季铵盐与双子季铵盐表面活性剂有机蒙脱土的制备及性能研究

测定了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和双子表面活性剂1,2-亚乙基-双(十六烷基二甲基溴化铵)(16-2-16)在蒙脱土上的吸附等温线;分别以上述2种表面活性剂为插层试剂,制备了有机蒙脱土,并采用FTIR,XRD和SEM等技术对2种有机蒙脱土层间和表面结构进行了表征;对比研究了2种有机蒙脱土在水溶液中吸附苯酚的性能。实验结果表明:16-2-16和CTAB在蒙脱土上的最大吸附量相当,但吸附层结构有显著差异;水溶液中2种有机蒙脱土对苯酚的吸附存在表面吸附和分配吸附2种机制,16-2-16有机蒙脱土分配吸附作用显著大于CTAB有机蒙脱土。     

聚合铝蒙脱土的制备及其吸附染料性能

采用聚合硫酸铝对蒙脱土进行改性,比较钠基蒙脱土和改性蒙脱土对染料的吸附性能,得到两种吸附剂的加入量对染料去除率的影响、吸附动力学曲线、等温吸附曲线.结果表明改性蒙脱土的吸附能力远远大于钠基蒙脱土.     

表面活性剂和硅烷偶联剂有机复合改性蒙脱土的制备及性能表征

为增加蒙脱土与有机物的相容性,采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)与硅烷偶联剂(KH-560)对蒙脱土进行了有机复合改性。X-射线衍射和红外光谱的结果表明,CTAB已插入蒙脱土片层,平均层间距离从1.54 nm增大到3.98 nm和2.08 nm,而KH-560未插入蒙脱土片层,只是覆盖在蒙脱土表面,未改变蒙脱土的插层结构;分散性实验表明,表面活性剂和硅烷偶联剂有机复合改性的蒙脱土在苯乙烯、液体石蜡中的分散性好于其他改性蒙脱土;有机复合改性不仅增大了蒙脱土层间距,且改善了蒙脱土与聚氯乙烯的界面效果,提高了蒙脱土在聚氯乙烯基体中的分散均匀性,从而使聚氯乙烯/蒙脱土复合材料玻璃化转变温度的提高和力学性能的改善更明显。     

天然钙蒙脱土的钠化改型和有机化改性

用碳酸钠作为钠化剂对天然钙蒙脱土进行了钠化改型,用CTAC、CTAB、C18三种插层剂分别对钠蒙脱土进行了有机插层改性。对钠化改型前后的蒙脱土进行了XRD、FTIR分析,对有机改性前后的蒙脱土用XRD、SEM、FTIR和TG-DTA等进行了表征和分析。结果表明:钙蒙脱土经钠化改型后,层间距增大,结晶度变差,活性增强;CTAC、CTAB、C18三种改性剂都能使蒙脱土的晶层间距有较大提高,其中,尤以C18改性剂的有机化效果最为显著;蒙脱土有机改性前后外观变化十分显著;有机改性蒙脱土的结构水无明显变化,层间吸附水显著减少,疏水的有机插层剂主要进入蒙脱土层间,大量脱去层间吸附的水分子,对晶体结构本身并无影响。有机改性后,蒙脱土的吸附水与层间水的脱水温度与脱水量均显著降低,有机插层剂的大量插入,改变了原土的亲水性使之变为疏水,并提高了其热稳定性。     

有机蒙脱土的制备表征及其对4-氯酚的吸附性能研究

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为有机化试剂,利用溶液插层法,通过控制CTAB的投加量成功制备了不同有机化程度的蒙脱土,使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)与透射电镜(TEM)对其结构进行了表征.以去除率(R)和吸附量(q)为评价指标,探讨了田口-灰色关联分析方法多目标优化有机蒙脱土对水中4-氯酚的吸附反应条件的可行性.考察了吸附动力学和吸附热力学行为.结果表明,CTAB成功插入到蒙脱土的片层间,有机蒙脱土的层间距随着CTAB投加量的增加而增大,CTAB在蒙脱土片层间的排列方式也由平卧单层和倾斜单层转为倾斜双层.田口-灰色关联分析可知,在以2倍蒙脱土离子交换容量制备的有机蒙脱土为吸附剂(CTM4)、4-氯酚溶液pH值为6、浓度为150 mg·L-1、固液比为0.6 g·L-1和反应时间90 min的条件下,可实现4-氯酚的去除率和吸附容量的同时优化,此时去除率和吸附容量分别为36.85%和91.07 mg·g-1.CTM4对4-氯酚的吸附更符合拟二级动力学方程,整个吸附过程可能是由膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同作用的结果.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程均能较好地描述CTM4对4-氯酚的吸附行为.吸附过程的热力学参数表明,CMT4对4-氯酚的吸附是一个自发的放热反应.     

硅烷偶联剂复合改性蒙脱土制备NR/OMMT纳米复合材料

采用硅烷偶联剂和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作为复合改性剂制备有机蒙脱土,使有机蒙脱土的结构发生了改变.其中采用硅烷偶联剂KH570与CTAB复合改性的效果较好,得到了插层效果较好的NR/OMMT纳米复合材料.     

改性蒙脱土去除水中重金属离子研究新进展

重金属离子污染具有非降解性、持续存在和累积的性质,影响着人类的生命安全。如何从水中去除重金属离子已经成为治理水污染的核心问题之一,其方法之一就是采用改性蒙脱土进行吸附处理。本文介绍了近年来重金属离子吸附用改性蒙脱土的研究新进展,重点回顾了无机改性蒙脱土、有机改性蒙脱土和无机有机复合改性蒙脱土的改性方法及其对重金属离子的去除能力及机理。提出今后改性蒙脱土研究的主要方向是合成多功能高吸附性的蒙脱土高分子复合微球、蒙脱土高分子凝胶和滤膜材料等,为今后改性蒙脱土作为重金属离子优良吸附剂的研究有一定的指导意义。     

复合改性蒙脱土在污水处理中的应用研究进展

随着经济社会的发展，污水处理问题已成为人们关注的热点。蒙脱土因孔结构丰富、储量丰富且廉价易得而被广泛用于污水处理领域，目前关于蒙脱土吸附材料的研究多采用酸改性、有机改性等于单一改性手段提升其吸附能力，但单一改性蒙脱土存在功能单一、活性较差等问题。诸多研究者将目光集中于复合改性，文章对复合改性蒙脱土，酸-有机改性、无机-有机改性和有机阴离子-阳离子活性剂改性等的研究进展进行了综述，并对复合改性蒙脱土的制备过程和吸附机理进行了分析。提出今后复合蒙脱土研究的主要方向是合成可利用多种方式实现对所有污染物的无差别处理且易于从溶液中分离再生的蒙脱土，如合成既有吸附性，又有光催化和Fenton氧化能力的复合改性蒙脱土，以期为蒙脱土在实际污水处理中提供一定的理论参考。     

季铵盐改性蒙脱土的抗菌活性及抗菌机理

采用离子交换法将不同季钱盐插层到钠基蒙脱土中制备了改性蒙脱土.改性蒙脱土对革兰氏阳性菌(S.aereus)和革兰氏阴性菌(E coli)均有很强的抗菌作用,并且随着季铵盐在蒙脱土中的质量分数增加其抗菌活性增强.不同季铵盐改性蒙脱土的抗菌活性不同,其中双季铵盐改性蒙脱土的抗菌活性最好,对S.aereus和E coli的最小抑菌浓度分别为6.25 mg/L和12.5 mg/L.用扫描电镜对与细菌接触不同时间后的改性蒙脱土进行观察,结果表明:细菌先吸附到改性蒙脱土的表面,然后慢慢的变形死亡.同时,对在0.9%的生理盐水中浸泡不同时间后的改性蒙脱土进行X射线衍射和热重分析.结果表明:随着浸泡时间的增加,蒙脱土中的有机物质量分数及层间距均逐渐减少,说明季铵盐能从蒙脱土的层间解吸出来,并进入溶液中直接杀死细菌.因而,改性蒙脱土的抗菌活性是吸附与释放到溶液中的季铵盐离子协同作用的结果.     

低分子量腐殖酸改性蒙脱土对黄曲霉素的吸附作用

正采用振荡平衡法研究了相对分子质量3500的低分子量腐殖酸改性蒙脱土对黄曲霉素(AFB1)的吸附作用及机制。吸附动力学实验结果表明,0~24 h内,蒙脱土原土快速吸附AFB1,在2 h处吸附量达最大值,而后吸附量持续降低,12 h后趋于稳定、吸附量为1.01μg/g;0~24 h内,改性蒙脱土对AFB1的吸附量则持续增加,12 h时吸附量达最大值(1.60μg/g),其后吸附达平衡。用腐殖酸改性后,蒙脱土对AFB1的等温吸附曲线由Langmuir型转变为Freundlich型,平     

Influence of humic acid on the immobilization of U(VI) by montmorillonite in simulated environmental conditions

Effect of solution conditions (such as contact time, solution pH, ionic strength, reaction temperature, solid-liquid ratio and humic acid (HA)) on U(VI) immobilization on montmorillonite from Huangshan, China in environment was investigated by batch technique. U(VI) adsorption on montmorillonite is fairly affected by the solution pH and the ionic strength. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°) suggest that U(VI) adsorption on montmorillonite shows a spontaneous and endothermic process. The coexisted HA in solution could promote the U(VI) adsorption on montmorillonite. Notably, Huangshan montmorillonite has the potential in enrichment and solidification of U(VI) ions under environmental conditions.     

Adsorption and desorption of Ni on Na-montmorillonite: Effect of pH, ionic strength, fulvic acid, humic acid and addition sequences

Humic substances and clay minerals have been studied intensively because of their strong complexation and adsorption capacities. In this work, adsorption of Ni²⁺ on Na-montmorillonite was studied using batch technique under ambient conditions. Effect of pH, ionic strength, solid content, humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA) and the addition sequences of fulvic acid/Ni²⁺/montmorillonite on Ni²⁺ adsorption was also investigated. The results indicate that adsorption of Ni²⁺ on montmorillonite are strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The adsorption of Ni²⁺ is mainly dominated by surface complexation and ion exchange. The adsorption–desorption hysteresis suggests that the adsorption of Ni²⁺ is irreversible. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG) are calculated from the temperature dependence, and the results suggest that the adsorption reaction is endothermic and spontaneous. The presence of FA and the addition sequences of FA/Ni²⁺/montmorillonite do not influence the adsorption of Ni²⁺ on FA bound montmorillonite hybrids. Montmorillonite is a suitable candidate for pre-concentration and solidification of Ni²⁺ from large volume of solutions.     

改性蒙脱石吸附亚甲蓝的研究

取钠型蒙脱石和钙型蒙脱石,经铜离子交换反应使其改性。研究改性前后蒙脱石吸附亚甲蓝的能力及其受温度、介质pH值和离子强度的影响,并就吸附等温线和相关热力学参数进行分析。结果表明：不论是钠型还是钙型蒙脱石,经铜离子处理后,二者吸附亚甲蓝的能力均有所下降,但改性钠型蒙脱石下降的幅度要大于改性钙型蒙脱石;介质pH值和离子强度对蒙脱石和改性蒙脱石吸附性能的影响有差异,而吸附温度对各吸附剂吸附性能的影响程度则相近;改性蒙脱石和蒙脱石吸附亚甲蓝的等温线均能较好的符合BET和Langmuir等温方程,在298．15K下,其吸附过程均为热力学自发过程。     

双甘膦修饰磁性四氧化三铁纳米微球吸附DNA的研究

用双甘膦(PMIDA)修饰磁性四氧化三铁纳米微球(MNP)并负载Zn2+制得了PMIDA-Zn2+修饰磁性微球吸附剂。考察了吸附溶液的pH值、离子强度、吸附时间、吸附温度等因素对DNA吸附的影响。结果表明,当吸附剂用量为10mg、pH值为5.0、离子强度(NaCl浓度)为2.0mol.L-1、吸附时间为20min、吸附温度为35℃时,吸附率可达80%,吸附容量为21mg.g-1。被吸附的DNA用3.5%的氨水能完全洗脱。将PMIDA-Zn2+修饰磁性微球用于玉米DNA的提取,所得DNA纯度较高,效果令人满意。     

不溶性腐殖酸吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的研究

研究了不溶性腐殖酸对六价铬的吸附作用。进行了反应接触时间、pH值、IHA投加量、光照条件、温度等对反应的影响研究,确定了最佳反应条件,同时应用未处理的腐殖酸进行对比研究,说明不溶性腐殖酸的作用效果。试验表明在反应接触时间60 min、pH值为7左右、不溶性腐殖酸投加量为5 g/L和Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度为5.36 mg/L的条件下,不溶性腐殖酸对铬离子去除可达95%,比未处理的腐殖酸对铬离子去除提高近1倍。并绘制了不溶性腐殖酸对铬离子的反应动力学曲线和吸附等温线。     

Removal of Basic Dye Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution by Cu(II)-Loaded Montmorillonite

The effects of contact time, reaction temperature, and ionic strength on crystal violet adsorption onto Cu(II)-loaded montmorillonite were studied. The kinetic experimental data were analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich equations to examine the adsorption mechanism. The result suggested that the adsorption was best represented by the pseudo-second-order equation. The suitability of the Langmuir, Freundich, and Temkin isotherms to equilibrium data was also investigated at 25°C. The maximum adsorption capacity was 114.3 mg dye/g Cu(II)-loaded montmorillonite at adsorbent concentration 1 g/L. The differential heat of adsorption was evaluated and the result showed that adsorption of crystal violet onto the Cu-loaded sample was chemical in nature. The ionic strength and reaction temperature exhibited an insignificant impact on the crystal violet adsorption. The Cu(II)-loaded montmorillonite could serve as low-cost adsorbents for removing crystal violet from aqueous solution compared to the data reported in the literature.     

纳米腐殖酸对重金属铬的吸附热力学及动力学

采用静态吸附法系统研究了纳米腐殖酸对重金属铬的吸附, 考察了吸附剂用量、吸附温度、振荡时间、溶液pH值等因素对纳米腐殖酸吸附含铬废水的影响;用N₂吸附-脱附实验表征吸附剂的比表面积及孔径;绘制了静态吸附等温线及吸附动力学曲线。实验结果表明:最优吸附条件为纳米腐殖酸加入量50g/L, 吸附温度30℃, 振荡时间20min, 溶液pH=5.0, 得到吸附率及吸附量分别为97.5%和157.52mg/g;其比表面积及平均孔径分别为150.6m²/g和6.5nm;纳米腐殖酸对铬离子的吸附符合Langmuir模型, 为单分子层吸附, 吸附过程是自发且放热过程;吸附过程动力学符合准一级动力学方程;连续循环使用4次后, 对铬离子的吸附量无明显改变, 表明吸附剂具有重复使用性。     

不溶性腐殖酸吸附对硝基苯胺的动力学研究

通过吸附动力学研究了不溶性腐殖酸吸附水中对硝基苯胺的机理。探讨了离子强度、共存有机物对对硝基苯胺的吸附行为的影响。结果表明，不溶性腐殖酸吸附对硝基苯胺的动力学曲线符合Elovich方程：吸附速率随对硝基苯胺初始浓度的增加而增加；吸附过程可用双速率扩散理论来解释；离子强度对对硝基苯胺的吸附影响不大，但共存有机物与对硝基苯胺存在竞争吸附。     

林地腐殖土腐植酸对毒死蜱水解影响及吸附作用

采用平衡振荡法研究腐植酸对毒死蜱水解的影响和毒死蜱在腐植酸上的吸附特征及其影响因素.结果表明,在试验浓度范围内腐植酸可促进毒死蜱的水解,腐植酸浓度为120 mg/L时,毒死蜱的水解速率常数k明显增大,为不加腐植酸时的2.53倍,腐植酸浓度增加毒死蜱的水解速率降低.毒死蜱在腐植酸上的吸附行为均可用Linear方程和Freundlich方程来描述,拟合效果均达到显著水平;试验条件下温度为15℃时毒死蜱在腐植酸上的吸附量最大,随温度的升高吸附量呈现出先降低后增大的趋势;pH值减小,腐植酸对毒死蜱的吸附能力增大;而离子强度对毒死蜱的吸附影响不明显;腐植酸添加量越大,吸附量越大,但单位质量的腐植酸吸附量越小.     

Removal of Humic Acid Using PEI‐Modified Fungal Biomass

Abstract

A modified fungal biomass was prepared through the adsorption of polyethylenimine (PEI) and subsequent crosslinking with glutaraldehyde on the biomass surface. FTIR result verified that the amine groups were introduced on the biomass surface. As a large number of amine groups are present on the biomass surface and can be protonated in solution, the modified biomass was positively charged at pH<10.3. The modified biomass was used as an adsorbent to remove humic acid in a series of batch adsorption experiments. The amount of humic acid adsorbed on the biosorbent decreased with increasing solution pH, and the electrostatic interaction between the positive protonated amine groups on the biomass surface and the negative carboxyl groups in the humic acid molecules played an important role in humic acid adsorption. The time‐dependent sorption of humic acid on the biomass can be described well by the Fickian diffusion model at the initial stage and the pseudo‐second‐order equation over 10 h. Using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the maximum sorption capacity of the modified biomass for humic acid at pH 5 was 96.5 mg/g. The desorption experiments showed that the humic acid loaded biomass could be easily regenerated in a 0.1 M NaOH solution, and the regenerated biomass possessed good adsorption capacity up to the fifth cycle. The PEI‐modified biomass with polyamine chains shows the potential for application in water treatment for the removal of humic substances.