淬火温度对ZG1Cr10MoWVNbN耐热钢铸件组织和性能的影响

研究了淬火温度对ZG1Cr10MoWVNbN耐热钢铸件微观组织和力学性能的影响,结果表明:淬火温度对强度和冲击功有较大影响,1 100℃前强度随淬火温度升高快速增加,1 100℃后冲击功随淬火温度升高迅速降低.经1 100℃×2h空冷+730℃×3h炉冷至300℃出炉空冷后得到保持马氏体位向分布的回火索氏体组织,具有较...     

不同铝质量分数耐热钢的显微组织及冲击性能

 采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件与试验研究相结合的方法,模拟分析了3种不同铝质量分数的ZG1Cr10NiAlMoVNbN耐热钢在200～1 600 ℃之间存在的平衡相和非平衡凝固过程,研究了3种试验钢的显微组织,并对其进行了冲击试验。结果表明：在1 050 ℃时,质量分数为0.10%的铝试验钢的平衡相为γ单相;质量分数为0.91%的铝试验钢的平衡相为γ相＋δ铁素体相;质量分数为3.67%的铝试验钢的平衡相为δ铁素体单相,模拟结果与试验结果较为吻合,同时,随着钢中铝质量分数的升高,冲击功大幅下降,冲击试样的断裂方式由韧窝断裂变为解理断裂。     

T91耐热钢析出物的热力学计算和平衡相分析

采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,对191耐热钢(%:0.09C、8.57Cr、0.90Mo、0.19V、0.08Nb、0.04N)600～1600℃存在的平衡相M₂₃C₆和MX进行了热力学计算。结果表明,T91钢600～1600℃主要平衡析出相为M23C6和MX,M₂₃C₆开始析出温度860℃,MX为1200℃。MX相中首先析出富Nb碳氮化物,随后析出富V碳氮化物。随钢中Nb、V、N含量的提高,MX的数量和平衡开始析出温度均有提高,其中N的影响最为显著。     

ZG35Cr27Ni7Si耐热钢抗氧化研究

对ZG35Cr27Ni7Si耐热钢的金相组织、力学性能以及其1250℃下的抗氧化性能进行了分析和研究。结果表明：ZG35Cr27Ni7Si耐热钢铸态下的金相组织为奥氏体基体、一次碳化物和铁素体,具有较高的冲击韧性（带V口）和抗拉强度,在1250℃下的氧化膜分两层：外层为NiFe2O3膜,内层为Cr2O3／Mn3O4膜,具有较好的抗氧化性能。     

铌、氮、铈对耐热钢性能的影响

研究了铌、氮、铈对耐热钢的力学性能、热疲劳性能和抗氧化性能的影响，并对裂纹的扩展进行了系统分析。结果表明：含有少量铌、氮、铈的ZG2Cr25Ni20耐热钢在20℃=900℃循环条件下，裂纹扩展速率明显降低。     

T122耐热钢平衡相转变的热力学计算和分析

采用Thermc-Calc热力学计算软件，对820～1200℃时T122高铬耐热钢（％：0．11～0．12C，11．37～11．97Cr，1．90～1．93W，0．38Mo，0．86～0．90Cu，0．05Nb，0．19～0．20V，0．58～0．67N，0，0023～0．0028B）在820～1200℃的热力学平衡相及合金元素Cr、Al、Ti对6铁素体和主要析出相的影响进行了研究。结果表明，T122耐热钢残留有较多的6铁素体，其主要析出相为M23C6、Laves和MX。在950～1050℃时6铁素体最少，其含量为15．7％～18．9％。M23C6析出开始温度为940℃，Laves相为750℃，MX则较稳定为〉1250℃。Cr对δ铁素体含量影响很大，但对析出相影响较小。降低Al、Ti有助于降低δ铁素体含量，增加MX含量。     

ZG35Cr27Ni7Si耐热钢链节断裂失效分析

利用光学显微镜、扫描电境、显微硬度计和X射线衍射仪等分析手段对不同服役周期的ZG35Cr27Ni7Si耐热钢链节进行了组织性能分析,认为ZG35Cr27Ni7Si耐热钢链节发生断裂的主要原因是基体组织发生了明显变化,外来夹杂物和缩松的存在加剧了其发生断裂的速度.     

2Cr12NiMo1W1V超临界汽轮机叶片用耐热钢的热变形行为

 为了解决2Cr12NiMo1W1V耐热钢在锻造过程中晶粒粗大和组织不均匀的问题，利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机，在变形温度为1 000～1 200 ℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s－1、变形量为70%的条件下，研究和分析了2Cr12NiMo1W1V耐热钢的高温塑性变形和动态再结晶行为。结果表明，该耐热钢的真应力-应变曲线具有动态再结晶特征。再结晶晶粒尺寸随着变形温度的增加或应变速率的降低呈增加趋势，在变形温度为1 150～1 200 ℃，应变速率为0.01 s－1时，晶粒尺寸急剧增加。在真应力-应变曲线的基础上，建立了材料热变形本构方程，其热激活能为453.74 kJ/mol。根据峰值应力绘制了合金的热加工图并获得在各加工条件下的效率值，合金的最佳热加工区间为变形温度为1 000～1 150 ℃、应变速率为0.1～1 s－1以及变形温度为1 060～1 125 ℃、应变速率为0.1～10 s－1。     

Mn-Si对ZG1Cr11Ni2WMoV钢力学性能的影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸试验机研究了少量硅锰含量对铸造ZG1Cr11Ni2WMoV马氏体耐热钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:显微组织主要由板条状回火马氏体和沿原奥氏体晶界分布的δ-铁素体组成,力学性能方面,少量硅-锰使耐热钢强度具有升高趋势。     

以生产优质耐热钢件著称的杨州冶金机械厂

扬州冶金机械厂是冶金部生产耐热钢件的定点厂。获得部及省优质产品称号的炉底辊是炉底式加热炉的关键部件,以高镍铬材质,采用先进的离心式浇铸和焊接技术,使炉底辊,辐射管具有良好的高温抗蠕变、抗氧化性能。ZG4Cr25Ni20Si2和ZG3Cr4Ni7     

Simulation of effect of Nb and V on precipitated phases in 1Cr16Co5Ni2Mo1WVNbN steel

Thermo- Calc software was used to simulate the equilibrium precipitates in the 1Cr16Co5Ni2Mo1WVNbN steel at 650??, and the effect of Nb and V contents on precipitated phases in the steel was investigated. The calculation results show that the main equilibrium precipitates in steel are Laves phase, M23C6, MX and Z phase. With the increase of Nb content, the precipitation of MX phase increases significantly, while the amount of M23C6 carbids decreases, Laves phase increases slightly, the precipitation of Z phase decreases slightly. With the increase of V content, the precipitation of MX phase increases slowly, the amount of M23C6 carbides reduces slightly. There is no V element contained in Laves phase, and the increase of V content has little effect on the precipitation of Laves phase, precipitation of Z phase decreases slightly. The Nb and V contents have little effect on the precipitation temperature of M23C6, MX and Laves phase, and the starting precipitation temperature of Z phase decreases with the increase of Nb content, but increases with the increase of V content.     

MarBN钢中MX和M23C6析出的热力学研究

摘要：通过扫描电子显微镜观察了MarBN钢M23C6的分布情况;分析了MarBN钢中MX、M23C6主要的形核位置;计算了MarBN钢中V、Nb和Cr的碳化物和氮化物在不同温度下的实际溶度积及平衡溶度积,由此得出MarBN钢在液相、固相前沿、固相中的析出规律,并与一些学者的实验结果对比验证。结果表明：在固相中,碳氮化物的析出顺序为NbN、NbC、VN、VC、Cr23C6,析出温度依次为1522、1472、1377、1122、1021.7K。另外,从热力学的角度阐明了不同正火温度下MX、M23C6的溶解程度;解释了学者实验观察到的“翅膀”状MX的形成过程。这为控制MarBN钢热处理过程及预测第二相析出行为提供了有效的理论依据。     

2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢中析出相的热力学计算与试验分析

 利用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算了2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢中各个元素在成分范围内均为中值时的平衡相图,同时计算了2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢中碳、铬、钼、铌、氮元素含量变化时的平衡相图,以此分析钢中主要平衡析出相和合金元素含量对析出相析出行为的影响。为验证热力学计算的可靠性,采用XRD、SEM及TEM等分析方法对热处理后的2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢中析出相类型进行了试验验证。结果表明,钢中的平衡析出相为MX相、M₂₃C₆、M₆C、Z相和Laves相。在热力学平衡条件下,MX相在850 ℃转化为Z相,M₆C在787 ℃转化为Laves相。但是在实际热处理过程,由于保温时间较短且冷却速度较快,上述转化过程不会发生,所以钢中主要析出相为MX相、M₂₃C₆和M₆C。平衡析出相种类与相分析的试验结果基本一致。MX相存在大尺寸的一次MX相和细小弥散的MX相,MX相主要受铌、氮元素影响,其析出量随氮含量升高而升高,析出温度随铌含量升高而升高;M₂₃C₆相的析出温度随碳含量增加而升高,析出量也随之升高;M₆C的析出温度随铬含量增加而降低,随钼含量增加而升高;在成分范围内,元素控制原则为增加碳含量以增加M₂₃C₆的析出强化作用,减少铬含量以避免热加工时进入δ-Fe相区,减少钼含量以降低Laves相析出倾向,减少铌含量以降低一次MX相的析出温度,氮含量需要采取中间量以减少一次MX相析出,增加低温阶段细小弥散的MX相析出。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel 6Crl5MoV

 Martensitic stainless steel containing Cr of 12% to 18% (mass percent) are common utilized in quenching and tempering processes for knife and cutlery steel. The properties obtained in these materials are significantly influenced by matrix composition after heat treatment, especially as Cr and C content. Comprehensive considered the hardness and corrosion resistance, a new type martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV has been developed. The effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel is emphatically researched. Thermo-Calc software has been carried out to thermodynamic calculation; OM, SEM and TEM have been carried out to microstructure observation; hardness and impact toughness test have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties. Results show that the equilibrium carbide in 6Cr15MoV steel is M23C6 carbide, and the M23C6 carbides finely distributed in annealed microstructure. 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel has a wider quenching temperature range, the hardness value of steel 6Cr15MoV can reach to HRC 608 to HRC 616 when quenched at 1060 to 1100 ℃. Finely distributed carbides will exist in quenched microstructure, and effectively inhabit the growth of austenite grain. With the increasing of quenching temperature, the volume fraction of undissolved carbides will decrease. The excellent comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by quenched at 1060 to 1100 ℃ with tempered at 100 to 150 ℃, and it is mainly due to the high carbon martensite and fine grain size. At these temperature ranges, the hardness will retain about HRC 592 to HRC 616 and the Charpy U-notch impact toughness will retain about 173 to 20 J. A lot of M23C6 carbides precipitated from martensite matrix, at the same time along the boundaries of martensite lathes which leading to the decrease of impact toughness when tempered at 500 to 540 ℃. The M3C precipitants also existed in the martensite matrix of test steel after tempered at 500 ℃, and the mean size of M3C precipitates is bigger than that of M23C6 precipitates.     

电站用9Cr钢长时时效组织演变及冲击性能

摘要：以9Cr钢为研究对象,系统研究620℃长时时效过程中的组织演变及冲击功变化规律。结果显示,未经时效处理（原始态）的9Cr钢室温冲击功测试值为140J左右。经过长时时效处理（时效态）的9Cr钢室温冲击功降低至30J左右。原始态9Cr钢中的析出相以M23C6型碳化物为主,尺寸在100～200nm之间。时效态9Cr钢中部分M23C6相长大至500nm,且存在脆性Laves相。M23C6相的长大和Laves相的出现,在削弱合金元素的固溶强化作用的同时也造成沉淀强化作用的降低,导致高温长时时效处理后的9Cr钢的冲击性能降低。高温长时时效后的析出相整体尺寸细小且无明显聚集,表现出良好的组织稳定性。室温冲击功与时效时间的关系式（W=129.7exp(-t/1193.4)+25.     

V、Ta微合金化12Cr低活性F/M钢的优化设计

采用Thermo-Calc热力学模拟计算与实验相结合的方法,优化设计了一种V、Ta微合金化的低活性F/M钢12Cr3WVTa,经1 050℃水淬及780℃回火后对其显微组织及析出相进行光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察以及能谱分析.实验钢淬火回火后显微组织由回火马氏体和少量δ铁素体相组成,析出相主要为M₂₃C₆和MX相(M=V,Ta;X=C,N),其中M₂₃C₆主要分布于回火马氏体板条界和相界,而MX弥散析出于回火马氏体板条内以及δ铁素体内.实验钢室温和高温(600℃)拉伸力学性能良好,600℃下材料抗拉强度为507 MPa,屈服强度为402 MPa,满足超临界水冷堆用包壳管的拉伸性能要求.      

中温时效对022Cr21Ni2Mn5N钢析出行为及冲击韧性的影响

采用Thermo-Calc软件对022Cr21Ni2Mn5N双相不锈钢的近平衡态析出相进行了计算分析。采用光学显微镜、透射电镜、物理化学相分析方法对经中温时效处理后试验钢第二相的析出温度、种类、数量和位置进行了观察和研究,并分析了第二相析出行为对钢的冲击韧性的影响机理。结果表明:022Cr21Ni2Mn5N双相不锈钢在600~700℃中温时效时的析出相主要为六方结构的Cr_2N相和面心立方结构的M_(23)C_6相,未见σ相析出。中温时效时,受制于该钢较低的C含量,M_(23)C_6相析出位置仅局限于相界、晶界处。该钢较高的N含量促进钢中Cr_2N相析出,并在相界、晶界和铁素体晶内均有发现。时效初期M_(23)C_6和Cr_2N均具有较高的析出速度,时效时间继续延长析出量增长放缓。时效处理时间和温度直接影响钢的冲击性能:时效初期第二相的快速析出导致钢的冲击功急剧下降;时效足够长时间,第二相析出量达到饱和,钢的冲击功趋于稳定值;并且600℃长时时效时,钢的冲击功值达到最小。     

Microstructure Evolution in 9Cr Martensitic Steel During Long-Term Creep at 650℃

 Standardarized creep and rupture strength tests were conducted for commercial T91 martensitic heat-resistant steel at 650 ℃ and corresponding microstructure was characterized by BSED, TEM and EDS. The martensitic microstructure degenerated seriously during creep exposure, including martensitic substructure recovering, carbides coarsening, dissolving and precipitating. EDS analysis shows that the M23C6 carbides in different morphologies have dissimilar compositions. The rod/sheet like M23C6 particles within the matrix contain more additions, which might precipitate in situ while fine MX particles were re-solving. The high content of silicon in these rod/sheet like M23C6 carbides is probably related to self diffusion coefficient increasing for the exposed condition at 650 ℃ close to Curie temperature Tc. For those reasons, martensite substructure becomes unstable, and microstructure evolution is accelerated and leads to creep strength deteriorating severely.     

Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of HR3C Steel during Long-term Aging at High Temperature

Microstructure evolution and the changes in mechanical properties of HR3 Csteel during long-term aging at650,700 and 750℃ were investigated.The precipitated phases of the aging steel included M23C6 carbides,Z-phase and a trace amount of Nb(C,N).The M23C6 carbides were distributed mainly at the grain boundary,while Z-phase was mainly inside the grains.Amounts of both M23C6 carbides and Z-phase during the aging process increased with increasing aging period and temperature.Coarsening of M23C6 carbides was influenced significantly by aging time and temperature,while the size of the Z-phase was relatively less affected by the aging time and temperature,which had a steady strengthening effect.Coarsening of the M23C6 carbides was the main reason for the decline in high temperature yield strength during long-term aging at 750℃.The M23C6 carbides were linked into a continuous chain along the grain boundary which accounted for the decrease of toughness during aging.