传统中韩泡菜乳酸菌菌相分析与风味物质组成的比较

通过对传统中韩泡菜的发酵原料与工艺,乳酸菌菌相和风味物质组成进行比较,分析了传统中韩泡菜发酵过程中乳酸菌菌相的生态演替和风味物质组成。传统中国泡菜发酵过程中的优势乳酸菌为明串珠菌Leuconostoc、乳杆菌Lactobacillus、片球菌Pediococcus和肠球菌Enterococcus,产品的主体风味物质包括有机酸类、醇类和酯类。传统韩国泡菜发酵过程的优势乳酸菌为明串珠菌Leuconostoc、乳杆菌Lactobacillus、乳球菌Lactococcus和魏斯氏菌Weissella,其主体风味物质为含硫化合物。传统中韩泡菜发酵过程中的乳酸菌菌群演变和主体风味物质组成都存在较大差异。     

单菌与多菌接种发酵对多轮发酵四川泡菜风味的影响

以植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)以及食窦魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria)为出发菌株,pH、总酸、挥发性风味成分和感官评价为指标,研究3种单菌及多菌对多轮发酵四川泡菜风味品质的影响。结果表明,与自然发酵相比,接种发酵均能快速启动发酵,稳定泡菜品质;3种单菌产酸速度为肠膜明串珠菌>食窦魏斯氏菌>植物乳杆菌。采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术共检出挥发性风味成分85种,其中包括醇类27种、醛酮类17种、酯类16种、酸类2种、烃类13种、含硫化合物2种、苯环类5种、其他化合物3种;共分析出16种重要挥发性成分,包括二甲基三硫、二甲基二硫醚、桉叶油醇、芳樟醇、α-松油醇、壬醛、正辛醛、正葵醛、乙偶姻、异硫氰酸烯丙酯、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、3-(甲硫基)丙基异硫氰酸酯、三芥子酸甘油酯、乙酸...     

食窦魏斯氏菌协同植物乳杆菌改善四川泡菜风味

探索食窦魏斯氏菌协同植物乳杆菌(协同发酵)对四川泡菜风味的影响,研究发酵过程中乳酸菌菌落总数、pH值及乳酸、乙酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸的变化;采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱法,分析四川泡菜产品中挥发性物质成分及含量,并对产品感官品质进行评价。结果表明:协同发酵能够快速提升发酵前期(0～4 d)泡菜体系中乳酸菌、乳酸和乙酸的含量,改善泡菜产品发酵风味,提升产品品质。发酵第1天,协同发酵组中乳酸菌菌落总数达到8.52(lg(CFU/mL)),比植物乳杆菌组增加了0.85(lg(CFU/mL));发酵第3天,协同发酵组中乳酸质量浓度达10.9 g/L,比植物乳杆菌组增加了5.5 g/L;发酵结束后,协同发酵泡菜产品的感官优于植物乳杆菌发酵泡菜产品。挥发性物质分析表明,协同发酵组中挥发性物质达27种,比植物乳杆菌组新增7种挥发性物质;挥发性物质总量为6.096 mg/L,显著高于植物乳杆菌组(3.188 mg/L)。因此,食窦魏斯氏菌能够较好协同植物乳杆菌发酵四川泡菜,改善产品风味,表现了较好的潜在应用价值。     

不同乳酸菌接种发酵泡菜风味的研究

以新鲜红皮萝卜为原料,分别接种分离自自然发酵泡菜中的乳明串株菌、乳酸乳球菌、食窦魏斯氏、发酵乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌进行纯种乳酸菌发酵制作泡菜。通过测定泡菜的乳酸菌菌相、总酸度、感官评价、挥发性成分及有机酸,对分离自自然发酵泡菜中不同乳酸菌纯种发酵泡萝卜的风味进行研究。结果表明,发酵达到终点时,接种不同乳酸菌发酵的泡菜中大部分乳酸菌的活菌数相差不大,都在7.0lg CFU/m L左右,泡菜液中的乳酸菌几乎全为植物乳杆菌;大部分乳酸菌纯种发酵泡菜中总酸含量4g/kg;不同乳酸菌发酵的泡菜挥发性成分及有机酸的种类差异不显著。     

食盐浓度对传统四川泡菜发酵过程中乳酸菌菌相的影响

研究了萝卜、白菜、豇豆3种蔬菜原料的泡菜自然发酵过程中,不同盐浓度对乳酸菌数量及产酸量的影响,以及在6%食盐浓度下,采用新老泡菜水泡制3种蔬菜的乳酸菌群变化。结果表明6%的盐浓度最适宜3种蔬菜的乳酸发酵,在同一盐浓度6%新盐水中,乳酸发酵的速度白菜>萝卜>豇豆;在6%的老盐水中,3种蔬菜发酵速度差异不明显。从3种发酵蔬菜泡菜水分离鉴定共得到6株革兰氏阳性菌株,其中4株为食窦魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria),1株为柠檬明串珠菌(Leuconostoc citreum),1株为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。四川泡菜生产宜充分考虑原材料差异性及利用老盐水优势性。     

魏斯氏菌在发酵食品中的应用

魏斯氏菌是一类存在于酱油、泡菜、豆豉、香肠等多种发酵食品的乳酸菌。它是参与食品发酵的重要微生物,在发酵食品中具有广泛应用价值。在食品发酵过程中,魏斯氏菌对食品中有机酸、酯类及短链脂肪酸等风味物质的合成具有重要作用。此外,魏斯氏菌属的有些菌株具有合成细菌素、低聚糖、胞外多糖和纤维素等特性,具有潜在的益生菌特性。该文主要对魏斯氏菌的分离鉴定、生理生化特性以及菌株在发酵食品中的应用特性等几方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

功能菌对泡菜风味物质形成的影响

以分离于自然发酵泡菜中的植物乳杆菌和酵母菌作为功能菌强化发酵制作泡菜;并研究功能菌对泡菜风味物质形成的影响。采用高效液相色谱法、顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术对发酵泡菜中有机酸和挥发性香气成分进行分析检测,研究酵母菌不同接种量对泡菜风味物质的影响。结果表明:酵母菌接种量为0.5%时,泡菜中风味物质较多;自然发酵泡菜风味与人工接种功能菌发酵泡菜风味差异较大,不同发酵时间和接种量的泡菜风味物质的种类和含量也有所差异,发酵过程中共检出6种有机酸和41种挥发性成分,其中有机酸中草酸、乳酸含量较高,挥发性成分中酯类、醇类、酚类以及二甲基硫化物相对含量较高,是白萝卜泡菜的特征风味成分。     

SDS-PAGE电泳法分析朝鲜族辣白菜中乳酸菌分布

为了分析辣白菜发酵过程中乳酸菌分布,从自然发酵的自制朝鲜族辣白菜中运用平板稀释法根据细菌菌落形态特征分离筛选出59株乳酸菌,SDS-PAGE电泳法分析各菌株全细胞蛋白模式后将其划分为7大类,最后用16S rRNA序列同源性分析,鉴定出4种乳酸菌种类,分别为肠膜明串珠菌、柠檬明串珠菌、食窦魏斯氏菌和植物乳杆菌。     

传统四川泡菜发酵过程中明串珠菌的分离鉴定

分别以红皮萝卜、卷心菜、豇豆为原料,用自然发酵法制作了三种四川泡菜。对三种泡菜发酵过程中的明串珠菌进行分离,主要得到四种不同形态的菌株,将其分别命名为:MC-1、MC-2、MC-13、J-5,其中J-5为豇豆泡菜特有,其余为三种泡菜共有。采用生理生化结合16SrDNA序列鉴定对分离的菌株进行鉴定,依次鉴定为:乳明串珠菌(L.lactis)、肠膜明串株菌葡聚糖亚种(L.mesenteroides subsp.dextranicum)、柠檬明串珠菌(L.citreum)、假肠膜明串珠菌(L.pseudomesenteroide)。对发酵过程中明串珠菌动态分析表明:L.lactis、L.mesenteroides subsp.dextranicum为三种泡菜中的主要优势明串珠菌;L.citreum在发酵第2~4d出现后很快又消失;L.pseudomesenteroide在豇豆发酵的第3~9d比较活跃;泡菜发酵到第11d,泡菜水中所有的L.lactis都消失。     

不同发酵方式的泡菜挥发性成分分析

为研究不同发酵方式泡菜中挥发性成分的差异,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对自然发酵、老泡菜水发酵、肠膜明串珠菌发酵、植物乳杆菌发酵和短乳杆菌发酵5 种不同发酵方式的泡菜及泡菜原料中挥发性成分进行检测分析,得到不同种类化合物共55 种。利用相对气味活度值确定了各类泡菜及原料中的主体风味成分的种类。结果表明,不同泡菜中的主体风味成分种类差异较大,仅壬醛是各类泡菜的共有主体风味成分,对结球甘蓝泡菜风味影响最大。通过主成分分析结果可知,老泡菜水发酵、短乳杆菌发酵和甘蓝原料的风味在整体上明显不同,而肠膜明串珠菌、植物乳杆菌发酵泡菜与自然发酵泡菜在总体风味成分上较为接近,并与壬醛、异硫氰酸烯丙酯、右旋萜二烯关联较大。     

Characterization of Proteolytic Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures on Thai Fermented Sausages

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of starter culture addition on proteolysis of Thai fermented sausages. Sausages inoculated with six different external starter cultures—Pediococcus pentosaceous, Pediococcus acidilactici, Weissella cibaria, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, and Lactobacillus sakei—were compared with naturally fermented sausages. The results of microbiological analysis indicated that the dominance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) could inhibit the growth of pathogens and spoilage. Proteolysis was observed during fermentation by the reduction of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins and the increase in nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and total free amino acids. The highest increase in concentration of NPN and free amino acids was obtained from sausages inoculated with LAB. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed a similar pattern of proteolysis of sarcoplasmic proteins in all sausages, while that of the inoculated sausages with L. plantarum, L. pentsus, and L. sakei exhibited increased degradation of myofibrillar protein bands at 200 and 45 kDa.     

Halotolerance and Survival Kinetics of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Jalapeño Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fermentation

The microbiota associated with spontaneous fermentation of vegetables in a saline substrate may represent an important group of bacteria in the food industry. In this work, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Weissella cibaria, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paraplantarum, and Leuconostoc citreum were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. In addition, entophytic bacteria such as Pantoea eucalypti, Pantoea anthophila, Enterobacter cowanii, and Enterobacter asburiae were detected, but they were irrelevant for the fermentation process and were inhibited after 12 h of fermentation when the pH decreased from 6.5 to 4.9. Moreover, 2 species of yeast were isolated and identified as Hanseniaspora pseudoguilliermondii and Kodamaea ohmeri by their partial 26S rRNA gene sequence. The growth of LAB was evaluated at different sodium chloride contents. L. citreum was the most halotolerant species followed by L. plantarum and W. cibaria with a concentration index to obtain a 50% population reduction (IC₅₀) of 7.2%, 6.6%, and 5.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the growth of LAB and Escherichia coli O157:H7 was evaluated in the presence of the main phenylpropanoids from chilli peppers such as p‐coumaric and ferulic acid. It was determined that LAB can grow in both acids at 4 mM, unlike E. coli O157:H7, whose growth is inhibited in the presence of these acids.     

Biological acidification and beer quality: addition of lactic acid bacteria isolated from malt

Two lactic acid bacteria, Pediococcus acidilactici HW01 and Leuconostoc citreum isolated from Pilsner malt, were added during mashing and the impact on fermentation examined. The pH of lactic acid bacteria supplemented (bioacidified) wort and finished beer were lower than that of the control. Bioacidified worts resulted in higher levels of free amino nitrogen, reducing sugars and alcohol in the corresponding beers. Foam stability of beers from P. acidilactici and L. citreum worts were increased by 19% and 26%, respectively. The filtration time was reduced in P. acidilactici treated beers but increased with L. citreum. The use of P. acidilactici and L. citreum as bioacidification agents resulted in beers with higher sensory quality. © 2020 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Characterization of cottage cheese using Weissella cibaria D30: Physicochemical,antioxidant, and antilisterial properties

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Weissella cibaria D30 as an adjunct culture in cottage cheese, including an assessment of antioxidant, antilisterial, and compositional parameters. Cottage cheese samples were manufactured using a commercial starter culture and probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (GG) or W. cibaria D30 (W) and without probiotic (control). Samples were stored at 4 ± 1°C for 28 d. Bacterial cell counts (log cfu/g) of control, GG, and W samples were counted at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. Counts of W. cibaria D30 in the W samples remained at 6.85 log cfu/g after 28 d. Total solids, fat, protein, ash, and pH were measured and no significant differences were observed in compositional parameters or pH after 28 d of storage in all cheeses except those inoculated to Listeria monocytogenes. To measure the antilisterial effect, Listeria monocytogenes was inoculated into the cottage cheese samples and bacterial cell counts were obtained at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h. Listeria monocytogenes counts were less than the analytical limit of detection (<10 cfu/g) in the inoculated GG and W samples, whereas the counts of L. monocytogenes in the inoculated control sample remained at 3.0 log cfu/g after 144 h. We used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activity assays to assess antioxidant activity: GG and W samples exhibited significant increases in antioxidant activity compared with the control sample. These results indicate that W. cibaria D30 has potential as an adjunct culture in the dairy industry.     

温度对甘蓝泡菜发酵过程中风味的影响

为研究温度对甘蓝泡菜发酵过程中风味的影响,采用高效液相色谱法和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法分析10、15、25、35℃发酵泡菜液的有机酸、氨基酸和挥发性成分,结合主成分分析确定泡菜液重要挥发性成分。结果表明,在10~35℃,提高温度有利于泡菜快速产酸,缩短成熟期。温度与乳酸和乙酸呈正相关,与柠檬酸、苹果酸和游离氨基酸呈负相关。10℃发酵泡菜液以甘氨酸、苏氨酸和脯氨酸为主,其余温度组以丙氨酸和精氨酸为主。高温发酵泡菜液挥发性成分更多,10、15、25、35℃发酵泡菜液重要挥发性成分分别为1-戊醇、1-己醛;异硫氰酸烯丙酯、柏木醇、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚;柏木醇、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、2,4-庚二烯醛、1-己醛;异硫氰酸苯乙酯和柏木醇。低温有利于防止泡菜酸败,高温长时间发酵容易出现腐败,产生大量乙酸。研究结果为泡菜生产加工提供数据支撑。     

Comparison of the effect of exopolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacteria from sourdough on dough characteristics and steamed bread quality

The use of exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is promising in sourdough fermentation. However, the knowledge of the effects of various species of LAB on steamed bread making remains limited. In this study, the effects of two LAB with high EPS-producing capacity, namely Weissella cibaria L32 and Lactobacillus brevis L17 on dough fermentation and steamed bread quality were estimated. The addition of these two LAB strains significantly increased the titratable acidity and protease activity during the dough fermentation, especially L. brevis L17. Although the in situ EPS synthesised by LAB could improve the steamed bread quality, excessive acidification of L. brevis L17 would still increase the protease activity and thus destroy its gluten network structure. As a result, the steamed bread fermented with L. brevis L17 had the lowest specific volume and hardest texture in comparison with the steamed bread fermented with W. cibaria L32 and with added EPS produced by W. cibaria L32 and L. brevis L17. These results indicated that different EPS-producing LAB exhibited distinctive dough fermentation characteristics, and the in situ EPS-producing W. cibaria L32 could improve steamed bread quality, which confirmed its potential application in steamed bread making.     

Modulation of grape wine flavor via the sequential inoculation of Williopsis saturnus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The effects of the inoculum ratio of Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus NCYC22 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus EC-1118 at 1:200 and 1:800 on the chemical and volatile compositions of grape wine were studied in sequential fermentation. The grape juice was first inoculated with Williopsis (W.) saturnus for 9 d; thereafter, Saccharomyces (S.) cerevisiae was inoculated to continue the fermentation until d 19. The cell population of W. saturnus disappeared by d 13, with S. cerevisiae dominating until the end of the fermentation in both inoculum ratios. The changes in yeast count, pH, total soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, and amino acids were similar between the two inoculum ratios. A range of volatile compounds was formed, including alcohols, esters, fatty acids, aldehydes, and terpenes. There were significant differences between both inoculum ratios for medium-chain fatty acids (C8, C10, and C12), ethyl esters of fatty acids of C6, C10, C12, and C14 as well as isoamyl octanoate, while other volatiles were statistically the same.     

Antifungal activity of 2 lactic acid bacteria of the Weissella genus isolated from food

Abstract: In the present study, a total of 116 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from Mill flour and fermented cassava were screened for their antifungal activity. Three strains among 116 were selected for their strongest inhibitory activity against food molds. These 3 strains were Lactobacillus plantarum VE56, Weissella cibaria FMF4B16, and W. paramesenteroides LC11. The compounds responsible for the antifungal activity were investigated. The strains displayed an inhibitory activity against targeted molds at acidic pH. However, the influence of organic acids was rejected according to the calculated minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Antifungal compounds were investigated in the cell‐free supernatants and phenyllactic acid (PLA) was detected in different amounts with a maximal concentration for Lb. plantarum VE56 (0.56 mM). Hydroxy fatty acid, such as 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methylpentanoic acid, was also produced and involved in the inhibitory activity of Lb. plantarum VE56 and W. paramesenteroides LC11. Antifungal LAB are known to produce PLA and 3‐hydroxy fatty acids and other organic acids with antifungal activity. This short communication focuses on antifungal activity from Weissella genus. The antifungal activity was attributed to antifungal compounds identified such as PLA, 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methylpentanoic acid, and other organic acids. Nevertheless, the concentration produced in the cell‐free supernatant was too low to compare to their MIC, suggesting that the inhibitory activity was caused by a synergy of these different compounds. Practical Application: Antifungal LAB are interesting to prevent food spoilage in fermented food and prolong their shelf life. In this way, chemical preservatives could be avoided and replaced by natural preservatives.     

Optimization of pork jerky fermentation with Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Lactobacillus bulgaricus was used to ferment raw pork to pork jerky at different fermentation conditions, including temperature, initial pH value, and time. Through assessing the sensory attributes, the free amino acids, and pH of the pork jerky, it was determined that the optimum conditions for fermentation was temperature of 35 °C, initial pH of 6.5, and fermentation time of 36 hr. Through fermenting with L. bulgaricus, the texture, the color, and the flavor of the prepared pork jerky were improved. The pH of pork jerky was lower than fresh pork which thus, potentially enhanced the safety of pork jerky. Additionally, the free amino acids contents of pork jerky were higher (greater than 143.5 mg/100 g) than the fresh pork (64.0 mg/100 g) which suggest more benefits and better absorption. The results presented herein demonstrate that the L. bulgaricus can be used for the production of fermented pork jerky to improve the quality attributes and the safety of pork jerky.

Practical applications

Pork jerky is a traditional food in China. It is popular because it is tasty and easy to carry. Microbial fermentation technology was applied to the production process of the pork jerky, which can change the traditional dried meat product quality and processing technology that change little for years. The fermented pork jerky not only improves the flavor of pork jerky, also improve its security. Therefore, the fermented pork jerky can overcome the defects of traditional process, such as hard palate, off‐color, and preservative addition.     

Effect of controlled extracellular oxidation–reduction potential on microbial metabolism and proteolysis in buckwheat sourdough

The aim of this study was to keep constant the extracellular oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and to observe the microbial activity changes in gluten-free (GF) sourdough fermentations with lactic acid bacteria (Weissella cibaria, Pediococcus pentosaceus and coculture of both microorganisms). ORP (E_h7) was held constant at ca. +350 and ?300 mV by gas sparging with air and N₂/H₂, respectively, to achieve oxidizing or reducing conditions during buckwheat sourdough fermentations. Microbial metabolism, free thiols, proteolysis and volatile compounds were monitored. Oxidizing conditions increased the acidification rate of W. cibaria and mixed culture (mix), which contains P. pentosaceus and W. cibaria. Reducing conditions exhibited a slow acidification rate and low microbial cell density upon fermentation. Oxidizing conditions changed lactic to acetic acid ratio of W. cibaria and mix culture from 7.9 ± 1.3 and 16.0 ± 0.6 (control conditions) to 0.5 ± 0.1 and 1.2 ± 0.2 (oxidizing conditions). A release of glucose and fructose was observed by W. cibaria and P. pentosaceus under oxidizing conditions. Free thiols content was increased by reducing conditions in fermentations with P. pentosaceus. Free amino nitrogen and free amino acid content were highly increased by reducing conditions in fermentations with W. cibaria. Free amino acid release was mainly influenced by low ORP and low pH values. Extracellular redox potential changes exhibited profile modifications of volatile compounds. Oxidizing conditions promoted a higher variety in volatile compounds as compared to the profile obtained under reducing conditions. It has been demonstrated that the extracellular ORP control has an influence on the microbial activity in buckwheat sourdoughs. Oxidizing and reducing conditions can influence the microbial activity differently and thus the final quality of GF sourdough. This is a new alternative approach for GF sourdough production and it could provide an improvement of raw materials, which can be used for GF bread production.