电动汽车直流变换器中高压MOSFET的振荡分析与改善

电动汽车需要高功率密度、高效率、高可靠性的高压到低压DC-DC变换器来给车内的低压电子负载提供电源。ZVS移相全桥拓扑利用电路寄生元件实现器件零电压开关,具有开关损耗低、工作频率高、功率器件开关应力小、变换器可靠性高等优点。当出现导通延迟现象时,普通功率MOSFET在移相全桥变换器中由于体二极管反向恢复特性差不能及时清除内部载流子,会导致器件在开关过程中出错,进而影响系统的可靠性。英飞凌新型过AEC-Q101认证高压功率COOLMOS CFDA带有极快速的体二极管,并具有极低的导通电阻。实验表明在移相全桥变换中使用CFDA能够减小潜在体二极管反向恢复问题,提高系统效率以及可靠性,尤其适用于车用HV-LV的DC-DC变换器。     

一种最小电压应力的无源无损软开关技术

电力电子变换器开关频率的提高,减小了变换器的体积,提高了功率密度,但同时也增加了变换器的损耗。软开关技术能够有效改善功率开关管的工作环境,降低开关损耗,提高变换器的效率。本文探讨和实现了一种最小电压应力的无源无损软开关拓扑结构。该结构由电感、电容和二极管组成。它利用电感和电容的谐振工作实现能量的传递,并将开关瞬态的能量在一个开关周期内转移到负载端,从而实现无源无损软开关。文中对电路进行了工作模态分析,给出了软开关环节中电感和电容的参数设计方法,并搭建了一个功率为250W 的实验样机,对理论分析进行了验证。实验结果表明,该结构实现了主功率开关管开通时的零电流开通和关断时的零电压关断,开关管上的电压应力最小,其值与输出电压相等。     

Single-phase common mode transformer-less soft-switching grid-connected inverter with eliminated leakage current

In this paper, a single-phase single-stage soft-switching transformer-less grid-tied common mode inverter is proposed, which is useful for injection of power from the photovoltaic (PV) panels to the grid. One of the output ports of the PV panel in the proposed topology can be connected directly to the neutral point of the grid to eliminate the leakage current. The proposed topology has buck-boost ability, besides soft switching capability to have a proper efficiency. Furthermore, the proposed converter can operate in unity power factor, therefore the proposed converter has most of the features needed for a PV inverter. A full analysis of the converter is done. Also, a suitable switching algorithm for correct operation of the converter is presented. Moreover, the design technique for the passive elements of the topology is demonstrated. The voltage gain of the converter is calculated. The leakage current of the proposed inverter due to the low- and high-frequency voltage ripple of the PV panel has been discussed. Simulation results in PSCAD EMTDC plus experimental results from a laboratory prototype are added to substantiate the theoretical results. Eventually, a comprehensive comparison study is presented to compare the proposed topology with the most similar converters.     

Power factor-corrected DCM-based electronic ballast

This paper deals with the design, modeling, analysis and simulation of power factor-corrected and low crest factor-based electronic ballast for a compact fluorescent lamp. The proposed electronic ballast is a combination of a buck–boost ac–dc converter as power factor regulator operating in discontinuous conduction mode and a half bridge series resonant inverter, which is used for converting constant dc link voltage into high-frequency ac voltage to drive the fluorescent lamp. The design, modeling and simulation of this topology are performed using MATLAB-Simulink for an 18 W, 220 V, 50 Hz compact fluorescent lamp. With the utilization of proper commutation techniques like zero voltage switching, the overall switching losses are reduced at high operating frequency of 60 kHz. The power quality indices such as displacement power factor, distortion factor, total harmonic distortion of ac mains current, power factor and crest factor are evaluated for proposed electronic ballast, which is found as per IEC-61000-3-2 class C requirements.     

基于电流馈电推挽式变换拓扑的变换器电源设计

以提高变换器电源的效率和可靠性为目标,设计了基于电流馈电推挽式变换拓扑的变换器电源。为使变换器电源具备开关管以零电压开关方式通断、开关频率恒定等理想特性,采用电压型推挽全桥逆变器,设计属于电流馈电推挽式变换拓扑结构的变换器电源装置主回路。选择DSSK60-015A全波整流二极管作为变换器电源主回路硬件;通过反馈控制电路调控电压波动时控制端流变化;根据变压器电感、匝数、线径等特性设计变压器绕制结构,完成变换器电源变压过程;设计保护电路,保证电源可靠工作。实验结果表明,所设计的变换器电源的输出电压、电流误差范围均在2%内,开关管实现了零压开通,变换器电源功率因数均保持在0.96以上,且效率高达95%。     

基于MC33067的LLC谐振全桥变换器的应用设计

LLC变换器以其卓越的性能迅速成为DC/DC变换器的首选拓扑,而目前该拓扑大多应用在小功率半桥变换器,而在大功率全桥变换器中的应用还较少。在此提出了一种基于高性能谐振控制器MC33067的LLC谐振全桥变换器设计方案,该拓扑采用了固定死区的互补调频控制方式,巧妙利用了变压器的励磁电感和外置谐振电感与谐振电容发生谐振,实现了初级零电压(ZVS)开通以及次级零电流(ZCS)关断,并给出了输出直流电压48 V,满载功率2 kW的试验结果。试验结果表明,LLC谐振全桥变换器具有高频、高效率等优点,符合电源高功率密度、高效的发展要求。     

基于单周及浮充技术的单相高性能有源功率因数校正电路研究

针对双级有源功率因数校正(PFC)技术的改进措施加以分析和论述,阐述了该功率因数校正变流器存在的一些不足之处,研究了一类改进型双级有源功率因数校正开关变流器拓扑,优化改进的有源功率因数校正AC/DC变流器结合单周控制技术控制方法的原理,以及浮充技术.改进的单周控制有源PFC变流器具有结构简单、控制精度高、响应速度快,特别是具有控制性能对系统和电源参数变化不敏感等优点.文中还阐述了变流器的工作机理、控制方法及其试验分析.     

新型单级隔离型软开关功率因数变换器

提出一种兼具软开关和箝位的新型单级隔离型功率因数校正(power factor correction, PFC)变换器拓扑。该变换器能满足电气隔离的应用要求,提升单级隔离型PFC的功率等级。与传统单级结构相比,新拓扑输入电流校正效果明显,功率因数接近1。比较理想地解决了限制单级PFC功率等级的变压器漏感和直流母线电容应力问题。箝位电容被充分利用简化了零电压过渡(zero voltage transition,ZVT)技术在隔离型变换器中的应用,既改善了半导体器件的开关环境、优化系统电磁兼容,又提高了变换效率。实验制作一台87 kHz,1 kW的样机。实验结果表明,这种变换器的效率基本能够达到93%(半载以上),功率密度提高,适合于中大功率应用场合。     

一种适用于混合储能系统的双向软开关同步Buck电路研究

针对基于超级电容与蓄电池的有源式混合储能系统,提出一种用于储能元件与负载能量交换的软开关双向同步Buck变换器。该变换器在不增加额外谐振元件的情况下,可实现双向变换主功率管的零电压开关。分析了其工作原理,给出了参数设计方法。仿真和实验结果验证了理论分析,由于实现了开关管的零电压开关且应用了同步整流技术,变换器实测效率达95.5%。     

高性能升压型DC-DC电源变换器的设计与实现*

利用STM32F103RBT6单片机为主控芯片,采用推挽式拓扑结构及脉冲宽度调制技术,设计制作了一款高性能升压型DC DC电源变换器。该电源变换器的直流输入电压范围为15~25 V,直流输出电压可调范围为30~36 V,最大输出电流为1 A。实验测试结果表明,设计的电源变换器具有较好的负载调整率和电压调整率,输出电压波纹较低,转换效率高,并且具有输出电压的步进调整和测量、显示以及过流、过压保护等功能,在中小型升压型开关电源中具有较好的应用价值和发展前景。     

Analysis and design of an active‐clamping zero‐voltage‐switching isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter

This paper presents an active‐clamping zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter. The high voltage spikes when turning off the switches are eliminated. The energies stored in the parasitic elements can be recycled to achieve the ZVS of switches. Therefore, the conversion efficiency increases substantially, yet with a reduced circuit cost. Detailed analysis and design of the proposed topology are described. Experimental results are recorded for a prototype converter with a DC input voltage ranging from 130 to 180 V, an output voltage of 12 V and a rated output power of 120 W, operating at a switching frequency of 65 kHz. The average active‐mode efficiency is above 88%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GaN HEMT的半桥LLC优化设计和损耗分析

较之于传统硅器件,新出现的增强型氮化镓晶体管GaN HEMTs(gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors)具有很高的开关速度和高功率密度的特性,可以为直流变换器提供有效的改进。为了解决GaN HEMT在硬开关应用场合下的波形振荡并提高功率密度和效率,采用半桥LLC谐振变换器为本次应用的拓扑结构。以减小损耗为目的,优化了LLC的谐振参数和死区时间。在400 V输入电压、开关频率300 kHz和输出电压18 V电流12 A的测试条件下,效率达到95.59%。最后对变换器的损耗来源进行分析,损耗的理论计算值接近实际测量值,证明了方法具有一定的实用性。     

电流源型LCL谐振式变换器的研究

该文主要研究在一定条件下可实现输出恒流特性的LCL谐振变换器及其优化设计。阐述LCL谐振变换器工作于恒流源模式下的工作过程及其实现恒流特性的原理。为分析变换器工作于非谐振频率时的特性,给出不同品质因数下,开关频率变化时,变换器的电流增益特性曲线及谐振电感电流有效值、电容电压有效值的关系曲线,并分析得到品质因数的选择对变换器的恒流特性及谐振元件电压电流应力的影响,提出基于品质因数的变换器优化设计方法。最后基于所优化设计的品质因数值设计一台额定功率为80 W的LCL谐振变换器样机,实验结果验证变换器的恒流性能及品质因数值选择的合理性。     

Single-Stage Single-Switch High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent Lamps

This paper presents an efficient, small-sized, and cost-effective single-switch power-factor-correction (PFC) scheme for high-frequency electronic ballasts. The circuit topology originates from the integration of a buck-boost PFC converter and class-E electronic ballast. Only one active power switch is commonly used by both power stages to save the cost of active switches and control circuits. The active switch is controlled by pulsewidth modulation at a fixed switching frequency and constant duty cycle. The electronic ballast can achieve nearly unity power factor by operating the buck-boost converter at discontinuous conduction mode. With carefully designed circuit parameters, the active power switch can be operated at zero-voltage switching, leading to high circuit efficiency. A prototype circuit designed for a PL-27-W compact fluorescent lamp is built and tested to verify the theoretical predictions. Satisfactory performance is obtained from the experimental results.     

高频LLC谐振变换器的效率优化

随着电力电子功率器件的发展,功率变换器向着高频、模块化发展。LLC谐振变换器由于拓扑结构简单且能在全负载范围内实现开关管的零电压开通和副边二极管的零电流关断,损耗小、效率高,可逐渐应用于高频场合,从而成为业界的研究热点。随着工作频率的提高,原先在传统LLC中被忽略的寄生电容不仅会影响原边开关管的软开关过程而且还会使得谐振电流发生畸变。分析了寄生电容对变换器软开关的影响且对死区时间进行优化设计,以提高变换器的效率。研制了一台功率为250 W,工作频率为400 kHz的LLC谐振变换器原理样机,并进行了实验验证。     

适用于提高T型三电平储能变流器功率响应特性的模型预测控制算法

模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)已经广泛应用于电池储能系统。在传统中点钳位式(neutral point clamped,NPC)三电平储能变流器的每个开关周期内,其输出电压跳变不能超过直流母线电压的一半,该特点将严重影响变流器模型预测控制的功率响应特性。为此,提出一种基于T型三电平储能变流器的模型预测控制算法。在确保变流器输出有功功率、无功功率及中点电位偏差一定的前提下,采用遍历法寻求使变流器开关频率最低时的输出电压矢量,充分发挥T型三电平拓扑输出电压跳变不受限制的优势。采用几何分析法对比T型拓扑与NPC拓扑储能变流器的功率控制特性,分析结果表明,所提模型预测控制算法极大地提高了T型三电平储能变流器的功率控制特性。     

临界连续模式下高功率LED驱动电源谐振控制方法

针对传统LED驱动电源谐振控制方法电路控制谐波异常导致输出电流过冲、电压稳定控制效果差和时延高等问题,提出了临界连续模式下高功率LED驱动电源谐振控制方法。结合PFC和LLC半桥两种方式,控制LED驱动电源谐振部分的频率变化值,选取开关恒流源,选取FSFR2100集成控制芯片作为控制芯片。在临界连续模式下,计算高功率LED驱动电源电路中电感值、滤波电容,以此为参量依据,设定电路中的电压范围与最小开关频率、输出功率等,校正PFC电路控制谐波。以PFC控制器所计算的电流与电压数据为基础,计算谐振频率值,通过谐振网络部分调整电压增益,确保LED驱动电源开关管实现零电压开关,实现临界连续模式下高功率LED驱动电源谐振控制。实验结果表明,采用该方法进行谐振控制的LED驱动电源,工作效率和PF值分别保持在88%和0.99以上,并且开关损耗低,未出现电流过冲,输入电压与输出电流波形相同,整体控制效果较好。     

应用于X射线测厚技术的高压直流电源的研制

随着开关电源向大功率、高频化方向发展,功率管的开关损耗、噪声也随之相应的增加,这就要求对开关电源传统的电路拓扑结构进行改进。为了减小开关器件的开关损耗,提高开关频率,减小开关电源的体积、质量,从而提高效率,介绍了一种新型移相控制零电压开关PWM变换器,实现软开关,并研制出一台基于移相控制技术和双向倍压整流技术用于X射线测厚仪的高压直流电源样机。经测试该样机输出80 kV/350 W,可以实现开关频率高,开关损耗和电磁干扰小,电源效率高等要求。     

Dynamic model of direct matrix converter and its experimental validation

Power electronics is a major candidate in the ongoing research of electrical power grids because they can provide better control with more information (voltage ratio, efficiency, power flow direction, etc.) than the all‐passive solutions such as transformers and so forth. Power electronic transformer has the possibility to replace the conventional one by ac/ac matrix converter with high‐frequency compact electronic transformers. In this work, a dynamic model of matrix converter is studied and issues such as efficiency, voltage ratio limitation, and transient behavior are discussed and the equivalent numerical calculations are presented. Moreover, an experimental converter is built to validate the numerical results and also to describe the switching frequency impact on the operation. It is concluded that the control creates voltage ratio saturation and high‐switching frequency results in lower efficiency values. On the other hand, efficiency can be increased by using resonances of the circuit, which can also provide higher operating frequencies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于SiC MOSFET的单相三电平变换器设计

围绕高开关频率小功率单相交直交变换器效率提升问题,设计了一种基于SiC MOSFET的高效率单相三电平三桥臂变换器.该变换器主要包括分别用于整流器和逆变器2个T型三电平桥臂和一个公共桥臂,其多电平拓扑可优化谐波性能,减少开关损耗.分析了变换器运行方式,并设计了包含直流电压控制的级联电压电流控制器.同时,因T型三电平桥臂...