抗病诱导剂SRS2对烟草赤星病等的控制作用

抗病诱导剂ＳＲＳ２经山东临沂７县两年试验示范，对烟草赤星病有较好地控制作用，防效６０％－８５％，表现出良好的药理学特性。可明显控制野火病、脉斑病、黑胫病害。ＳＲＳ２作为诱导抗性利用的一种途径，能达到有效控制赤星病、兼治其它病害，无公害及其它有益收效等多重作用。     

应用0．3％科生霉素防治烟草赤星病研究

科生霉素可显著抑制赤星病菌孢子萌发，使其丧失萌发能力或产生畸形芽管，并能抑制菌丝生长，早期预防可延迟赤星病发病期１０天左右，病害发生后可有效控制病斑扩展和新病斑的产生。稀释倍数２００倍以内施用三次，防治效果在７０％以上。     

应用0.3%科生霉素防治烟草赤星病研究

科生霉素可显著抑制赤星病菌孢子萌发，使其丧失萌发能力或产生畸形芽管，并能抑制菌丝生长，早期预防可延迟赤星病发病期１０天左右，病害发生后可有效控制病斑扩展和新病斑的产生，稀释倍数２００倍以内施用三次，防治效果在７０％以上；     

烤烟高抗赤星病气候斑点病普通花叶病新种质CV87选育利用研究

ＣＶ８７新种质资源是中国农业科学院烟草研究所用抗花叶病、赤星病、气候斑点病主抗源ＣＶ５８作母本与美国引进抗根茎病害优质品种主亲源（Ｇ２８×ＮＣ８２）Ｆ１组合做父本多亲本复交系统育成。主要农艺性状遗传稳定。综合经济性状良好。具兼高抗赤星病（病指５．８８～６．１９）、气候斑点病（发病率０．５６％～６．３３％）、普通花叶病（发病率和病指０）突出特点,均属高抗型。但感染野火病。对赤星病其抗性略优于抗病对照品种（系）ＣＶ５８。而感病对照品种ＮＣ８９,赤星病病指达４２．３０～４８．９３,气候斑点病发病率达３０．３３％～５８．６０％,均属感病型。ＣＶ８７是目前烟草抗赤星病、气候斑点病、普通花叶病育种最优良多抗源的新种质资源,在病区应用ＣＶ８７进行大面积生产试验示范,防病效果和效益均十分显著。     

新引国外烤烟品种的抗病性鉴定

为选育和利用抗病品种,有效防治烟草病害,采用人工诱发抗病性鉴定的方法进行了9个新引进的烤烟品种对烟草黑胫病、TMV、赤星病的抗性鉴定.结果表明:PVH2254,PVH2306,PVH2299抗性最好,高抗TMV,抗黑胫病,中抗赤星病;RGH04抗黑胫病,高抗TMV,中感赤星病,PVH2110和K326PVY中抗黑胫病、赤星病,感TMV;PVH1452抗黑胫病,感TMV,中感赤星病;NC71抗黑胫病,中感TMV和赤星病.     

谈烤烟赤星病的综合防治

谈烤烟赤星病的综合防治黄忠仁（黑龙江省烟草科学研究所牡丹江１５７０００）近几年来，烤烟受赤星病的危害越来越大。不少烟农想种烟而惧怕病害，想防病又因农药太贵怕得不偿失，得了病愁眉不展而束手无策。但我个人认为，只要在思想上重视对赤星病的防治，从苗期抓起，...     

烟叶烘烤后野火病、赤星病病斑面积的变化研究

在对烟草野火病、赤星病的研究过程中,我们发现烤烟叶片经烘烤后,干烟叶上的野火病、赤星病病斑面积比未烘烤时鲜叶上的病斑面积明显增大了。病斑面积发生此种变化的事实至今尚未见报道。如果这种变化及变化的数值被证实,将加深我们对野火病和赤星病的认识,在指导病害的防治工作中也有一定实用价值。1989年—1990年我们对这两个病害于烟叶烘烤前、后病斑面积变化进行了详细研究,现把结果报道如下。     

烟草病害发生及防治的前顾与后瞻

我国烟区辽阔,品种很多,各烟区的病害发生危害的情况不同,据统计全国(包括台湾在内)烟草病害约有30余种,其中危害严重的有:苗床期病害、黑胫病、病毒病、青枯病、低头黑病、白粉病、赤星病、蛙眼病、角斑病、野火病、根结线虫等十余种,每年这些病害所造成的损失大约10—20％。苗床期危害最大的是炭疽病,遍及全国     

烤烟新品种中烟100(CF965)的选育及其应用评价

中烟100（CF965）是以兼抗烟草多种主要病害的烤烟新品系9201为母本与易感赤星病、对低温短日照反应敏感的优质烤烟品种NC82为回交亲本，通过杂交重组、回交聚合，经系谱法选育而成。试验结果证明：该品种适应性强，耐肥水，易烘烤；抗黑胫病、赤星病，耐气候斑点病；烤后原烟呈浅桔黄色，油分多，色泽均匀鲜亮，主要化学成份含量适宜，比例协调，烟叶质量符合中式卷烟需要；与目前主栽对照品种比较，烟叶产量提高9．44％，均价提高9．24％，中上等烟比例增加3．3个百分点，产值提高18．36％；是一个品质、抗性、产量、适应性等综合性状较能兼顾、适宜全国主要烟区种植的优良烤烟新品种。     

广东省新发现的烟草真菌病害及其识别

广东省新发现的烟草真菌病害及其识别黄清珠嵇阳火郑冠标高乔婉（华南农业大学广州５１０６４２）陈泽鹏易锡铎（中国烟草总公司广东省公司广州５１００４５）１９８９～１９９１年在我省烟草主产区进行病害普查，发现烟草真菌病害有黑胫病、赤星病、蛙眼病、炭疽病、白粉...     

疫霉葡聚糖激发子Gep1诱导烟草对烟草花叶病毒的抗性研究

烟草花叶病毒病是危害烟草的重要病害,可通过激发子诱导烟草产生抗病性。利用乙醇沉淀、DEAE-52、SephadexG-100柱层析的方法,从疫霉菌中分离纯化出一种葡聚糖类激发子Gep1。Gep1诱导后,烟草叶片产生和积累H₂O₂、酚类物质;烟草叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均有不同程度的提高。Gep1可以诱导烟草抗TMV。盆栽实验表明,4 mg/mL Gep1的防效为67.4%,降低了发病率,推迟了发病时间。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,Gep1激发子诱导烟草抗病相关基因的上调表达,表明Gep1可激发烟草防卫反应,诱导烟草产生系统抗性,提高烟草对病毒的抗性。     

生防真菌与氨基寡糖素组合对烟草黑胫病和根黑腐病的防治

针对烟草黑胫病和根黑腐病两种烟草土传病害日益加重的现状,利用生防真菌棘孢木霉MX菌株和产紫青霉Q2菌株分别与植物诱抗剂氨基寡糖素进行组合,在盆栽条件下测定了其分别在两种病害胁迫下的抗病效果。结果表明,产紫青霉Q2和棘孢木霉MX对烟草黑胫病菌和根黑腐病菌均有较强的拮抗作用,其发酵滤液能有效抑制两种病原菌的生长,与氨基寡糖素组合后能够更好地促进烟草幼苗的生长,对黑胫病和根黑腐病的防治效果均达到65%以上,能显著提高发病烟草中防御酶PAL、SOD、POD的活性。     

卷烟企业风力送丝自适应控制系统的开发

为实现精准控制风送速度,减少风力输送造成的烟丝造碎,建立了风力送丝系统自适应控制系统。该系统可实现电机频率动态控制、风压和风速双闭环串级控制,可依据卷烟机开机台数、要料信号快速、准确调节电机输出频率和各支管风速。试验表明系统正常运行时风速调节可在2 s内完成,风速控制标准差小于0.638 m/s。系统对减少烟丝造碎具有正向改善作用,可减少单箱烟丝消耗1.14%。      

类芽孢杆菌发酵原料浸提液提升再造烟叶品质

为提升再造烟叶品质,利用烟草中分离的类芽孢杆菌制备静息细胞,对再造烟叶原料浸提液进行发酵处理;采用连续流动分析、气质联用仪（GC-MS）、热裂解-气相色谱质谱（Py-GC/MS）等方法,测定了发酵过程中浸提液中蛋白质、还原糖、氨基酸含量变化;分析了其主要挥发性香味成分;并利用发酵浸提液浓缩涂布制备再造烟叶样品,进行热裂解产物分析和感官评价。结果表明:①发酵浸提液和对照组中的蛋白质、还原糖含量在5 h内持续减少,而氨基酸含量先增高后降低,且发酵浸提液的蛋白质、还原糖含量低于对照,氨基酸含量高于对照;②发酵液中香味物质种类和总量较对照组均有所增加,其中糠醛、糠酮等致香组分增幅明显;③对比再造烟叶裂解产物,发现发酵浸提液浓缩后涂布样品裂解产生的γ-丁内酯、2,3-二氢-5-甲基呋喃、糠醛等典型烟气致香组分提高;④发酵液浓缩后涂布的再造烟叶样品感官品质较对照样品明显提升。利用类芽孢杆菌发酵烟草浸提液,对于提升再造烟叶的感官品质具有促进作用。      

烟草制丝加料加香过程的无辨识自适应控制方案

烟草制丝过程中当烟丝流量波动较大时,采用传统PID控制方案的加料加香系统稳定性差,控制精度低,造成成品烟丝中辅料和香精分布不均,影响批次产品质量。为此,提出了无辨识自适应控制方案,控制算法简单且易于工程实现,可根据烟丝流量波动情况在线自动校正控制器参数,优化控制性能,实现快速调节和高精度控制。应用结果表明,采用无辨识自适应控制方案能有效提高加料加香过程控制的稳定性和控制精度,加料加香过程的瞬时比例标准偏差由0.05左右降低到0.01左右,最大控制误差由0.3以上降低到0.1以下。控制系统具有良好的鲁棒稳定性,保证了成品烟丝中辅料和香精比例的准确和均匀,提升了制丝生产过程的控制水平。     

Hungry for tobacco: an analysis of the economic impact of tobacco consumption on the poor in Bangladesh

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extent of tobacco expenditures in Bangladesh and to compare those costs with potential investment in food and other essential items. DESIGN: Review of available statistics and calculations based thereon. RESULTS: Expenditure on tobacco, particularly cigarettes, represents a major burden for impoverished Bangladeshis. The poorest (household income of less than $24/month) are twice as likely to smoke as the wealthiest (household income of more than $118/month). Average male cigarette smokers spend more than twice as much on cigarettes as per capita expenditure on clothing, housing, health and education combined. The typical poor smoker could easily add over 500 calories to the diet of one or two children with his or her daily tobacco expenditure. An estimated 10.5 million people currently malnourished could have an adequate diet if money on tobacco were spent on food instead. The lives of 350 children could be saved each day. CONCLUSION: Tobacco expenditures exacerbate the effects of poverty and cause significant deterioration in living standards among the poor. This aspect of tobacco use has been largely neglected by those working in poverty and tobacco control. Strong tobacco control measures could have immediate impact on the health of the poor by decreasing tobacco expenditures and thus significantly increasing the resources of the poor. Addressing the issue of tobacco and poverty together could make tobacco control a higher priority for poor countries.     

造纸法再造烟叶松散机的改进设计与工程应用

为解决造纸法再造烟叶松散问题,设计了具有自动松散功能的再造烟叶松散机。该装置主要由松散单元、均料辊、底带料仓、电控及安全系统等组成,再造烟叶通过进料带输送至自动松散装置,松散后的再造烟叶落入料仓出料皮带,通过均料棍进行流量调节。应用效果表明,自动松散喂料机有效解决了再造烟叶松散问题,与传统方式相比,回潮后烟片松散率提高0.8%,大中片率提高2.0%,碎片率降低0.19%,含水率标准偏差减小0.16%,具有推广价值。     

清江流域烟区烟草青枯病流行时间动态及气象因素分析

为更好地进行清江流域烟区烟草青枯病的预测预报和合理防控,本研究通过定点系统调查和统计分析,确定了清江流域烟区烟草青枯病发生危害、流行动态规律及主要流行气象因子,并提出了药剂防治时期。结果表明:（1）一元三次模型能较好地描述烟草青枯病的流行动态规律,可根据该模型进行病害发生的预测。（2）该区域烟草青枯病整体呈现前期平缓、流行迅速、后期急剧的特点,病程阶段可划分为病害首发期（移栽后45~67 d）、迅速蔓延期（移栽后67~97 d）和全面爆发期（移栽后97 d~采收结束）。（3）烟草青枯病药剂预防期和防治关键期:预防期为烟叶移栽45 d（6月10日）之前且均温未达18.82℃之前;防治关键期为烟叶移栽67 d（7月1日）之前且均温未达22.00℃之前。结合病程阶段和气温两方面提出的药剂防治时期更有利于烟草青枯病的有效防控。      

Development of a subacute ruminal acidosis risk score and its prediction using milk mid-infrared spectra in early-lactation cows

A routine monitoring for subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on the individual level could support the minimization of economic losses and the ensuring of animal welfare in dairy cows. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop a SARA risk score (SRS) by combining information from different data acquisition systems to generate an integrative indicator trait, (2) the investigation of associations of the SRS with feed analysis data, blood characteristics, performance data, and milk composition, including the fatty acid (FA) profile, (3) the development of a milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra-based prediction equation for this novel reference trait SRS, and (4) its application to an external data set consisting of MIR data of test day records to investigate the association between the MIR-based predictions of the SRS and the milk FA profile. The primary data set, which was used for the objectives (1) to (3), consisted of data collected from 10 commercial farms with a total of 100 Holstein cows in early lactation. The data comprised barn climate parameters, pH and temperature logging from intrareticular measurement boluses, as well as jaw movement and locomotion behavior recordings of noseband-sensor halters and pedometers. Further sampling and data collection included feed samples, blood samples, milk performance, and milk samples, whereof the latter were used to get the milk MIR spectra and to estimate the main milk components, the milk FA profile, and the lactoferrin content. Because all measurements were characterized by different temporal resolutions, the data preparation consisted of an aggregation into values on a daily basis and merging it into one data set. For the development of the SRS, a total of 7 traits were selected, which were derived from measurements of pH and temperature in the reticulum, chewing behavior, and milk yield. After adjustment for fixed effects and standardization, these 7 traits were combined into the SRS using a linear combination and directional weights based on current knowledge derived from literature studies. The secondary data set was used for objective (4) and consisted of test day records of the entire herds, including performance data, milk MIR spectra and MIR-predicted FA. At farm level, it could be shown that diets with higher proportions of concentrated feed resulted in both lower daily mean pH and higher SRS values. On the individual level, an increased SRS could be associated with a modified FA profile (e.g., lower levels of short- and medium-chain FA, higher levels of C17:0, odd- and branched-chain FA). Furthermore, a milk MIR-based partial least squares regression model with a moderate predictability was established for the SRS. This work provides the basis for the development of routine SARA monitoring and demonstrates the high potential of milk composition-based assessment of the health status of lactating cows.     

TMV 侵染后烟草中信号分子水杨酸和过氧化氢的变化

以两个抗病品种、一个感病品种为材料,利用抗体和定位染色对 TMV侵染后烟草中的信号分子水杨酸和过氧化氢的时空变化进行检测。结果表明:接种 TMV能够诱导水杨酸(SA)含量的上升,到接种后 12h达到最大,且接种叶比同侧上部叶上升幅度要大,品种间存在差异;抗病品种接种 TMV能够诱导过氧化氢的产生,随着时间延长过氧化氢从局部向外扩散,而感病品种和磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)对照不能激发过氧化氢的产生。