明串珠菌的碳代谢调控研究进展

明串珠菌是韩国泡菜、德国泡菜和腌菜等发酵蔬菜中的优势细菌,保持产品的质量中起着重要作用,在各种乳制品中也有它的应用,因此近年来在内地对其的研究开始活跃.为明串珠菌的碳代谢调控研究提供第一手资料,该文综述了明串珠菌的碳代谢途径、发酵调控和基因表达调控.     

明串珠菌的基因研究进展

明串珠菌是韩国泡菜、德国泡菜和腌菜等发酵蔬菜中的优势细菌,保持产品的质量中起着重要作用,在各种乳制品中也有其的应用,因此近年来在内地对它的研究开始活跃。该文论述明串珠菌的有用蛋白质基因的克隆与异源表达、对明串珠菌的遗传转化和染色体改造、基因组等方面的研究进展,为今后的明串珠菌基因研究提供借鉴。     

肠膜明串珠菌发酵对四川泡菜中有机酸生成的影响

四川泡菜是我国具有代表性的传统发酵食品。有机酸是衡量四川泡菜发酵程度和品质的重要指标。为研究肠膜明串珠菌发酵对四川泡菜中有机酸生成的影响,在传统四川泡菜制作工艺的基础上,以自然和接种肠膜明串珠菌2种方式发酵四川泡菜,对发酵过程中微生物数量、总酸及有机酸含量进行了测定。结果表明,接种肠膜明串珠菌发酵的四川泡菜与自然发酵相比,其菌落优势大于自然发酵组,总酸优先达到平衡,柠檬酸、酒石酸含量高于自然发酵组;接种发酵组中苹果酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、酒石酸、乳酸含量在发酵20 d后的含量分别为2.76、0.94、0.07、0.17、49.22 mg/mL;接种肠膜明串珠菌发酵提高了四川泡菜中有机酸的含量,缩短了发酵周期,为四川泡菜新型乳酸菌发酵剂的研发提供理论依据,为四川泡菜工业化生产奠定基础。     

传统四川泡菜发酵过程中明串珠菌的分离鉴定

分别以红皮萝卜、卷心菜、豇豆为原料,用自然发酵法制作了三种四川泡菜。对三种泡菜发酵过程中的明串珠菌进行分离,主要得到四种不同形态的菌株,将其分别命名为:MC-1、MC-2、MC-13、J-5,其中J-5为豇豆泡菜特有,其余为三种泡菜共有。采用生理生化结合16SrDNA序列鉴定对分离的菌株进行鉴定,依次鉴定为:乳明串珠菌(L.lactis)、肠膜明串株菌葡聚糖亚种(L.mesenteroides subsp.dextranicum)、柠檬明串珠菌(L.citreum)、假肠膜明串珠菌(L.pseudomesenteroide)。对发酵过程中明串珠菌动态分析表明:L.lactis、L.mesenteroides subsp.dextranicum为三种泡菜中的主要优势明串珠菌;L.citreum在发酵第2~4d出现后很快又消失;L.pseudomesenteroide在豇豆发酵的第3~9d比较活跃;泡菜发酵到第11d,泡菜水中所有的L.lactis都消失。     

食窦魏斯氏菌NCU034005与柠檬明串珠菌NCU027003对泡菜代谢物及风味的影响

在灭菌后的泡菜原材料中分别接种食窦魏斯氏菌NCU034005与柠檬明串珠菌NCU027003,室温纯种发酵7d,期间检测泡菜液中挥发性物质与非挥发性物质(葡萄糖、有机酸、氨基酸等)、pH、风味物质香气活度值。结果表明:食窦魏斯氏菌NCU034005与柠檬明串珠菌NCU027003纯种发酵泡菜中pH不同程度下降,两株乳酸菌对碳水化合物、有机酸与氨基酸的代谢能力不同;主成分分析表明食窦魏斯氏菌NCU034005与柠檬明串珠菌NCU027003纯种发酵泡菜中的代谢物与风味存在显著差异,且有自身的代表性标志代谢物与风味因子。食窦魏斯氏菌NCU034005与柠檬明串珠菌NCU027003对泡菜代谢物与风味有显著影响。     

酸泡菜发酵过程中乳酸菌区系的研究

在几种酸泡菜的发酵过程中,分离、鉴定出肠膜明串珠菌,葡聚糖明串珠菌、小片球菌、植物乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、棒状乳杆菌等乳酸菌种类。明串珠菌、片球菌一般在发酵前期出现.乳杆菌则在发酵的中后期占优势,其中以植物乳杆菌最常见。     

肠膜明串珠菌发酵对四川泡菜品质的影响

四川泡菜是我国具有代表性的传统发酵食品。传统泡菜的制作方式多为自然发酵、具有发酵时间长、发酵条件不易控制、产品质量难以保障等弊端。为进一步研究接种发酵对泡菜品质的影响,在传统四川泡菜制作工艺的基础上,以自然和接种肠膜明串珠菌2种方式发酵四川泡菜,对发酵过程中p H、总酸、亚硝酸盐、质构参数进行测定,最后进行成品感官评价。实验结果显示,与自然发酵相比接种发酵的泡菜p H下降速度和总酸含量上升速度快,亚硝酸盐含量较低,质构特性优,感官评价综合得分高。因此,接种肠膜明串珠菌发酵四川泡菜可以缩短发酵周期,加强泡菜食用安全性,改善风味,提高泡菜的品质。     

传统中韩泡菜乳酸菌菌相分析与风味物质组成的比较

通过对传统中韩泡菜的发酵原料与工艺,乳酸菌菌相和风味物质组成进行比较,分析了传统中韩泡菜发酵过程中乳酸菌菌相的生态演替和风味物质组成。传统中国泡菜发酵过程中的优势乳酸菌为明串珠菌Leuconostoc、乳杆菌Lactobacillus、片球菌Pediococcus和肠球菌Enterococcus,产品的主体风味物质包括有机酸类、醇类和酯类。传统韩国泡菜发酵过程的优势乳酸菌为明串珠菌Leuconostoc、乳杆菌Lactobacillus、乳球菌Lactococcus和魏斯氏菌Weissella,其主体风味物质为含硫化合物。传统中韩泡菜发酵过程中的乳酸菌菌群演变和主体风味物质组成都存在较大差异。     

泡菜中产气乳酸菌分离鉴定研究

为了解泡菜中主要乳酸菌种类及其产气特性,从泡菜中分离14株乳酸菌,对菌落、菌体形态特征观察,进行接触酶、产H2S、明胶液化、pH值为4.5条件下生长、需氧、石蕊牛奶实验、碳水化合物发酵产酸测试、产气测试。结果发现7菌株属乳酸杆菌属,分别为嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、食品乳杆菌(消化乳杆菌)、弯曲乳杆菌、米酒乳杆菌、坏发酵乳杆菌。1菌株是假肠膜明串珠菌。短乳杆菌、假肠膜明串珠菌、坏发酵乳杆菌都产气。     

不同发酵方式的泡菜挥发性成分分析

为研究不同发酵方式泡菜中挥发性成分的差异,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对自然发酵、老泡菜水发酵、肠膜明串珠菌发酵、植物乳杆菌发酵和短乳杆菌发酵5 种不同发酵方式的泡菜及泡菜原料中挥发性成分进行检测分析,得到不同种类化合物共55 种。利用相对气味活度值确定了各类泡菜及原料中的主体风味成分的种类。结果表明,不同泡菜中的主体风味成分种类差异较大,仅壬醛是各类泡菜的共有主体风味成分,对结球甘蓝泡菜风味影响最大。通过主成分分析结果可知,老泡菜水发酵、短乳杆菌发酵和甘蓝原料的风味在整体上明显不同,而肠膜明串珠菌、植物乳杆菌发酵泡菜与自然发酵泡菜在总体风味成分上较为接近,并与壬醛、异硫氰酸烯丙酯、右旋萜二烯关联较大。     

明串珠菌筛选与分类的研究进展

明串珠菌存在于蔬菜、饲料和多种发酵食品等各种植物材料中,在各种乳制品中有应用,因此近年来国内对它的研究开始活跃。文中论述了明串珠菌的生存环境、筛选方法、鉴定手段和分类,为分类学研究提供参考。     

发酵香肠中分离纯化的三株乳酸菌产酸特性研究

为了研究从发酵香肠中分离纯化的3株乳酸菌粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)和肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)的产酸性能,对这3株菌在不同pH、温度、NaCl、NaNO2条件下的生长情况及产酸情况进行了测定。研究结果显示:这3株菌中,肠膜明串珠菌和戊糖片球菌的生长特性较好;粪肠球菌的生长特性虽不如肠膜明串珠菌和戊糖片球菌,但产酸能力最好,戊糖片球菌耐盐性最好、肠膜明串珠菌耐亚硝酸盐的特性最好;在不同温度和pH条件的测试中,肠膜明串珠菌的生长能力最好,粪肠球菌次之。这3株乳酸菌在发酵肉制品中均产生乳酸。总之,这3株菌均具有用于发酵制备乳酸的能力。     

Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: the Leuconostoc genus

Although Leuconostoc genus is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS), a few clinically human infections cases by this microorganism have been reported in the literature, leading to their classification as opportunistic pathogens. However, these reported cases concern only severe immunodepressed patients, and none direct relations have yet been proven between Leuconostoc isolation and human diseases. Moreover, no cases of infections have been directly linked to the consumption of fermented food. Considering the long history of use of Leuconostoc in dairy industry, and their poor incidence in human infections cases, this bacterial genus may be reasonably considered as " safe " for its use in fermented dairy products.     

Processing properties of yogurt as affected by the EPS produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides XR1

The aim of this study was to examine the fermentation characteristics of a novel Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain (XR1) and to investigate the effect of XR1 exopolysaccharides (EPS) on the microstructure, texture and rheological properties of yoghurt. The novel Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain (XR1) was isolated from wild kefir grains obtained from Xinjiang Province. The results showed that XR1 had good EPS production capacity and favourable fermentation performance. The addition of XR1 EPS to fermented milk effectively improved the water-holding capacity (WHC) of the fermented milk and changed its microstructure. In subsequent fermentation studies, the XR1 strain was found to be a compatible strain, and the steric barrier formed between XR1 EPS and the fermented milk proteins enhanced its viscoelastic properties. Rheology studies indicated that fermented milk supplemented with EPS possessed a higher modulus (G’, G’’ ) and complex viscosity. Thus, these results indicate that XR1 EPS are useful as a natural organic additive that can replace chemical additives in dairy products.     

人工接种发酵甘蓝工艺条件的优化

为了探究甘蓝人工接种发酵适宜的发酵剂及发酵条件,采用从四川泡菜老汤中分离的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、戊糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus pentosus)、肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)3种菌以单一和不同配比混合组合成16组组合发酵剂中选出发酵甘蓝时亚硝酸盐含量低、发酵速度快、风味好的发酵剂。结果表明：肠膜明串珠菌、戊糖乳杆菌,其质量比为1:2(nPb:SPc组合),肠膜明串珠菌、戊糖乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌,其质量比为1:1:1(nPb:bC1:SPc组合),此两种组合为较优化发酵剂。应用响应面分析法优化此两种组合发酵剂接种发酵甘蓝的工艺条件。人工接种发酵甘蓝的条件为食盐质量浓度4g/100mL、接种量0.2%、发酵温度25℃。通过主效应分析说明食盐质量浓度对总酸度影响最大,发酵温度次之,接种量对其影响较小。     

Selection and characterization of mixed starter cultures for lactic acid fermentation of carrot, cabbage, beet and onion vegetable mixtures

An evaluation of various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for the fermentation of cabbage, carrot and beet-based vegetable products was carried out. As part of a screening process, the growth of 15 cultures in a vegetable juice medium (VJM) was characterized by automated spectrophotometry. Acidification patterns as well as viability during storage of the LAB were also established. There were greater differences between the pure cultures than the mixed ones with respect to growth in VJM and viability during storage. Reductions in viable cell counts during storage of the fermented VJM occurred more rapidly with a Leuconostoc strain than for pediococci or lactobacilli. Inoculation of vegetables was carried out with cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum NK-312, Pediococcus acidilactici AFERM 772 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides BLAC which were rehydrated in a brine. This rehydration procedure was not detrimental to viability. During fermentation of a carrot/cabbage vegetable mix, sugar metabolism was characterized by the assimilation of both glucose and fructose, but sugars remained in the fermented vegetables when acidification stopped. The pH in the LAB-inoculated vegetables after 72 h at 20 degrees C was significantly lower (by 0.2 units) than the uninoculated control. Inoculation with LAB designed for silage fermentation resulted in the inhibition of acetic acid production, and reduced the production of ethanol during fermentation. The selection process on VJM enabled the preparation of a mixed culture that was more rapid than the silage inoculants in acidifying the medium and was more effective in reducing the production of gas during the fermentation and storage of the fermented vegetables.     

发酵香肠研究进展及展望

发酵香肠分布广、产量大,是发酵肉制品的典型代表,且因其独特的风味深受人们喜爱。近些年来,安全、感官及健康品质的提升已成为发酵香肠研究的核心内容,而发酵剂、工艺改进以及低脂低盐化等是其品质提升的重要举措。本文主要就发酵香肠在功能性发酵剂、复配发酵剂、酶、新工艺技术、低脂低盐化策略等方面的研究进行概述,并对其未来研究进行展望,以期为发酵香肠研究提供一定的参考。     

自然发酵豆酱中明串珠菌的分离鉴定

分离筛选传统发酵豆酱中的明串珠菌,研究其益生特性。以采集自东北6 个地区的56 份自然发酵豆酱为研究对象,用稀释涂布平板方法对明串珠菌进行分离筛选,然后对疑似菌株进行形态学特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列进行分析,确定菌株种属序列,然后对鉴定得到的明串菌株进行耐酸耐胆盐性能比较。结果表明：从56?份豆酱样品中共分离到118?株疑似乳酸菌,从中得到6?株明串珠菌,鉴定3?株为乳酸明串珠菌,3?株为肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种。综合比较6?株明串珠菌耐酸耐胆盐性,发现菌株FX6益生性最好,在pH?3.0环境培养3?h后存活率可达85.16%,在含0.3 g/100 mL胆盐环境培养6?h后存活率高达96.07%。因此,菌株FX6可用于进一步科研以及工业应用,其在豆酱发酵过程的作用机理仍需深入研究。