突变偏心距激励下两级离心泵转子系统动力学分析

为分析两级离心泵叶轮偏心距激励突变时转子系统产生振动和冲击的机理,改进了将质量集中于叶轮的方法并建立了悬臂式两级离心泵转子系统动力学方程,得到了2个叶轮在不同方向振动量的无量纲化解析式,提出了无量纲化的偏心距效应系数,以判别不同叶轮偏心距激励突变对整个转子系统振动的影响,最后对叶轮偏心距激励突变时其弯曲振动特性和几何中心位移规律进行了分析.结果 表明:与叶轮1偏心距激励突变相比,叶轮2偏心距激励突变对离心泵的影响更大;叶轮2偏心距激励突变对叶轮1的影响大于叶轮1偏心距激励突变对叶轮2的影响;相比偏心距激励突减,偏心距激励突增时超调量更大、对系统破坏性更强.     

考虑齿轮偏心的风力机齿轮箱高速级传动系统非线性动力响应分析

为了研究风力机高速级齿轮传动系统非线性动力学响应,采用集中参数法建立16自由度齿轮-转子-滚动轴承弯扭耦合非线性动力学模型。该模型考虑时变啮合刚度、传递误差、齿侧间隙、齿轮偏心及齿面摩擦等非线性因素,应用Runge-Kutta算法对系统的微分方程进行求解,结合系统时域图、FFT频谱图、相图、Poincaré截面图和三维频谱图,分析齿侧间隙与偏心量对系统响应的影响。结果表明,由于弯扭耦合的作用,齿侧间隙和偏心量均对系统的扭转振动有明显影响。随着齿侧间隙增大,系统的扭转振动角位移增大,但各频率成分未发生明显改变。应选择合适的齿侧间隙,以减小系统的振动响应幅值、倍频和随机谱成分。随着齿轮偏心量增大,齿轮在扭转方向上振动幅值的波动较大,从动轴转频幅值激增,系统由周期运动渐变为混沌运动,因此在系统设计阶段应尽量避免齿轮偏心现象的出现。     

基于耦合方法的球阀偏心间隙结构数值分析

为了研究偏心间隙结构对阀门流场及管阀系统辐射声场的影响,采用流声固耦合的联合仿真方法,对含有偏心间隙结构和不含有此结构的两种流道模型展开对比分析。结果表明：两种模型的流量、阻力系数特性曲线均在球阀开启50°左右时出现转折点;偏心间隙处产生的高速射流会对阀内流场产生剧烈扰动,球阀腔体与下游管道连接处是阀内核心声源区;管阀系统的第1、第2阶模态振型为沿流道方向的振动,第3、第4阶振型为垂直于管道方向的振动;偏心半球阀的辐射噪声频谱呈宽频特性,高速射流对2 300～5 000 Hz范围内中高频段声压级幅值的提升有显著贡献;两种流道模型声压级频谱峰值点特征相似,与无偏心间隙模型的频谱规律相比,偏心间隙结构模型的频谱在相同的特征峰值点处对应更高的频率范围,且频谱响应曲线有整体右移的趋势;辐射噪声在偏心间隙结构存在的一侧具有显著的声学指向性。     

一种分析四级离心泵转子系统模态的计算方法

为了提高集中质量解析法求解叶轮质量平衡和偏心时悬臂式四级离心泵转子系统模态的精度,分别采用简化的集中质量数学模型和ANSYS对质量平衡的转子系统固有频率进行求解,通过分析2种计算方法结果的差异,提出了融合轴系质量和模态刚度修正系数的优化数学模型.采用新模型对平衡和有偏心时转子系统的固有频率进行了求解,并将有偏心时的计算结果与AN-SYS仿真结果进行比较.结果 表明:集中质量解析法得到的固有频率略小;前四阶固有频率的误差由优化前1.28％、2.03％、8.64％和11.82％分别下降至优化后0.77％、1.02％、3.41％和4.52％,刚度的简化是造成误差偏大的主要因素;偏心时各阶固有频率略增大,偏心的叶轮位置越靠近吸入室侧,对固有频率的影响越大;新模型求解偏心时比平衡时所得固有频率的误差大.     

小型水平轴变偏心距风力机功率调节方法研究

针对分布式和微电网系统要求小型风力发电机组的发电负荷可调的需要,提出一种小型水平轴风力机可变偏心距主动侧偏式功率调节方法,介绍机构的组成,分析改变偏心距使风轮侧偏产生机理,给出偏心距与风轮侧偏角度的表达式。通过改造1.5 kW上风向水平轴风力机,在风洞中进行稳态风的变偏心距风力机功率输出特性实验,结果表明该机构可满足水平轴风力机功率调节的主要要求,为进一步将该机构用于商用小型风力机功率调节奠定了理论和实验基础。     

燕山水库大坝防渗墙施工期监测分析

为掌握燕山水库大坝基础防渗墙运行性态,施工期安装埋设了应变计、无应力计、钢筋计和土压力计四种类型监测仪,前三种安装采用钢架法,后一种安装采用自行研制的钢架弹出机构法,确保了监测仪的完好率.以各监测仪观测资料为例,结果表明各监测仪可正确反映混凝土防渗墙运行性态.     

卧式套管潜热蓄热单元偏心与肋片结构优化模拟

利用偏心布置增强相变蓄热单元内部自然对流是提高相变蓄热系统性能的新思路,为了更深入地研究偏心布置对相变蓄热系统性能的影响,基于焓-孔隙率法建立了卧式套管相变蓄热单元的三维数学模型,并利用Fluent软件对环形空间相变材料熔化过程进行数值模拟,通过对熔化过程流场、液相率及温度云图的分析,将熔化过程划分为三个阶段：导热主导的初始阶段,随后是自然对流和导热的混合作用的阶段,以及导热再次占主导地位的最终阶段,并将相变材料环形空间划分为两个区域,据此提出新的评价参数“偏心面积比”。结果表明：硬脂酸作为相变材料时较佳的偏心面积比位于16∶1附近,熔化时间相对于同心布置缩短了45.8%,但同时会使蓄热单元?效率略有降低,并且预测对于其他材料,预期的最佳偏心面积比与使用材料的自然对流强度和导热能力之间的比值有直接相关。利用偏心结构与肋片结合的方法进一步强化传热,比较了螺旋肋、十字肋和X形肋三种肋片,发现X形肋具有较佳性能,与相应偏心无肋结构相比熔化时间缩短了36.7%,比螺旋肋和十字肋结构分别缩短了20.3%和7.1%。     

悬臂转子系统振动特性分析

推导建立了考虑转轮叶片作用的悬臂转子系统动力学方程.对运动微分方程进行数值积分,分析了质量偏心、转轮叶片质量及轴承之间的距离等对悬臂转子系统振动特性的影响.数值分析结果表明,随着圆盘2质量偏心的不断增加,转子系统的径向位移近似线性增大;当转轮叶片质量、轴承之间的距离等取不同值时,转子系统径向位移的变化情况较为复杂.圆盘1的径向位移值可能会大于、等于或小于圆盘2的径向位移值.     

转子碰摩故障非线性特征的实验研究

将质量偏心距和转速作为控制参数，对碰摩转子系统进行了实验研究，发现系统在运行过程中出现了十分复杂的动力学现象，这为大型旋转机械的故障诊断提供了理论依据。     

偏心凸轮–挺柱副摩擦特性试验研究

采用自主研发的偏心凸轮–挺柱副油膜润滑测试系统,对不同工况参数（凸轮转速、初始负荷、润滑油黏度和偏心距）下凸轮–挺柱副的摩擦特性进行试验研究。结果显示摩擦系数随凸轮转角变化呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在挺柱副最大升程处摩擦系数最大。凸轮转速影响接触区实际负荷和油膜剪应变率,进而改变接触副摩擦系数;随着初始负荷的增加,最大摩擦系数逐渐减小,最小摩擦系数逐渐增大;润滑油黏度越大,摩擦系数越大;增大偏心距会影响滑滚状态从而改变摩擦系数。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。