新型铝合金滑动轴承的制造工艺与应用

新型铝合金（TZS88）滑动轴承具有优良的工艺制造与使用性能，已成功地用于取代ZQSn66-3锡青铜制造CB50型齿轮油泵和JC-63型开式可倾压力机的整体材质的轴瓦、轴套等机械零件，制造工艺简便，取得很好的经济效益。     

高分子复合材料水润滑轴承的温升实验研究

对以聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）为基体的高分子复合材料水润滑滑动轴承在不同工况下的温升进行了实验研究。结果表明：供水量对温升的影响最为显著,其次是载荷和供水量。在载荷低于600N,转速低于1400r/min条件下,2.5L/min的供水量已经可以达到较好的润滑冷却效果;载荷对温升的影响规律较为复杂,随着载荷的增加,温升会出现一个极小值;而温升随转速的变化则较为平缓。     

钛合金与陶瓷配副干滑动摩擦磨损性能研究

采用摩擦磨损试验机、超景深显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜,考察不同载荷和速度下不同硬度钛合金盘与陶瓷球配副的摩擦因数、磨损体积和表面形貌,并探讨其磨损机制。通过极差与方差分析发现:摩擦速度对摩擦因数的影响最大,载荷的影响次之,钛合金基体硬度的影响最小;当载荷为2 N,速度为300 r/min,硬度为HV480时,摩擦因数最小。基于正交试验的最优结果,开展控制变量试验,试验结果表明:载荷小于2 N时,钛合金以磨粒磨损为主,载荷为4 N时,钛合金的磨损形式为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损,载荷为6 N时,钛合金的磨损形式为剥层磨损并伴有严重的氧化现象;摩擦速度50 r/min时,钛合金以磨粒磨损为主,摩擦速度小于100 r/min时,钛合金以磨粒磨损为主,摩擦速度为250 r/min时,钛合金的磨损形式以剥层磨损为主。钛合金的磨损模式在载荷小于2 N时以磨粒磨损为主,在载荷为4N时为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损,在载荷为6 N时为剥层磨损并伴有严重的氧化现象。     

高温下轴向柱塞泵滑靴副干滑动摩擦磨损性能*

采用Rtec摩擦磨损试验机模拟不同温度、载荷和转速等工况,研究轴向柱塞泵滑靴副在高温下干滑动的摩擦学规律。通过试验测得的摩擦因数、磨损体积和借助白光干涉三维表面轮廓仪所测得的表面形貌以及磨痕截面曲线,分析其润滑行为及摩擦磨损规律。结果表明：高温下滑靴副的摩擦因数随温度和转速的增大逐渐减小,随载荷的增大而增大;磨损体积随温度的升高先增大后减小,随载荷的增大逐渐增大,随转速的增大先减小后增大;温度和载荷对高温下磨痕的深度影响显著,转速对磨痕的深度和宽度都有影响。研究表明：在高温条件下,在温度为300 ℃、载荷为50 N、转速为75 r/min工况下滑靴副的减摩抗磨效果最好。     

新型铝基滑动轴承合金的性能与应用

研究了新型铝基滑动轴承合金(TZS88)的成分和性能，用以取代ZCuSn6Zn6Pb3锡青铜制造整体材质的轴瓦、轴套等机械零件。试验和生产实践证明，新合金已成功地应用于低速重载或较高温度、较高滑动速度等工况条件的滑动轴承．取得很好的经济效益。     

轧钢机主减速机轴承失效分析及改进

1 工况条件 以本溪钢铁集团1500热连轧主减速机一、二轴用轴承为例：原选用进口的双列圆柱滚子轴承NNU6／440／HC和NNU6／600／HC，保持架为支柱焊接结构，轴承工况为：一轴、二轴的转速分别为210r／min和150r／min，径向载荷分别为3500kN、2100kN；冲击载荷系数1．5，冲击频率0．17次／min，内圈旋转，油脂润滑，常温工作。轴承平均寿命为6个月，失效形式为保持架支柱断裂、部分脱焊，滚道及滚子表面完好，无疲劳剥落现象。     

西门子802D sl在XK715B立式铣床改造中的应用

XK715B改造前数控系统为FANUC 7M,脉冲当量为0．001mm／脉冲,x、y、z三个坐标轴工作进给速度：1—2400mm／min;快速进给速度：6000mm／min;主传动电动机功率：直流11kW;主轴最高转速：1800r／min,分高、低两挡控制,其中低挡转速28～675r／min,高挡转速500～1800r／min。     

陶瓷涂层/钢的摩擦磨损性能研究

在室温，载荷40，180，320N和速度100，200，300r／min下，对二氧化钛涂层试件与GCr15钢进行了油润滑情况下的球盘式摩擦磨损试验。结果表明：在油润滑的条件下，涂层的摩擦性能几乎都有很大的改善，摩擦因数呈下降的趋势，这与载荷所致的接触应力有关；在载荷一定的情况下，摩擦因数随着速度的增大而减小；在300r／min的高速情况下，随着载荷的增大，圆盘的磨损量呈下降的趋势。针对摩擦磨损试验中圆盘磨损量出现的负增长，提出了一种滑动摩擦磨损机制，此模型可以很好地解释试验中所出现的现象。     

Al2O3-13%TiO2/铁基非晶合金复合涂层的室温摩擦磨损行为

利用等离子喷涂技术制备含质量分数15%Al₂O₃-13%TiO₂陶瓷相的Fe₄₅Cr₁₆Mo₁₆C₁₈B₅铁基非晶合金复合涂层并进行销盘式摩擦磨损试验，通过与铁基非晶合金涂层进行对比，研究了复合涂层在不同载荷(20,30,50 N)和销轴转速(300,500,800 r·min^-1)下的摩擦磨损行为，分析了其磨损机制。结果表明：当销轴转速为300 r·min^-1时，不同载荷下复合涂层的磨损率较铁基非晶合金涂层降低近50%,复合涂层的磨损机制随着载荷的增大由磨粒磨损转变为疲劳磨损；当载荷为30 N时，复合涂层的磨痕深度与磨损率随销轴转速的增加先增大后减小，均在转速为500 r·min^-1达到最大，在销轴转速为500 r·min^-1和800 r·min^-1时复合涂层均表现为黏着磨损。     

柴油机连杆衬套磨损的正交试验研究

以单因素试验和正交试验方法设计连杆衬套摩擦磨损试验方案,在活塞销-连杆衬套往复摆动摩擦磨损试验机上研究载荷、转速、配合间隙对衬套磨损量的影响。通过方差分析和响应曲面法分析各因素及因素交互作用对磨损量影响,对工艺参数进行优化,建立磨损量的预测模型。结果表明:对衬套磨损量影响重要程度依次为转速、载荷、配合间隙;在交互作用中,载荷与配合间隙的交互作用对于磨损量影响比较显著。衬套磨损量响应优化的结果为在载荷取110 k N,转速为230 r/min,配合间隙为0.14 mm时,连杆衬套的磨损量最小,为5.4μm。     

铜锑合金的试验研究

研究了铜锑合金的成分及性能。结果表明：铜锑合金具有良好的力学性能，耐磨性能优于锡青铜ZQSn6-6－3合金；适合于制造在重载荷下工作的耐磨零件；该合金适宜的锑含量为6％－8％，还添加锌、磷、钛和少量的稀土金属。     

Friction and wear properties of cu and fe-based P/M bearing materials

The performances of porous bearings under different operating conditions were experimentally investigated in this study. Material groups studied are 90%Cu+10%Sn bronze and 1%C + % balance Fe iron-based self-lubricating P/M bearings at constant (85%) density. In the experiments, the variation of the coefficient of friction and wear ratio of those two different group materials for different sliding speeds, loads, and temperatures were investigated. As a result, the variation of the friction coefficient - temperature for both constant load, and constant sliding speed, friction coefficient - average bearing pressure, PV - wear loss and temperature-wear loss curves were plotted and compared with each other for two materials, separately. The test results showed that Cu-based bearings have better friction and wear properties than Fe-based bearings.     

Dry sliding wear of fly ash particle reinforced A356 Al composites

In the present study aluminium alloy (A356) composites containing 6 and 12 vol. % of fly ash particles have been fabricated. The dry sliding wear behaviour of unreinforced alloy and composites are studied using Pin-On-Disc machine at a load of 10, 20, 50, 65 and 80 N at a constant sliding velocity of 1 m/s. Results show that the dry sliding wear resistance of Al-fly ash composite is almost similar to that of Al₂O₃ and SiC reinforced Al-alloy. Composites exhibit better wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloy up to a load of 80 N. Fly ash particle size and its volume fraction significantly affect the wear and friction properties of composites. Microscopic examination of the worn surfaces, subsurfaces and debris has been done. At high loads (>50 N), where fly ash particles act as load bearing constituents, the wear resistance of A356 Al alloy reinforced with narrow size range (53–106 μm) fly ash particles were superior to that of the composite having the same volume fraction of particles in the wide size range (0.5–400 μm).     

Effective transmission screw nuts of steel backing/self-lubricating composite lining fabricated by injection molding

To increase transmission efficiencies and bearing abilities of sliding screw pairs, a new type of screw nuts and their fabricating method were put forward. The nuts have the structure of steel backing/self-lubricating composite lining with the advantages of high bearing capacity and low friction coefficient. The lining material was composed of epoxy as the matrix and some additives: carbon fiber, graphite, MoS₂, firming agents and coupling agents etc. A suitable formulation was determined by experiments to meet lining requirements: high bounding strength, sufficient mechanical properties and good tribological properties. An injection molding set for fabricating the nut linings was designed and made to achieve even lining thickness along the thread surfaces during molding. Lubrication grooves on the nut thread surfaces were created during molding. In comparison with bronze ZQSn6-6-3, the friction coefficient of the composite nuts was reduced by 35% and the transmission efficiency increased by 30%.     

A study on tribological behaviour of transfer films of PTFE/bronze composites

Transfer films of PTFE/bronze composites with 5–30% volume content of bronze were prepared using a RFT friction and wear tester on surface of AISI-1045 steel bar by different sliding time (5–60 min). Tribological properties of these transfer films were studied using a DFPM reciprocating tribometer in a point contacting configuration under normal loads of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 N. Thickness and surface morphology of the transfer films were investigated. It was found thickness of the transfer films slightly increased along with the increase of bronze content of corresponding composites. Increased sliding time of transfer film preparation is helpful to form transfer film with better ductibility and continuity, but sliding time almost has no effect on tribological properties of the transfer film. Higher bronze content in the composite improved tribological properties of the corresponding transfer film, i.e., reduced friction coefficient and prolonged wear life. All these transfer films are sensitive to load change. Their wear life becomes shorter along with the increase of load. SEM image of the worn surface show fatigue wear and adhesion wear have happened on the transfer film during the friction process. The author believe bronze in the transfer film effectively partaked in shear force applied on the transfer film and its good ductibility helped to improve tribological properties of the transfer films.     

Au/Cr Sputter Coating for the Protection of Alumina During Sliding at High Temperatures

A sputter-deposited bilayer coating of gold and chromium was investigated as a potential solid lubricant to protect alumina substrates in applications involving sliding at high temperatures. The lubricant was tested in a pin-on-disk tribometer with coated alumina disks sliding against uncoated alumina pins. Three test parameters—temperature, load and sliding velocity—were varied over a wide range in order to determine the performance envelope of the Au/Cr solid lubricant film. The tribo-tests were run in air at temperatures of 25° to 1000°C, under loads of 4.9 to 49.0 N and at sliding velocities from 1 to 15 ms^?1. Posttest analyses included surface profilometry, wear factor determination and SEM/EDS examination of worn surfaces.

Compared to unlubricaled Al₂O₃ sliding, the use of the Au/Cr film reduced friction by 30 to 50 percent and wear by one to two orders of magnitude. Increases in test temperature resulted in lower friction and the Au/Cr film continued to provide low friction, about 0.3, even at 1000°C. Pin wear factors and friction were largely unaffected by increasing loads up to 29.4 N. Sliding velocity had essentially no effect on friction, however, increased velocity reduced coaling life (total sliding distance). Based upon these research results, the Au/Cr film is a promising lubricant for moderately loaded, low-speed applications operating at temperatures as high as 1000°C.     

The Use of D-optimal Design for Modeling and Analyzing the Tribological Characteristics of Journal Bearing Materials Lubricated by Nano-Based Biolubricants

Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a D-optimal design was employed to investigate the tribological characteristics of journal bearing materials such as brass, bronze, and copper lubricated by a biolubricant, chemically modified rapeseed oil (CMRO). The wear and friction performance were observed for the bearing materials tested with TiO₂, WS₂, and CuO nanoadditives dispersed in the CMRO. The tests were performed by selecting sliding speed and load as numerical factors and nano-based biolubricant/bearing materials as the categorical factor to evaluate the tribological characteristics such as the coefficient of friction (COF) and specific wear rate. The results showed that RSM based on a D-optimal design was instrumental in the selection of suitable journal bearing materials for a typical system, especially one lubricated by nano-based biolubricant. At a sliding speed of 2.0 m/s and load of 100 N, the bronze bearing material with CMRO containing CuO nanoparticles had the lowest COF and wear rate. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the worn bearing surfaces showed that the bronze bearing material lubricated with CMRO containing CuO nanoadditive is smoother than copper/brass bearing material.     

Sliding tribological behavior of AlCrN coating

The sliding tribological behavior of the PVD AlCrN coating against Si₃N₄ ball have been investigated by using the CETR multi-functional UMT-2 test system under two sliding conditions (bidirectional and unidirectional). Reciprocating sliding tests (bidirectional) were performed under varied normal loads (5, 10 and 20 N) at sliding velocity of 0.48 m/min. Ball-on-disc tests (unidirectional) were performed at varied sliding velocities (0.48 and 5 m/min) under normal load of 5 N. The wear scars of the coating were evaluated by surface profilometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the sliding wear mechanism of the coating was consequently discussed. The results showed that AlCrN coating had excellent anti-abrasion properties. Both the normal load in reciprocating sliding test and the sliding velocity in ball-on-disc test had significant influence on the sliding tribological behavior of the AlCrN coating. The combination of abrasion and oxidation was the main sliding wear mechanism for the AlCrN coating. The wear resistant and thermally stable oxides formed by the tribo-chemical reactions of chromium and aluminum protected the AlCrN coating against wear admirably.     

Friction and wear behavior of flame-sprayed PEEK coatings

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) becomes of great interest to applications as bearing and slider materials. In this paper, PEEK coatings with three kinds of crystallinities were deposited using the flame spray process. Employing a uniform design experiment, the friction and wear behavior of the three PEEK coatings were systematically investigated under dry sliding conditions against a 100C6 counterbody on a ball-on-disc arrangement for several loads and sliding velocities. For the three coatings, the friction coefficient significantly followed the normal distribution. The average friction coefficients appeared to decrease while increasing the sliding velocity, but were insensitive to the applied load in the range of investigation. Among the three coatings, the higher the crystallinity of the coating, the lower its average friction coefficient was. The wear rate of the coating with the lowest crystallinity decreased with an increase in the load and a decrease in the sliding velocity. The wear rate of the coating with the intermediate crystallinity decreased with an increase in the load, but increased with an increase in the sliding velocity at lower loads, and then decreased with an increase in the velocity at higher loads. The wear rate of the coating with the highest crystallinity decreased with the increase of both the load and the sliding velocity. The wear mechanisms of the different coatings are explained in terms of plastic deformation, plogh marks and fatigue tearing.