膏糊状物料气流对流干燥试验研究

以分子筛滤饼作被干燥物料,模拟带式干燥机进行了干燥试验研究。考察了气流速度、温度以及干燥时间对物料干燥效果的影响,并与烘箱干燥试验数据进行对比。结果表明:气流速度越高,干燥温度越高,干燥后物料的水分含量越低;带式气流干燥机干燥时间短,处理量大,可以连续操作,干燥效果明显优于箱式干燥器,可以作为膏糊状物料的干燥设备。     

真空带式干燥机的应用及研究进展

真空带式干燥机(VBD)由干燥室、真空系统、布料机构、履带输送装置、切料机构、CIP清洗系统、PLC控制系统、加热和冷却系统以及卸料系统组成。干燥室内真空度为1 000—3 000 Pa,物料温度为30—60℃,适用于热敏及氧敏性物料的干燥,其传热方式为传导-辐射联合传热。目前有关真空带式干燥机干燥特性及传热传质机理的研究报导较少,难以指导工业设备的设计与生产,故而真空带式干燥机的设计主要是依靠经验,这使得其节能降耗的优势不能充分体现出来。真空带式干燥属于薄层干燥,文中综述了真空薄层干燥方面的一些研究文献,为真空带式干燥机的理论研究奠定了基础,以期研究者们进一步对真空带式干燥机的干燥特性及传热传质理论进行研究。     

热喷射气流干燥机

<正> 喷射气流干燥机(热喷射式干燥机)是一种利用高温喷射气流、干燥效率非常高的气流干燥设备。由于瞬间干燥能保持产品的较低温度,因此对低热性物质、低熔点物质也能进行干燥。这种干燥机具有的最大特点是迄今为止其他干燥机所无可比拟的,尽管     

强化气流干燥机的设计

介绍了强化气流干燥机的设计方法.强化气流干燥机是在直管气流干燥器的基础上发展起来的,用于解决各种农药滤饼的干燥问题,对高黏度膏状物料的干燥有很好的效果.     

草甘膦节能干燥技术的研究与开发

分析计算了内加热对流化床干燥过程热效率的影响。实验测定了草甘膦流化床干燥机中内加热传热系数,设计开发了用于草甘膦干燥的内加热流化床干燥机,并与普通流化床干燥机和气流干燥机进行了分析对比。     

粉碎气流干燥机的设计

历来膏糊状物料的干燥是个难题,适用于此类物料的干燥机较少。强化气流干燥机使许多膏糊状物料得以直接干燥,大大提高了热效率。现在,这一机型已普遍用于染料、颜料等行业。本文介绍了强化气流干燥机的工作原理、结构、设计方法。     

多层带式干燥机风速场的CFD模拟及检验

多层带式干燥机箱内风速分布不均匀是导致干燥效率低、干燥不均匀的主要原因。对多层带式干燥机风速场进行了实验研究，建立了多层带式干燥机箱的CFD理论模型，对其风速场进行了数值模拟，并与实验测试结果进行对比，认为用CFD方法模拟多层带式干燥机箱内风速场是可行的。     

穿流气流带式干燥机设计计算

穿流气流带式干燥机操作灵活方便,便于控制,该机由多个独立干燥单元组成,每个干燥单元包括循环风机、加热装置、引风机管道及网带系统的一部分组成。热风的流量、温度以及流向都可以按需要选择。通过控制阀门,可将各干燥单元控制在物料所适宜的温度下进行恒温干燥或调温干燥,还可以控制各干燥单元热风的温度、湿度以及调节接触面积,增大传热效率,提高生产能力。     

高效干燥设备在无机盐生产中的应用

目前中国无机盐行业采用炕式烘干、箱式干燥、隧道窑干燥等传统干燥工艺及设备，能耗高，劳动强度大，环境污染严重，产品易被污染，质量不稳定。选用高效、密闭、连续的带式串闪蒸、桨叶式串闪蒸、双螺旋串盘式等二级干燥工艺及设备、链式层干机、组合式干燥机、旋转列管式干燥机及喷雾干燥工艺和设备等新型干燥设备，改造传统工艺及设备，提升无机盐生产中干燥装置水平，以达到节能降耗，提升产品质量水平之目的。     

穿流气流带式干燥机设计与应用

一、概述 穿流气流带式干燥机主要由头部、物料成形机构、若干干燥单元、出料装置、网带运行机构等组成。它采用强制通风干燥法。由于热风和湿物料的接触面积大,既有对流传热,又有辐射传热,干燥热强度大。同时,因湿物料内部水汽排出的途径较短,因此具有较大的干燥速度。 本机能够连续操作,湿物料直接或经过物料成形机构分布到多孔网带运行机构上,     

Mathematical Modeling the Drying of Poplar Wood Particles in a Closed-Loop Triple Pass Rotary Dryer

Closed-loop drying systems are an attractive alternative to conventional drying systems because they provide a wide range of potential advantages. Consequently, type of drying process is attracting increased interest. Rotary drying of wood particles can be assumed as an incorporated process involving fluid–solid interactions and simultaneous heat and mass transfer within and between the particles. Understanding these mechanisms during rotary drying processes may result in determination of the optimum drying parameters and improved dryer design. In this study, due to the complexity and nonlinearity of the momentum, heat, and mass transfer equations, a computerized mathematical model of a closed-loop triple-pass concurrent rotary dryer was developed to simulate the drying behavior of poplar wood particles within the dryer drums. Wood particle moisture content and temperature, drying air temperature, and drying air humidity ratio along the drums lengths can be simulated using this model. The model presented in this work has been shown to successfully predict the steady-state behavior of a concurrent rotary dryer and can be used to analyze the effects of various drying process parameters on the performance of the closed-loop triple-pass rotary dryer to determine the optimum drying parameters. The model was also used to simulate the performance of industrial closed-loop rotary dryers under various operating conditions.     

THE DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL DRYER FOR SULTANA RAISINS

A mathematical model of a tunnel dryer for sultana grapes is presented and applied for the determination of size and optimal operating conditions of the dryer. The optimum condition is given by the minimization of heat consumption, expressed as the ratio of thermal load to production, with some constraints regarding the production rate of the dryer and the maximum permissible air temperature. The optimization variables are temperature and humidity of the drying air, and product loading thickness on the trays. The optimum condition requires the operation of the dryer on the maximum permissible air humidity, which corresponds to a high degree of recirculation of exhaust air. This can be accomplished using automatic control of fresh air and humid air inlet and exhaust dampers along the length of the dryer, during the entire drying cycle.     

THE STUDY OF INTERRUPTED DRYING TECHNIQUE FOR ROUGH RICE

The purpose of this research was to study the optimum strategy of the interrupted drying technique for rough rice. The effects of interrupted drying on drying rates, cracking enhancement ratios, and the performance of a commercial circulating rice dryer were evaluated. The results indicated that the required interrupted period of grains with moisture of ranging from 18 to 20% was 2 around 3 hours. The interrupted drying technique can significantly increase the drying rate. The dryer performance e.g. fuel-consumption rate, drying rate, and drying time were all affected by interrupting the drying process, as expected.     

THE DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL DRYER FOR SULTANA RAISINS

A mathematical model of a tunnel dryer for sultana grapes is presented and applied for the determination of size and optimal operating conditions of the dryer. The optimum condition is given by the minimization of heat consumption, expressed as the ratio of thermal load to production, with some constraints regarding the production rate of the dryer and the maximum permissible air temperature. The optimization variables are temperature and humidity of the drying air, and product loading thickness on the trays. The optimum condition requires the operation of the dryer on the maximum permissible air humidity, which corresponds to a high degree of recirculation of exhaust air. This can be accomplished using automatic control of fresh air and humid air inlet and exhaust dampers along the length of the dryer, during the entire drying cycle.     

A COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELING OF DEEP-BED GRAIN DRYING

This paper deals with comprehensive mathematical and numerical modeling of deep-bed grain drying. In order to build the process model, it is necessary to analyze the transport in both grain and gas phases. Experimental works were carried out for a layer of grain bed in order to validate the models. The models consider momentum, energy, and mass conservation within grain and drying air phase. The two-dimensional dynamic equations of energy and mass conservation are solved numerically by finite-difference method (FDM) and utilizing alternating direction implicit algorithm within grain and drying air phase, while momentum conservation are solved by finite difference method by utilizing Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations (SIMPLE) algorithm. Furthermore, the models will be applied in consideration with developing and designing dryer in order to simulate humidity and temperature profiles of the drying gas together with moisture content and temperature of grain across dryer in term of the dryer performance. The simulations show that the models can be used to predict the dynamic drying characteristic profiles as well as the superficial velocity of drying air phase across dryer.     

Modeling the Fractional Drying and Aerodynamic Separation of Alfalfa into Leaves and Stems in a Rotary Dryer

A computerized mathematical model was developed to predict fractional drying and aerodynamic separation of alfalfa into leaves and stems in one process in a rotary dryer. Aerodynamic separation was characterized by separation efficiency or the total amount of the desired component (leaf or stem) recovered, relative to the amount entering the process, and by purity of leaf or stem component collected at exit ports of the dryer. The model development assumed 100% separation efficiency and purity. The model was validated by comparing model predicted results with measured experimental and field test data obtained from a small industrial rotary dryer and a full-scale industrial dryer. Changes in leaf, stem, and drying gas moisture contents and temperatures were measured and predicted by the model under various drying conditions. The model-predicted results agreed well with measured data. The model was also used to simulate the performance of industrial rotary dryers under various operating conditions. The model can be used to determine the optimum drying and aerodynamic separation parameters. It can also be used to design and redesign new and existing industrial rotary dryers in order to combine drying and aerodynamic separation into one process.     

OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS IN DRYING FOODSTUFFS WITH SUPERHEATED STEAM

It is inferred from experimental data that in drying foodstuffs with superheated steam, the initial drying rate has a direct effect on the rate at which the overall drying takes place. That is, the faster the initial drying rate, the shorter the overall drying time. This criterion is very convenient because at the beginning, water moistens the sample external surface so evaporation does not depend on internal sample characteristics, but only on external convective heat and mass transfer rates. Mass and energy balance equations are solved and the result converted into a general initial drying rate equation, in which all dryer characteristics are grouped into one dimensionless parameter. The initial drying rate equation is mathematically maximized and the optimum working conditions determined. The result shows that initial drying rate always increase with increases of either the superheated steam temperature or velocity, but once these two variables are fixed, there exists at least one “optimum” pressure at which the initial drying rate is a maximum. Finally, the initial drying rate and optimum condition equations are applied to three model dryers, a dryer for a flat sheet, a fixed bed dryer and a rotary dryer. In each case, numeric values are computed and plotted as drying rate versus pressure curves, in which the optimum drying rate is also included. Also presented is a chart to compare the optimum pressures as functions of temperature and steam velocity for the three dryers.     

Modeling the Fractional Drying and Aerodynamic Separation of Alfalfa into Leaves and Stems in a Rotary Dryer

A computerized mathematical model was developed to predict fractional drying and aerodynamic separation of alfalfa into leaves and stems in one process in a rotary dryer. Aerodynamic separation was characterized by separation efficiency or the total amount of the desired component (leaf or stem) recovered, relative to the amount entering the process, and by purity of leaf or stem component collected at exit ports of the dryer. The model development assumed 100% separation efficiency and purity. The model was validated by comparing model predicted results with measured experimental and field test data obtained from a small industrial rotary dryer and a full-scale industrial dryer. Changes in leaf, stem, and drying gas moisture contents and temperatures were measured and predicted by the model under various drying conditions. The model-predicted results agreed well with measured data. The model was also used to simulate the performance of industrial rotary dryers under various operating conditions. The model can be used to determine the optimum drying and aerodynamic separation parameters. It can also be used to design and redesign new and existing industrial rotary dryers in order to combine drying and aerodynamic separation into one process.     

Optimal Control of the Secondary Drying Stage of Freeze Drying of Solutions in Vials Using Variational Calculus

Abstract:

The problem of operating freeze drying of pharmaceutical products in vials loaded on trays of freeze dryer to obtain a desired final bound water content in minimum time is formulated as an optimal control problem. Two different types of freeze dryer designs were considered. In the type I freeze dryer design, upper and lower plate temperatures were controlled together, while in the type II freeze dryer design, upper and lower plate temperatures were controlled independently. The heat input to the material being dried and the drying chamber pressure were considered as control variables. Only the scorch temperature was considered as a constraint on the system state variables during the secondary drying stage, because all the free water content (frozen water) is removed from the solid matrix during the primary drying stage of freeze drying. Necessary conditions of optimality for the secondary drying stage of freeze drying process in vials were derived and presented by using rigorous multidimensional unsteady-state mathematical models. The theoretical approach presented in this work was applied in the freeze drying of skim milk. Significant reductions in drying times of the secondary drying stage of the freeze drying process in vials were observed and more uniform bound water and temperature distributions in the material being dried were obtained compared to the conventional operational policies.     

THE STUDY OF INTERRUPTED DRYING TECHNIQUE FOR ROUGH RICE

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to study the optimum strategy of the interrupted drying technique for rough rice. The effects of interrupted drying on drying rates, cracking enhancement ratios, and the performance of a commercial circulating rice dryer were evaluated. The results indicated that the required interrupted period of grains with moisture of ranging from 18 to 20% was 2 around 3 hours. The interrupted drying technique can significantly increase the drying rate. The dryer performance e.g. fuel-consumption rate, drying rate, and drying time were all affected by interrupting the drying process, as expected.