Fast transient analysis of incident field coupling to multiconductor transmission lines

Due to the rapid surge in operating frequencies and complexity of modern electronic designs, accurate/fast electromagnetic compatibility/interference analysis is becoming mandatory. This paper presents a closed-form SPICE macromodel for fast transient analysis of lossy multiconductor transmission lines in the presence of incident electromagnetic fields. In the proposed algorithm, the equivalent sources due to incident field coupling have been formulated so as to take an advantage of the recently developed delay extraction based passive transmission line macromodels. Also, a method to incorporate frequency-dependent per-unit-length parameters is presented. The time-domain macromodel is in the form of ordinary differential equations and can be easily included in SPICE like simulators for transient analysis. The proposed algorithm while guaranteeing the stability of the simulation by employing passive transmission line macromodel, provides significant speed-up for the incident field coupling analysis of multiconductor transmission line networks, especially with large delay and low losses.     

高速电路非均匀互连线间电磁干扰分析

根据高速电路中线宽发生变化的非均匀互连线结构特点,利用分段线性和等效电路摸型的方法,结合HSPICE电路分析软件,提出了适用于任意条数的非均匀互连线的多导体等效电路模型及仿真模型,从倾斜角度、非均匀互连线长度和信号上升时间几个特殊因素方面,对高速电路中非均匀互连线间的电磁干扰规律进行了分析和总结。     

Modeling of magnetic-field coupling with cable bundle harnesses

A field-to-line coupling model is developed for cable bundle harnesses in terms of the scattering currents and total line voltages. The equivalent distributed sources representing the effects of electromagnetic coupling are expressed as a function of the incident magnetic-field components. Such a formulation is particularly suitable to be used for the analysis of multiconductor transmission lines excited by a transient field, when data for the incident electric field are either inaccurate or not available. This model allows the accurate calculation of the induced voltages and currents on complex cable bundles. The effects on the induced voltages and currents due to ground losses and to the presence of the dielectric sheath in shielded and unshielded cables is discussed, considering bundles excited by either slow or fast transient fields. Numerical applications demonstrate the validity of the proposed procedure.     

Guaranteed passive direct lumped-element modeling of transmission lines

A novel approach to the reduced-order modeling of the frequency-dependent skin-effect (R-L) parameters of a transmission-line interconnect is proposed. A lumped-element circuit model for a short length of the lines is obtained directly from the finite-element method matrix equations. Only the most "important" eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the finite-element matrix are used, based on the contribution they make to the line parameters. The resulting reduced-order equivalent circuit is always passive and stable without the need for special modifications. The model can thus be immediately applied to problems where the transmission line is connected to nonlinear circuits. The model should find practical use in the design of flexible interconnect circuits as well as in other areas of high-speed digital electronics.     

Simulation and sensitivity analysis of nonuniform transmission lines using integrated congruence transform

This paper presents a new algorithm for computing sensitivity information of nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines with respect to arbitrary physical parameters. The proposed algorithm provides sensitivity information through a reduced-order system that has a simple representation in the time-domain. This feature enables computing sensitivity in the presence of nonlinear terminations. The proposed algorithm is based on the concept of passive model-order reduction using integrated congruence transform. It also addresses the problem of sensitivity analysis for nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines without having to resort to any discretization techniques     

Simplified Macromodel of MTLs With Incident Fields (SiMMIF)

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis of high-speed designs has become imperative due to rapidly increasing radio-frequency interference and emerging technological trends such as higher operating frequencies, denser layouts, and multifunction convergent products. In this paper, a simplified macromodel of multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) exposed to incident fields is presented. The proposed formulation can also handle frequency dependence of resistance, capacitance, conductance, and inductance (RLGC) line parameters. The method employs the recently developed delay-extraction-based compact and passive MTL macromodel, while developing closed-form expressions for incident field analysis. An error bound for the proposed macromodel is also presented. The macromodel is simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) compatible and overcomes the mixed frequency/time simulation difficulties usually encountered during transient analysis, while guaranteeing the stability of the global transient simulation. The algorithm provides higher accuracy as well as significant speed gains for EMC analysis of transmission line networks as compared to the existing techniques.     

Fast EMI Analysis via Transverse Partitioning and Waveform Relaxation

High-speed interconnects are increasingly becoming susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Hence, there is a growing need for fast simulation of interconnect lines in the presence of incident field coupling using circuit simulators such as SPICE. However, the presence of a large number of coupled lines in modern interconnect structures is a serious limiting factor in these simulations. In order to simultaneously address these difficulties, a new algorithm is presented in this paper for EMI analysis of large number of coupled interconnects. The new method exploits the recently developed waveform relaxation (WR) and transverse partitioning algorithms for fast EMI analysis. The same WR sources that are computed for multiconductor transmission line analysis are also employed for EMI analysis. The computational complexity of the proposed EMI analysis grows only linearly with the number of lines. In addition, the algorithm lends itself to parallel implementation leading to further reduction in CPU time.      

A generalized MoM-SPICE iterative technique for field coupling to multiconductor transmission lines in presence of complex structures

A generalized method of moments (MoM)-SPICE iterative technique for field coupling analysis of multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) in the vicinity of complex structures is presented. Telegrapher's coupling equations are modified with additional distributed voltage and current sources for more accurate analysis of the total current induced onto transmission line bundles in the presence of complex structures. These additional voltage and current sources are introduced to enforce the electric field boundary condition and continuity equation on MTLs beyond the quasi-static regime. The surrounding structure is modeled via the MoM and a SPICE-like simulator is used to simulate equivalent circuit model of the MTLs extracted via the partial element equivalent circuit method. The proposed technique is based on perturbation theory with the quasi-static current distributions on the transmission lines still assumed to be dominant. Validation examples for single and MTLs are given in the presence of complex structures.     

耦合型漏泄同轴电缆传输和耦合特性研究

针对泄漏同轴电缆作为分布式传感器应用于物联网和智能家居的室内安防入侵检测时，运用全波仿真软件HFSS不能有效仿真长距离的耦合漏缆的问题，提出了一种等效电路模型.利用参数提取软件，先提取单个开槽的缝隙单元的等效电路模型，然后借助于传输线理论，利用四个传输矩阵级联得到整段漏泄同轴电缆的传输矩阵.并考虑两根漏缆缝隙间相互耦合，提出了表征耦合特性的等效电路模型.将等效电路模型利用商用软件高级设计系统（advanced design system，ADS）进行电路搭建与仿真.仿真结果表明，本文提出的两根漏缆的等效电路模型与全波仿真结果非常符合，可以快速地仿真长距离的耦合漏缆结构，并大大节约了仿真时间.     

Time-domain analysis of propagation in inhomogeneous anisotropiclossy slabs

An equivalent-transmission-line-circuit (ETLC) model is developed to discuss the transient propagation problem of a plane wave in inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and transversely lossy slabs. This model is based on the analogy between the field equations and the coupled transmission line equations. By establishing the analogy, suitable lumped-circuit models are proposed to treat the equivalent transmission lines, which may then be solved by the circuit simulation program. In this study, the accuracy and convergence of the lumped-circuit models are examined. The ETLC model is then applied to discuss the propagation problem in anisotropic graphite/epoxy laminates with numerical results presented to show the transient responses due to the electromagnetic pulse and Gaussian pulse     

Field coupling to nonuniform and uniform transmission lines

We study time-domain and frequency-domain responses of nonuniform and uniform transmission lines excited by incident electromagnetic waves. Externally excited uniform transmission lines permit closed-form solutions in terms of inverse chain matrix, whereas nonuniform lines cannot be analytically solved, in general. We adopt a method of equivalent cascaded network chain as the method of solving the latter situation. Useful and compact expressions for the load currents induced at terminal loads are derived. To confirm the validity of this method and the forcing terms, theoretical and experimental results of coupling calculations for a few typical (uniform/nonuniform) line geometries, relevant in the EMC field, are presented and discussed     

基于积分方程等效电路和BLT方程的传导耦合效应仿真分析

提出了基于积分方程等效电路和Baum-Liu-Tesche(BLT)方程的电磁脉冲传导耦合效应分析方法, 建立外部电磁干扰等效源模型, 提取等效电流和阻抗参数.对内部含复杂传输线网络和集成电路插件的电子设备建立了电磁拓扑模型, 采用BLT方程分析电磁脉冲响应.仿真分析了内部传输线连接关系、外部信号线长度和半径大小、节点负载等因素对传导耦合效应的影响.将计算结果和商用电磁仿真软件CST的结果进行了对比, 分析了所提方法的有效性, 可为电子设备电磁脉冲防护设计提供参考.     

A measure of coupling efficiency for antenna penetrations

The electromagnetic penetration into a shielded enclosure through an antenna connected to a receiver inside the shield is discussed. Reciprocity is used to relate the far-zone fields to the short circuit current in the transmission line. Using a Norton equivalent circuit, a measure of coupling efficiency is derived, relating the electric field incident on the antenna to the current incident on the receiver. It is shown that the coupling efficiency can be determined from standard electromagnetic measurements. As a first example, an open-ended coaxial waveguide is considered. As a second example, a transmission line connected to a receiver inside the shield and to a center-fed dipole antenna outside the shield is discussed. Numerical results are presented for the dipole for various receiver bandwidths and transmission line characteristics. The results are given both in the frequency domain and in the time domain for a pulse incident field     

非均匀传输线的仿真模型建立方法研究

利用分段线性和等效电路模型,结合Hspice电路仿真软件,提出了一种建立非均匀传输线仿真模型的方法,给出了非均匀传输线的Hspice等效电路模型。通过一个有代表性的算例,利用文中提出的仿真模型建立方法,得出了时域范围内的Hspice仿真结果。最后通过与已有的方法结果比较表明：该方法有较高的计算精度,且计算速度快,占用计算机资源少。     

A new discrete transmission line model for passive model orderreduction and macromodeling of high-speed interconnections

A new, computationally efficient, discrete model is presented for passive model order reduction of high-speed interconnections. The proposed discrete model is based on the use of the theory of compact finite differences for the development of the discrete approximation to the transmission line equations that govern wave propagation on the interconnections. Thus result in a discrete model that utilizes only a few unknowns per wavelength and yet provides highly accurate waveform resolution. In addition to improved computational efficiency, the generated discrete model is passive, and compatible with the passive reduced-order interconnect modeling algorithm (PRIMA). Thus, it is suitable for the development of passive reduced-order models of interconnection networks of high complexity. Numerical experiments from the simulation and model order reduction of coupled interconnections are used to illustrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed model     

CSRR微带线的等效电路模型研究

首先借助三维全波电磁仿真软件HFSS对CSRR微带线进行了仿真,并引入慢波因子（SWF）分析了其慢波特性。然后根据CSRR微带线幅频曲线的单极点低通特性,以一阶巴特沃斯低通滤波器为原型,建立了CSRR微带线的等效电路模型,通过高频电磁仿真结果和电路仿真结果的对比,二者吻合较好,从而验证了该等效电路模型的正确性和有效性。最后,基于该等效电路模型研究了CSRR的结构变化对其电路特性的影响。CSRR微带线必将在未来微带电路设计中具有广泛的应用前景。     

多导体传输线瞬态响应研究

针对多导体传输线瞬态响应的无源性问题,提出了基于集总等效源模型的多导体传输线瞬态响应模型. 从外场激励下的多导体传输线的频域电报方程解出发,将外场在传输线上激励的分布电压源和电流源与传输线指数矩阵解耦,建立了集总等效电压源和电流源模型. 为避免复杂的傅里叶反变换及卷积运算,推导了集总源模型的时域递推方程. 在此基础上,采用时域有限差分法建立了端接线性负载、非线性负载和外场激励下的不等长多导体传输线瞬态响应离散递推方程. 通过对无损传输线的仿真对比,验证了方法的有效性. 最后,对端接线性负载、非线性负载和外场激励下的不等长多导体传输线瞬态响应进行了试验和仿真分析.       

Making a better interconnection through modeling

Introduces a simple technique for implementing nonuniform coupled transmission lines with frequency-dependent parameters into SPICE. The proposed method relies on the analog behavioral modeling option, which bypasses the problems of circuit synthesis and the need to develop sophisticated techniques for analysis of these kind of structures. We describe basic principles that serve to construct the model, derive a generalized model of characteristics typical of an n-conductor nonuniform lossy coupled transmission line system, establish the relationship between the S-parameters and the voltage-dependent voltage sources of the model, and deal with the implementation of the developed model to each port. Examples that illustrate the advantages of the model and concordance with previously published results are also presented     

An efficient algorithm for sensitivity analysis of nonuniform transmission lines

This paper presents a new algorithm that addresses an important issue arising in computation of sensitivity for nonuniform transmission lines using the idea of model reduction through integrated congruence transform. This issue is related extending the concept of implicit basis construction, which was introduced earlier to simulate nonuniform transmission lines, to the task of sensitivity analysis. A new algorithm is presented to compute the orthogonal basis needed to obtain the reduced system used in sensitivity analysis. The proposed algorithm incorporates a new orthogonalization procedure which can be used to find an orthogonal basis for a set of moments derived from inhomogeneous differential equations, but without having to compute those moments explicitly. Numerical results demonstrate that reduced-order systems constructed by the proposed algorithm have improved numerical accuracy in sensitivity computation.     

A Precise Time-Step Integration Method for Transient Analysis of Lossy Nonuniform Transmission Lines

This paper presents a novel time-domain integration method for transient analysis of nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs). It can solve the time response of various kinds of transmission lines with arbitrary coupling status. The spatial discretization in this method is the same as the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm. However, in order to eliminate the Courant-Friedrich-Levy condition constraint, a precise time-step integration method is utilized in time-domain calculation. It gives an analytical solution in the time domain for the spatial discretized Telegrapher's equations with linear boundary conditions. Large time steps can be adopted in the integration process to achieve accurate results efficiently. In the analysis of transmission lines with frequency-dependent parameters, a passive equivalent model is introduced, which leads to the similar semidiscrete model as that for the frequency-independent case. In addition, a rigorous proof of the passivity of the model is provided. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the proposed method.