天然气转化制取合成气使用圆筒炉的生产实践和发展

我国天然气（主要成份ＣＨ４）潜在资源丰富，利用ＣＨ４进行转化生产ＣＯ＋Ｈ２合成气，以生产众多的化工产品。蒸汽转化炉系特殊昂贵的关键设备，发展高效率，低造价的炉型，有其重要的经济意义。本文就通过生产实践对圆筒型蒸汽转化炉进行分析总结及其应用机理。     

天然气转化制取合成气使用圆筒炉的生产实践和发展

我国天然气（主要成分ＣＨ４）潜在资源丰富，利用ＣＨ４进行转化生产ＣＯ＋Ｈ２合成气，以生产众多的化工产品。蒸汽转化炉系特殊昂贵的关键设备，发展高效率、低造价的炉型，有其重要的经济意义。本文通过生产实践对圆筒形蒸汽转化炉进行分析总结并介绍应用前景。     

一段转化炉催化剂烧碳总结

一段转化炉催化剂烧碳总结季桂琴，陈文华，张泽祥，王伟（黑龙江化工总厂化肥分厂齐齐哈尔市１６１０４１）一段转化炉是合成氨装置的关键设备之一，焦炉气中２０％左右的ＣＨ４在此进行转化。我厂一段炉共有φ１５２×１５ｍｍ的炉管８５根．内装２１０２催化剂８．４８...     

天然气转化制取合成气工艺方法

天然气（ＣＨ４）转化制得ＣＯ＋Ｈ２合成气可以生产氨、甲醇及有机化工产品，需要按照转化原理进行工艺优化，以节省原料消耗，满足合成产品对组分要求．     

浓缩法测定高纯氢中的CO、CO_2、CH_4

为解决高纯氢中的ＣＯ、ＣＯ_２、ＣＨ_４的分析问题，对现有的氢火焰色谱仪进行了改装，在气路中增加了转化炉、缓冲管及浓缩装置。改装后色谱分析的结果符合国家标准。     

天然气转化制取合成气工艺方法

天然气（ＣＨ４）转化制得ＣＯ＋Ｈ２合成气可以生产氨、甲醇及有机化工产品，需要按照转化原理进行工艺优化，以节省原料消耗，满足合成产品对组分要求。     

甲烷活化及转化催化剂研究进展

评述了近年来ＣＨ４活化转化的几条重要途径，其中包括ＣＨ４与ＣＯ２重整制合成气，ＣＨ４氧化偶联制高碳烃，ＣＨ４非氧同系化，分析了各途径的催化剂研究现状、催化机理及影响催化剂活性的诸多因素，并探索了ＣＨ４活化转化的新方法。     

用NH4Cl生产BaCl2.2H2O的研究

我国目前ＢａＣｌ２．２Ｈ２Ｏ的生产，主要是秀盐酸和硫化钡溶液进行反应。本试验采用ＮＨ４Ｃｌ代替盐酸制取氯化钡。因盐酸为液体ＨＣｌ的含量为２８％－３１％，而ＮＨ４Ｃｌ代替来ＢａＣｌ２．２Ｈ２Ｏ的生产开发出一条新的途径。     

CaSO4—H3PO4—H2SO4—H2O四元系统及其应用（上）

ＣａＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ四元系统是湿法磷酸领域中的主要相图，直到１９５８年才由日本学者池野亮当等人＊首先发表，而且只是其中关于ＣａＳＯ４·１２Ｈ２ＯＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ转化过程部分的研究结果。７０年代中，笔者在研究半水—二水再结晶流程时发现：在温度恒定的条件下，四元系统中的ＣａＳＯ４·１２Ｈ２ＯＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ转化过程的平衡点轨迹呈线性，可以用直线方程式计算有关参数，扩大了它的意义。随后，笔者在进行半水—二水再结晶流程的中试时，曾用上述计算参数控制ＣａＳＯ４·１２Ｈ２Ｏ—→ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ转化过程中二水物结晶的形成，取得满意结果。     

WGC－35／5．3－4型次高压蒸汽锅炉减温器管破裂原因及改进方法

ＷＧＣ－３５／５．３－４型次高压蒸汽锅炉减温器管破裂原因及改进方法乔晓勇（刘家峡化肥厂甘肃永靖县，７３１６０３）我厂热电站装有三台ＷＧＣ－３５／５．３－４型次高压蒸汽锅炉。该炉蒸发量３５ｔ／ｈ；蒸汽压力５．３Ｍｐａ；过热蒸汽温度４５０℃，武汉锅炉厂１...     

Enhancement of Hydrogen Production by Fluidization in Industrial-Scale Steam Reformers

In this paper, the effect of the fluidization concept on the performance of methane steam reforming has been investigated by comparing a fluidized-bed steam reformer (FBSR) with an industrial-scale conventional steam reformer (CSR). Also, a fluidized-bed thermally coupled steam reformer (TCFBSR) and a fixed-bed thermally coupled steam reformer (TCSR) have been compared. In thermally coupled reactors, the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline exothermic reaction is employed. A steady state one dimensional heterogeneous model is applied to analyze methane conversion and hydrogen production for steam reforming of methane in different reactors (CSR, FBSR, TCSR, and TCFBSR). The modeling results show that, in FBSR, hydrogen production and methane conversion are increased by 2.13 and 0.52%, respectively, in comparison with CSR. Also, by using fluidized catalysts instead of fixed ones in TCSR, methane conversion and hydrogen yield are increased from 0.2776 to 0.2934 and from 0.9649 to 0.9836, respectively. These improvements represent the appropriate effect of the fluidization concept on the enhancement of hydrogen production in different steam reformers.     

布朗工艺增产蒸汽能力的探讨

根据布朗工艺特点，从热力学角度对通过增加二段炉空气及提高一段炉负荷增产蒸汽的方法进行了分析，推导了二段炉增加空气、提高一段炉锅炉给水温度与增产蒸汽之间的量的关系，并分析了最大增产蒸汽能力。     

Operation of an industrial steam reformer under severe condition: A simulation study

A rigorous two‐dimensional model is developed for simulating the operation of a less‐investigated type steam reformer having a considerably lower operating Reynolds number, higher tube diameter, and non‐availability of extra steam in the feed compared with conventional steam reformers. Simulation results show that reasonable predictions can only be achieved when certain correlations for wall to fluid heat transfer equations are applied. In all cases, strong radial temperature gradients inside the reformer tubes have been found. Furthermore, the results show how a certain catalyst loading profile will affect the operation of the reformer.     

Modeling for industrial heat exchanger type steam reformer

In a heat exchanger type steam methane reformer, the temperature profiles and mole fractions along the axial distance from the top of the reformer can be predicted by using the channel model, considering radiation heat transfer. The cross-section of the reformer tube was divided into several channels as concentric circles and then heat transfer and mass transfer at the interfaces between adjacent channels were considered. Because the steam reformer is operated at high temperature, the radiation and convection were combined into one heat transfer coefficient to simplify the transfer analysis. This model predicts the industrial plant data very well; therefore, it may be used with confidence to design the industrial heat exchanger type reformer.     

入口气体组成对天然气重整工作温度的影响

重整催化剂是影响重整制氢系统造价和寿命的重要因素。由于在所需重整温度下容易烧结积炭,廉价的Ni系催化剂在分布式中小型重整反应器中的应用受到了限制。为了使Ni系催化剂在不易发生烧结积炭的温度下工作,分析了在一定原料CH4空速和转化率下入口气体组成对重整工作温度的影响,并探讨了在原料气中导入循环气来改变重整入口气体组成的方法。结果表明：Ni系催化剂在导入一定组成和流量比的循环气与不导入循环气时相比,一定原料CH4空速和转化率下的重整工作温度大幅降低。据此,提出了一种用于燃料电池电站氢源系统的重整制氢工艺流程,其特征是将部分燃料电池阳极出口气作为循环气与原料气混合后导入重整反应器,使天然气重整工作温度大幅降低。     

Model‐based optimization of hydrogen generation by methane steam reforming in autothermal packed‐bed membrane reformer

An autothermal membrane reformer comprising two separated compartments, a methane oxidation catalytic bed and a methane steam reforming bed, which hosts hydrogen separation membranes, is optimized for hydrogen production by steam reforming of methane to power a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack. Capitalizing on recent experimental demonstrations of hydrogen production in such a reactor, we develop here an appropriate model, validate it with experimental data and then use it for the hydrogen generation optimization in terms of the reformer efficiency and power output. The optimized reformer, with adequate hydrogen separation area, optimized exothermic‐to‐endothermic feed ratio and reduced heat losses, is shown to be capable to fuel kW‐range PEMFC stacks, with a methane‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency of up to 0.8. This is expected to provide an overall methane‐to‐electric power efficiency of a combined reformer‐fuel cell unit of ～0.5. Recycling of steam reforming effluent to the oxidation bed for combustion of unreacted and unseparated compounds is expected to provide an additional efficiency gain. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

蒸汽转化炉对流段热效率低的原因分析

结合2500t/d甲醇装置蒸汽转化炉的工艺流程及运行状况,分析与探讨蒸汽转化炉对流段热效率低的原因,并制定出相应的改进措施。     

Kinetic simulation of a compact reactor system for hydrogen production by steam reforming of higher hydrocarbons

A bubbling fluidized bed membrane reactor for steam reforming of higher hydrocarbons is modelled, using n‐heptane as a model component to represent steam reforming of naphtha. The reformer is modelled as a bubbling fluidized bed reactor, consisting of two pseudo phases, a dense phase and a bubble phase, both in plug flow. In situ H₂ permselective membranes remove H₂ continuously as a pure product, greatly enhancing the H₂ yield per mole of heptane fed. A fluidized bed membrane reformer for higher hydrocarbons could give a very compact reactor system combining all the units from the pre‐reformer to the hydrogen purification system in a traditional steam reforming plant into a single unit.     

Off‐Gases Optimization in a Hydrogen Network Refinery

For optimization of a hydrogen network, a steam reformer is associated to the feedstock and linear programming (LP) is applied. The investigated network consists of one steam reformer and two feedstocks. By exerting LP and the mentioned association, total annual cost decreasing is achieved in a case study in which natural gas and off‐gas were considered as feedstocks. The optimization problems of the hydrogen network comprise the hydrogen network retrofit design and the feedstock selection with respect to their cost. Nonlinear programming (NLP) and mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) models are developed for optimization based on a two‐case study: for the first one, an existent optimization method on hydrogen networks is investigated and for the second one, revision of a recent optimization method on hydrogen networks associated by an LP model in the steam reformer unit is applied. These two cases resulted in total annual cost reductions of 34 % and 45.9 %, respectively.     

Analysis of hydrogen production from methane autothermal reformer with a dual catalyst-bed configuration

This paper presents a performance analysis of a dual-bed autothermal reformer for hydrogen production from methane using a non-isothermal, one dimensional reactor model. The first section of Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst is designed for oxidation reaction, whereas the second one based on Ni/MgAl₂O₄ catalyst involves steam reforming reaction. The simulation results show that the dual-bed autothermal reactor provides higher reactor temperature and methane conversion compared with a conventional fixed-bed reformer. The H₂O/CH₄ and O₂/CH₄ feed ratios affect the methane conversion and the H₂/CO product ratio. The addition of steam at lower temperatures to the steam reforming section of the dual-bed reactor can produce the synthesis gas with a higher H₂/CO product ratio.