的高精度车载GNSS/INS组合导航方法。该方法中的组合滤波模式可根据载车环境变化在GNSS/INS组合模式和DR/INS组合模式间实现自适应切换,该组合导航方法将三维里程计航位推算位置误差作为状态量扩充到常规组合导航滤波器中,里程计的标度因数误差、安装角误差可通过里程计误差标定方法离线精确得到,后续使用只需将里程计误差参数装订到组合导航系统中即可。车载试验表明,7 km的信号遮挡场景下组合导航系统单个方向上的位置误差最大值也不大于8 m,整个跑车过程中位置误差在3 m以内,进一步保证了车载GNSS/INS组合导航系统复杂路况下的高精度定位。     

Estimability measures and their application to GPS/INS

In this paper, estimability measures and their properties are introduced for a discrete linear system. The degrees of estimability of both a system and its subspaces can be examined with these measures for multi-input/multi-output time-varying systems. The relations among estimability, error covariance, and information matrix are presented. The effects of the initial error covariance, system model perturbation, and the transformation of state variable on the measures are also given. The estimability measures are applied to GPS/INS to confirm the estimability analysis results.     

Novel hybrid of strong tracking Kalman filter and wavelet neural network for GPS/INS during GPS outages

Aiming to improve positioning precision of the GPS/INS integrated navigation system during GPS outages, a novel model combined with strong tracking Kalman filter (STKF) and wavelet neural network (WNN) algorithms for INS errors compensation is proposed and tested. STKF is used to estimate INS errors as a replacement of Kalman filter (KF), and WNN is applied to establish a highly accurate model based on STKF when GPS works well and to predict INS errors during GPS outages. Performance of the proposed model has been experimentally verified using GPS and INS data collected in a land vehicle navigation test. The comparison results indicate that the proposed model combined with STKF/WNN algorithms can effectively provide high accurate corrections to the standalone INS during GPS outages.     

混合式惯导系统自标定技术研究

混合式惯导系统是一种集平台式、捷联式、旋转式惯导系统优点于一体的新型惯导系统。该型惯导可利用自身的旋转机构和高精度、高分辨率角度传感器实现不拆机条件下的误差参数自标定功能,极大简化了标校流程和系统维护工作量,有利于武器平台和作战系统效能的发挥。针对混合式惯导系统的结构特点和典型的旋转方式进行了误差分析,给出了误差参数自标定的设计原则和方法,并用混合式惯导原理样机进行了验证,结果表明,所设计的自标定方案能够在不拆机条件下利用自身旋转机构完成对陀螺漂移、加计零偏、刻度系数误差及安装偏角等参数进行精确估计,因此具有较高的理论意义和工程应用价值。