压水堆自然循环比例模化基本方程及相似准则数的研究

在分析压水堆自然循环特性基础上,以漂移流模型作为两相流模型,从独立的单相和两相方程出发,通过无量纲化处理,获得一组相同的无量纲化方程组,从而获得能够适用于单相和两相的相似准则数.同时,对自然循环现象模拟的本质以及准则数的物理含义进行了分析说明,并就模拟初始数值的选择,流动不稳定性模拟、传热及临界热流密度模拟等方面进行了分析.     

一维自然循环比例分析的理论模型

整体性能试验研究是验证先进非能动压水堆核电站堆芯冷却系统设计有效性的核心技术,一回路系统两相自然循环热工水力特性比例分析是确定整体性能试验装置尺度的主要理论依据。以一维漂移流模型为基础,对整个一回路两相自然循环系统控制方程积分,并求得稳态解,由此获得了系统的流动条件。应用初始流动条件与边界条件,对两相自然循环系统控制方程直接无量纲化,最终得到了整体性能试验装置与实际非能动电站热工水力特性的相似准则。     

强迫循环向自然循环过渡的比例分析研究

整体性热工水力学试验是验证压水堆核电站安全性的核心技术,针对反应堆主回路循环特性的比例分析是指导整体性试验台架设计的理论依据。基于两相漂移流模型建立反应堆主回路强迫循环和自然循环的控制方程组。应用初始条件对方程无量纲化,得出整体性试验台架模拟原型电站主回路强迫循环向自然循环过渡的相似准则,提出能够模拟原型电站主泵惰转并满足循环过渡相似性要求的试验方法。     

核电厂全厂断电工况下蒸汽发生器自然循环特性的比例分析

试验验证是支撑新型先进压水堆核电技术的设计和核安全审评的重要手段,考虑到建设1∶1尺度的试验装置会导致高昂的建造成本,通常会开展比例试验研究。为了保证比例试验装置的重要现象与原型核电厂的现象具有相似性,试验获得的数据可以支撑原型电厂的设计,需要开展充分的比例分析工作。基于比例分析的重要性,文章以非能动核电厂AP1000的全厂断电事故为研究背景,采用H2TS方法开展了比例分析,重点关注了主回路自然循环阶段蒸汽发生器(SG)内的热工水力学行为,获得了相应的相似准则,并进行了失真分析,得出以下结论:当SG的高度比和流通面积比与系统级的高度比和流通面积比一致时,SG装置的关键现象与原型SG的关键现象之间存在相似关系;采用等物性模拟全厂断电事故情况下,蒸汽发生器换热能力远大于堆芯衰变功率,能够满足堆芯冷却的功能需求,蒸汽发生器换热量不存在失真。     

采用BETHSY自然循环实验数据对CATHARE2 V1.5qR6程序的评价

采用BETHSY自然循环实验数据对CATHARE2 V1.5qR6进行了评价.结果表明CATHRE2V1.5程序能较好地预测试验装置单相自然循环条件下的热工水力现象,对单相自然循环向两相自然循环的转变以及两相自然循环向回流冷凝运行方式的转变发生时的一回路水装量预测也比较准确,但对于两相自然循环及回流冷凝运行方式下系统的一些主要热工水力参数预测欠佳.评价结果表明,与许多国际性大型热工水力分析程序一样,CATHARE2V1.5qR6程序对剧烈两相流动的预测能力仍有待改进和完善.     

铅基快堆自然循环实验台架比例分析方法研究

铅基快堆具有良好的自然循环能力，研究其自然循环特性对提高反应堆固有安全性具有重要价值，而比例分析方法是建立合理可行铅基快堆自然循环实验台架的理论基础。本文通过无量纲化典型自然循环铅基快堆一回路系统的流体控制方程，确定主要的无量纲相似准则群；基于所构建的无量纲相似准则数对小型自然循环铅基快堆SNCLFR-10开展比例分析，获得双环路单相自然循环实验台架的几何和热工水力设计参数；对比分析额定工况下SNCLFR-10和缩比实验台架的关键热工水力参数，开展铅基快堆自然循环实验台架比例分析方法验证。研究结果表明，SNCLFR-10和缩比台架的关键热工参数模拟结果比值与理论推导比例关系吻合良好，建立的铅基快堆自然循环实验台架比例分析方法合理可行。      

低干度自然循环流量漂移的特征曲线图谱分析

在5MW低温核供热堆全模拟试验回路(HRTL-5)上,实验观察到了低干度自然循环条件下的流量漂移现象.通过一个考虑了加热段欠热沸腾、上升段冷凝、闪蒸等物理过程的两相流动数学模型,编制了相应的计算程序,获得了自然循环特征曲线图谱及其运行曲线,确定了自然循环分岔图和静态不稳定边界图,进而提出了通过自然循环特征曲线图谱研究流量漂移的分析方法.分析表明:特征曲线图谱方法是研究自然循环静态不稳定的有效手段.增大系统压力、减小热流密度、增加入口单相阻力、减小出口两相阻力有利于避免自然循环流量漂移的发生.     

破口事故比例模拟中安全壳破口源项参数评估研究

采用基于破口总焓相似、强迫射流及浮力羽流流场相似及传热传质过程相似的多约束分析体系,归纳与质能源项相关的传热传质过程、耗散过程以及自然循环过程的时间尺度,确定模拟实验源项满足的各种模拟工况所必须遵循的设计约束条件。分析表明,自然循环过程时间常数是约束不同物理过程最重要的基础参数,也是模拟装置设计的基本约束参数。给出适用于确定安全壳破口源项试验参数的计算关系式,用于计算获得试验装置的几何参数和试验边界条件。     

自然循环装置试验初始条件实现方法研究

针对全厂断电事故中主回路自然循环现象的试验模拟问题,基于自然循环试验装置及其运行参数,建立了数值分析模型,采用功率积分、参数拟合等方式对自然循环试验初始条件的实现过程进行了研究。结果表明:采用功率积分或参数拟合等运行方式均可在自然循环试验装置中实现试验初始条件及状态;与参数拟合相比,积分功率法中系统参数的瞬态效应更为明显,其对应的主回路平均温度、系统压力和循环流量更高。     

实验快堆自然循环模拟实验装置的模拟原理及其参数计算

研究了池式快堆自然循环模拟实验的模拟准则，根据模拟准则和自然循环守衡方程式，对池式实验快堆自然循环模拟实验装置，在各种模拟准则条件下的几何与热工设计参数进行了计算。研究了模型比例，事故冷却器一次侧进出口温差和阻力系数等对相似准则数的影响，并且确定了模拟实验装置的设计参数范围，从理论上解决了池式实验快堆自然循环模拟实验装置的模拟问题。     

铅基快堆自然循环实验台架比例分析方法研究

Lead-based fast reactors have good natural circulation capabilities, and its natural circulation characteristics is of great value to improve the inherent safety of the reactor, and the scaling analysis method is the theoretical basis for establishing a reasonable and feasible lead-based fast reactor natural circulation test facility. In this paper, the main similarity groups could be determined by using dimensionless fluid governing equations of typical natural circulation lead-based fast reactor primary cooling system. Based on the constructed dimensionless similarity groups, the scaling analysis of small natural circulation lead-based fast reactor named SNCLFR-10 was carried out to obtain the geometric and thermal hydraulic design parameters of the dual-loop single-phase natural circulation experimental facility. The scaling method of the lead-based fast reactor natural circulation test facility was verified by comparing and analyzing the key thermal and hydraulic parameters of SNCLFR-10 and the scaled-down test facility under rated conditions. The research results show that the key thermal-hydraulic parameter ratios of SNCLFR-10 and the scaled-down facility are in good agreement with the theoretically deduced ratio, and the established lead-based fast reactor natural circulation experimental facility scaling analysis method is reasonable and feasible.     

A new method to derive one set of scaling criteria for reactor natural circulation at single and two-phase conditions

Natural circulation is one of the most important thermal-hydraulic phenomena that makes the fluid flow along a closed loop without any external driving force. With this merit, it is adopted by the passive heat removal system to bring the residual heat out of the core at accidents, and by the primary system of some new conceptual reactors instead of pumps to drive the coolant in the loop at operation. To investigate the reactor natural circulation and verify system thermal-hydraulic codes, it is a way to construct an integrated effect test facility and perform experiments on it with the scaling criteria. With one-dimensional assumption, the natural circulation system was simplified as the heat source, heat sink and pipes, and described by two groups of equations independently for the single-phase and two-phase flow conditions. Based on these equations, a set of non-dimensional equations were derived and the criteria were obtained both applicable for single-phase and two-phase natural circulation. According to these criteria, the practical application was analyzed and discussed. In the paper, the property similarity was strongly suggested in most cases. Though equal height simulation was widely used in the past, the reduced height simulation is a good way to reproduce three-dimensional (3D) phenomena that are of concern in the investigation. The CHF simulation is not suggested. The mass of metal and its distribution is of concern instead of heat transfer at transient simulation.     

Numerical simulation of natural circulation experiments conducted at the IIST facility

Natural circulation plays an important role in long-term cooling of pressurized water reactors (PWRs) under small break loss-of-coolant accidents. Recently, natural circulation experiments have been conducted at the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research integral system test (IIST) facility, which is used to simulate the Westinghouse three-loop Maanshan PWR. A numerical simulation is presented to investigate the natural circulation phenomena of the IIST facility with the RELAP5/MOD3 code. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data of the single-phase natural circulation both quantitatively and qualitatively. The influences of power level and system pressure on natural circulation can also be predicted by the current model. Based on the two-phase natural circulation data, the calculated flow rate history is similar to that obtained from the experiment.     

Scaling of two-phase flow transients using reduced pressure system and simulant fluid

Scaling criteria for a natural circulation loop under single-phase and two-phase flow conditions are derived. Based on these criteria, practical applications for designing a scaled-down model are considered. Particular emphasis is placed on scaling a test model at reduced pressure levels compared to a prototype and on fluid-to-fluid scaling. The large number of similarity groups which are to be matched between model and prototype makes the design of a scale model a challenging task. The present study demonstrates a new approach to this classical problem using two-phase flow scaling parameters. It indicates that a real time scaling is not a practical solution and a scaled-down model should have an accelerated (shortened) time scale. An important result is the proposed new scaling methodology for simulating pressure transients. It is obtained by considering the changes of the fluid property groups which appear within the two-phase similarity parameters and the single-phase to two-phase flow transition parameters.Sample calculations are performed for modeling two-phase flow transients of a high-pressure water system by a low-pressure water system or a Freon system. It is shown that modeling is possible for both cases for simulating pressure transients. However, simulation of phase change transitions is not possible by a reduced pressure water system without distortion in either power or time.     

Author index to volume 79

Scaling criteria for a natural circulation loop under single phase and two-phase flow conditions have been derived. For a single phase case the continuity, integral momentum, and energy equations in one-dimensional area average forms have been used. From this, the geometrical similarity groups, friction number, Richardson number, characteristic time constant ratio, Biot number, and heat source number are obtained. The Biot number involves the heat transfer coefficient which may cause some difficulties in simulating the turbulent flow regime. For a two-phase flow case, the similarity groups obtained from a perturbation analysis based on the one-dimensional drift-flux model have been used. The physical significance of the phase change number, subcooling number, drift-flux number, friction number are discussed and conditions imposed by these groups are evaluated. In the two-phase flow case, the critical heat flux is one of the most important transients which should be simulated in a scale model. The above results are applied to the LOFT facility in case of a natural circulation simulation. Some preliminary conclusions on the feasibility of the facility have been obtained.     

Scaling laws for thermal-hydraulic system under single phase and two-phase natural circulation

Scaling criteria for a natural circulation loop under single phase and two-phase flow conditions have been derived. For a single phase case the continuity, integral momentum, and energy equations in one-dimensional area average forms have been used. From this, the geometrical similarity groups, friction number, Richardson number, characteristic time constant ratio, Biot number, and heat source number are obtained. The Biot number involves the heat transfer coefficient which may cause some difficulties in simulating the turbulent flow regime. For a two-phase flow case, the similarity groups obtained from a perturbation analysis based on the one-dimensional drift-flux model have been used. The physical significance of the phase change number, subcooling number, drift-flux number, friction number are discussed and conditions imposed by these groups are evaluated. In the two-phase flow case, the critical heat flux is one of the most important transients which should be simulated in a scale model. The above results are applied to the LOFT facility in case of a natural circulation simulation. Some preliminary conclusions on the feasibility of the facility have been obtained.     

Systematic and exact scaling analysis of the single-phase natural circulation flow: The hydraulic similarity

For the study of the hydraulic similarity in a single-phase natural circulation loop, the integral momentum equation is non-dimensionalized with respect to the initial flow kinematic energy of reference section, without intuitively specifying any reference parameters. By this mean, a unique hydraulic time scale, characterizing the system hydraulic response, is identified along with two dimensionless physical numbers: the dimensionless flow resistance number and the dimensionless gravitational force number. From the integral momentum equation, the mass flow rate at steady state is also obtained. The identified dimensionless parameters are then applied to derive a set of scaling criteria for the design of a full-pressure reduced-size similar model for a PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor). For exact hydraulic similarity, it was found for the first time that the cross sectional area scaling ratio should be related to the axial length scaling ratio. In addition, it is also found out that the relative cross-sectional area ratio should be preserved in order to preserve the flow resistances. Moreover, the scaling ratio for the number of the U-tubes was found to be unity if exact hydraulic similarity is pursued for the whole system. Three sets of scaling criteria for the design of a full-pressure model for a PWR are summarized in a table for different application. The accuracy and applicability of this proposed scaling method is demonstrated by proposing a simple loop and a PWR-like system, by scaling down the systems to get two corresponding models with this proposed scaling methodology, and by comparing the model results with their corresponding prototype results. Furthermore, the method for the evaluation of both system-level and local hydraulic scaling distortions are addressed.     

核反应堆试验台架比例分析方法的发展和应用

比例分析方法为建立合理的反应堆安全系统缩比试验台架提供了理论基础。本文结合比例分析方法的发展，探讨了不同比例方法的特点，并总结了部分已有台架的比例设计概念及评价，为反应堆系统试验台架比例方法的选取提供了参考。结果表明，线性比例方法中的加速度比例项使其应用受到限制；功率-体积法是一种简单有效的比例方法，但瘦高台架的特点也使此方法存在不可避免的弱点；H2TS（HierarchicalTwo-TieredScaling）方法以PIRT（PhenomenaIdentificationRankingTable）表为基础，对系统中重要整体过程和局部过程均进行了比例分析，其发展的相似准则中含有流体物性比例项，为台架比例概念的发展提供了条件。我国将以H2TS方法为指导建立非能动堆芯冷却系统试验台架ACME。