高速HSK热装工具系统结合部的参数辨识

HSK工具系统的动态特性直接影响机床的加工效率与质量,获得准确的工具系统结合部参数又是精确预测HSK工具系统动态特性的基础。将热装刀柄-刀具结合部简化为弹簧-阻尼模型,基于Timoshenko梁理论建立了HSK热装刀柄-刀具结合部的有限元模型,采用弹塑性理论辨识结合部的刚度和阻尼,获得了HSK热装刀柄-刀具结合部内沿轴向不同位置的刚度和阻尼。进而建立了HSK热装工具系统的有限元动力学模型,分析工具系统刀尖点的频响函数。最后进行了HSK热装工具系统频响函数的实验测量,与理论频响函数相比较,验证了将结合部等效为弹簧-阻尼的辨识方法的合理性和有效性。     

Identification of bearing dynamics under operational conditions for chatter stability prediction in high speed machining operations

Chatter is a major problem causing poor surface finish, low material removal rate, machine tool failure, increased tool wear, excessive noise and thus increased cost for machining applications. Chatter vibrations can be avoided using stability diagrams for which tool point frequency response function (FRF) must be determined accurately. During cutting operations, due to gyroscopic moments, centrifugal forces and thermal expansions bearing dynamics change resulting in tool point FRF variations. In addition, gyroscopic moments on spindle–holder–tool assembly cause separation of modes in tool point FRF into backward and forward modes which will lead to variations in tool point FRF. Therefore, for accurate stability predictions of machining operations, effects of operational conditions on machine tool dynamics should be considered in calculations. In this study, spindle bearing dynamics are identified for various spindle rotational speeds and cutting forces. Then, for a real machining center, tool point FRFs under operating conditions are determined using the identified speed dependent bearing dynamics and the mathematical model proposed. Moreover, effects of gyroscopic moments and bearing dynamics variations on tool point FRF are examined separately. Finally, computationally determined tool point FRFs using revised bearing parameters are verified through chatter tests.     

Dynamic stiffness deterioration of a machining center based on relative excitation method

The tool point frequency response function(FRF) is commonly obtained by impacting test or semi-analytical techniques.Regardless of the approach,it is assumed that the workpiece system is rigid.The assumption is valid in common machining,but it doesn’t work well in the cutting processes of thin-wall products.In order to solve the problem,a multi-degree-of-freedom dynamic model is employed to obtain the relative dynamic stiffness between the cutting tool and the workpiece system.The relative direct and cross FRFs between the cutting tool and workpiece system are achieved by relative excitation experiment,and compared with the tool point FRFs at x and y axial direction.The comparison results indicate that the relative excitation method could be used to obtain the relative dynamic compliance of machine-tool-workpiece system more actually and precisely.Based on the more precise relative FRFs,four evaluation criterions of dynamic stiffness are proposed,and the variation trend curves of these criterions during the last six months are achieved and analyzed.The analysis results show that the lowest natural frequency,the maximum and the average dynamic compliances at x axial direction deteriorate more quickly than that at y axial direction.Therefore,the main cutting direction and the large-size direction of workpieces should be arranged at y axial direction to slow down the deterioration of the dynamic stiffness of machining centers.The compliance of workpiece system is considered,which can help master the deterioration rules of the dynamic stiffness of machining centers,and enhance the reliability of machine centers and the consistency of machining processes.     

三切削刃BTA深孔钻钻削过程研究

通过试验对3个切削刃BTA深孔钻削过程进行了研究,主要分析了在特定的深孔条件下切屑变形和钻削力的情况.通过对测试系统所得到的试验数据进行评估和证实,阐述了BTA深孔钻轴向力的组成和切屑变形、刀具磨损以及钻削力之间的关系.研究结果表明,钻头的内刃在切削过程中产生的切屑变形最大,3个切削刃(内刃、中间刃、外刃)的切削力和切屑变形的总体变化趋势是相同的.     

基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA钻削过程的数值仿真

制孔工序是飞机结构装配中一个非常重要的环节。根据飞机薄壁结构零件钻孔工序,建立麻花钻钻削加工过程有限元仿真模型,采用通用显式动力分析程序LS-DYNA对钻削加工过程进行三维数值仿真研究。仿真动态模拟了钻削加工时钻屑和毛刺的生成过程,获得了螺旋钻屑;提取并分析了钻削轴向钻削力特征;采用直接热力耦合有限元方法分析了加工过程中刀具和工件间摩擦热的产生及钻削温度的瞬态分布。仿真结果表明,钻削毛刺在钻入和钻出都有可能产生,且钻出毛刺大于钻入毛刺。仿真得到的轴向钻削力与理论相符。     

A solid modeler based ball-end milling process simulation

A system for geometric and physical simulation of the ball-end milling process using solid modeling is presented in this paper. A commercially available geometric engine is used to represent the cutting edge, cutter and updated part. The ball-end mill cutter modeled in this study is an insert type ball-end mill and the cutting edge is generated by intersecting an inclined plane with the cutter ball nose. The contact face between cutter and updated part is determined from the solid model of the updated part and cutter solid model. To determine cutting edge engagement for each tool rotational step, the intersections between the cutting edge with boundary of the contact face are determined. The engaged portion of the cutting edge for each tool rotational step is divided into small differential oblique cutting edge segments. Friction, shear angles and shear stresses are identified from orthogonal cutting data base available in the open literature. For each tool rotational position, the cutting force components are calculated by summing up the differential cutting forces. The instantaneous dynamic chip thickness is computed by summing up the rigid chip thickness, the tool deflection and the undulations left from the previous tooth, and then the dynamic cutting forces are obtained. For calculating the ploughing forces, Wu's model is extended to the ball-end milling process [21]. The total forces, including the cutting and ploughing forces, are applied to the structural vibratory model of the system and the dynamic deflections at the tool tip are predicted. The developed system is verified experimentally for various up-hill and down-hill angles.     

Simulation of dynamic properties of a spindle and tool system coupled with a machine tool frame

The cutting performance relates to the dynamic properties of the whole system of the tool, spindle, and machine tool frame. The impact of the machine frame properties on the dynamic properties at the tool end point is studied both experimentally and using a coupled simulation model. Coupled model of the whole mechanical system is created as a system joining the spindle detailed model and machine frame FE model. Shift in the spindle and tool system dynamic properties, related to the machine frame properties, is proved using the coupled model. Experimental verification of the FRF evaluated at the tool is extended also by cutting tests. Good match of the simulated dynamic properties of the whole system with the real behavior is found.     

基于OpenGL和VC++的轴向振动钻削仿真技术的研究

论述了基于OpenGL的轴向振动钻削仿真的实现方法,构建了轴向振动钻削仿真系统的总体结构。该系统采用Pro/E对麻花钻进行几何建模,并利用Rhino转存为3ds文件格式。然后利用OpenGL和VC++将3ds文件导入仿真环境,利用重画技术和动态双缓冲技术对动态物体进行行为建模,从而模拟出整个轴向振动钻削过程。     

枪钻低频振动钻孔断屑的研究

指出振动钻孔断屑是由间断切削过程造成，根据振动波形干涉可得出理论断屑条件。定量分析了间断切削过程中的空切角度、空切时间对断屑的影响，并通过试验验证了用空切理论分析断屑的正确性。     

用半理论法预测主轴系统刀尖点频响函数

采用半理论法,即理论与试验相结合的方法预测主轴系统刀尖点频响函数。首先,介绍半理论法的预测原理;然后,应用半理论法预测主轴系统刀尖点频响函数的流程,包括利用梁理论计算自由-自由状态刀具两端的阻抗矩阵、搭建主轴-刀柄频响函数测试系统、测试装卡短光滑圆柱的主轴-刀柄系统的频响函数、根据半理论法计算刀尖点频响函数和试验验证;最后,以某立式加工中心主轴系统为研究对象,应用该方法对刀尖点频响函数进行预测,并与试验进行对比以证明该方法的有效性。     

Rapid dynamics prediction of tool point for bi-rotary head five-axis machine tool

Receptance Coupling Substructure Analysis (RCSA), an effective approach to rapidly predict the tool point frequency response function (FRF), generally requires the response of spindle-machine assembly by experiments. This method is feasible for three-axis machine tool because the spindle and its posture are normally unchangeable. But in terms of five-axis milling, the spindle-machine assembly changes continuously. The purpose of this study is to propose new techniques to solve the constantly-changing assembly response in order that RCSA can be used for bi-rotary head five-axis machine tools. Based on receptance matrix determination in coupling direction and single degree of freedom coupling simplification, the swivel model for holder tip receptances is established for swivel motion. According to the concept of oriented frequency response function, the rotational model is derived to calculate the holder tip receptances with rotary motion. By combining the swivel model and the rotational model, the holder tip receptance of arbitrary posture can be calculated by three orthogonal postures. A five-axis machine tool with bi-rotary head is used to conduct FRF tests on different postures. Experimental results show that the models proposed can accurately predict tool point frequency response of any posture and large difference in FRFs among those postures of bi-rotary head is detected.     

A new reverse engineering method to combine FEM and CFD simulation three-dimensional insight into the chipping zone during the drilling of Inconel 718 with internal cooling

ABSTRACT

The use of cooling lubricants in metal machining increases both the tool life and the quality of workpieces and improves the overall sustainability of production systems. In addition to fulfilling these main functions, the focus of machining processes is also related to the reduction of environmental pollution. This can for example be achieved by an optimized arrangement of the cutting tool cooling channels. Therefore, the active cutting edges of the tool should be effectively supplied with a sufficient amount of cooling lubricant. An analysis of the tribological stress is rather difficult because the complex contact zone is inaccessible. Hence, optical investigations are often limited to only observing the chip formation or analyzing the process without considering the influence of the chips.

This article presents an innovative method, which enables a deeper three-dimensional insight into the chip formation zone during drilling with internal cooling channels, considering the cooling lubricant distribution and chip formation. The chip formation simulation based on the finite element method and the computational fluid dynamics flow simulation are combined. In this way, the differences between the different geometric models that do not allow any joint generation of numerical information due to missing interfaces are overcome.     

Receptance Coupling for Tool Point Dynamics Prediction on Machine Tools

Chatter has been a primary obstacle to the successful implementation of high speed machining.The frequency response function(FRF) of the tool point is crucial for identification of chatter free cutting conditions.In order to quickly acquire the FRF of the different components combinations of machine tool,the assembly of machine tool was always decomposed into several parts,where the fluted portion of tool,however,was always treated as a uniform beam,and the associated discrepancy was ignored.This paper presents a new method to predict the dynamic response of the machine-spindle-holder-tool assembly using the receptance coupling substructure analysis technique,where the assembly is divided into three parts:machine-spindle,holder and tool shank,and tool’s fluted portion.Impact testing is used to measure the receptance of machine-spindle,the Timoshenko beam model is employed to analyze the dynamics of holder and tool shank,and the finite element method(FEM) is used to calculate the receptance of the tool’s fluted portion.The approximation of the fluted portion cross section using an equivalent diameter is also addressed.All the individual receptances are coupled by using substructure method.The predicted assembly receptance is experimentally verified for three different tool overhang lengths.The results also show that the equivalent diameter beam model reaches an acceptable accuracy.The proposed approach is helpful to predict the tool point dynamics rapidly in industry.     

高温合金振动钻削断屑实验研究及机理分析

对振动钻削理论进行了分析,建立了振动钻削时断屑的数学模型,利用自制的振动钻削实验装置,采用不同的振动钻削参数进行高温合金振动钻削试验,对轴向振动钻削的断屑效果以及轴向钻削力和扭矩进行了研究,分析了各加工参数对加工过程的影响,发现振动钻削力随钻削参数的变化比较平稳,在大进给量或高转速状态下,振动钻削的钻削力比普通钻削力小得多。通过比较振动钻削与普通钻削所得切屑可知:振动钻削有利于断屑,切屑体积小,排屑顺畅。     

TC4钛合金低频振动钻削切屑形态和钻削力研究

为研究TC4钛合金低频振动钻削过程中切屑形态与钻削参数和振动参数对钻削力（轴向力和扭矩）的影响规律,基于一种自主研制的低频振动刀柄,分别采用单因素法和正交试验法对钛合金进行了低频振动钻削试验,分析了不同钻削条件下的切屑形态和钻削力,建立了轴向力和扭矩的经验公式,并对钻削力的影响因素进行直观分析与方差分析。结果表明：试验系统在低频振动钻削TC4钛合金时,振幅与进给量之比接近临界断屑值0.81时断屑可靠,排屑顺畅;低频振动瞬时钻削力呈现出规律的正弦波形,钻削力动态分量远大于普通钻削,轴向力和扭矩均值可比普通钻削分别降低10%~15%和15%~20%;进给量对钻削力影响最为显著,振幅次之,钻削速度影响最小;建立的振动钻削经验模型误差保持在10%以内,可以较为准确地对该试验系统所选参数范围内的钻削力进行预测。     

基于实验模态分析的集中参数法建模

利用集中参数模型的建立,不仅拓展了实验模态分析(EMA)的使用范围,还能大量缩减原有模型的自由度并保持结构的动态特性。在对一立铣床进行模态测试以及振型可视化的基础上,采用集中质量、弹簧阻尼单元建立了该铣床的7自由度集中参数模型,并在该模型基础上合成刀尖频响函数及预测颤振稳定域,揭示出机床颤振与振型的联系。与原有测试频响函数的比较表明,该模型准确度较高。     

Force prediction and stability analysis of plunge milling of systems with rigid and flexible workpiece

Time domain simulation model is developed to study the dynamics of plunge milling process for system with rigid and flexible workpiece. The model predicts the cutting forces, system vibration as a function of workpiece and tool dynamics, tool setting errors, and tool kinematics and geometry. A horizontal approach is used to compute the chip area to consider the contribution of the main and side edge in the cutting zone and to deal with any geometric shape of the insert. The dynamic chip area is evaluated based on the interaction of the insert main and side cutting edges with the workpiece geometry determined by the pilot hole and surface left by the previous insert. For the case of system with a flexible workpiece, the workpiece dynamics, as well as its variation in the axial direction with respect to hole location, is considered in the simulation. Cutting tests with single and double inserts were carried out to validate the simulation model and predicted stability lobe for both systems with rigid and flexible workpiece and to check the correctness of the cutting coefficient model. Good agreement was found between the measured and the predicted cutting forces and vibration signals and power spectra. This indicates the ability of the model to accurately predict cutting forces, system vibration, and process stability for process planning prior to machining. The results show dominance of workpiece dynamics in the axial direction for systems with flexible workpiece due to its flexibility as compared to the tool axial rigidity. On the other hand, chatter behavior was found to occur due to tool lateral modes for case of rigid workpiece.     

Modal identification of spindle-tool unit in high-speed machining

The accurate knowledge of high-speed motorised spindle dynamic behaviour during machining is important in order to ensure the reliability of machine tools in service and the quality of machined parts. More specifically, the prediction of stable cutting regions, which is a critical requirement for high-speed milling operations, requires the accurate estimation of tool/holder/spindle set dynamic modal parameters. These estimations are generally obtained through Frequency Response Function (FRF) measurements of the non-rotating spindle. However, significant changes in modal parameters are expected to occur during operation, due to high-speed spindle rotation.The spindle's modal variations are highlighted through an integrated finite element model of the dynamic high-speed spindle-bearing system, taking into account rotor dynamics effects. The dependency of dynamic behaviour on speed range is then investigated and determined with accuracy. The objective of the proposed paper is to validate these numerical results through an experiment-based approach. Hence, an experimental setup is elaborated to measure rotating tool vibration during the machining operation in order to determine the spindle's modal frequency variation with respect to spindle speed in an industrial environment. The identification of natural frequencies of the spindle under rotating conditions is challenging, due to the low number of sensors and the presence of many harmonics in the measured signals. In order to overcome these issues and to extract the characteristics of the system, the spindle modes are determined through a 3-step procedure. First, spindle modes are highlighted using the Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD) technique, with a new formulation at the considered rotating speed. These extracted modes are then analysed through the value of their respective damping ratios in order to separate the harmonics component from structural spindle natural frequencies. Finally, the stochastic properties of the modes are also investigated by considering the probability density of the retained modes. Results show a good correlation between numerical and experiment-based identified frequencies. The identified spindle-tool modal properties during machining allow the numerical model to be considered as representative of the real dynamic properties of the system.     

钛合金旋转超声辅助钻削的钻削力和切屑研究

针对难加工材料钛合金在采用普通麻花钻传统钻削过程中存在钻削力和扭矩较大使得钻孔困难,刀具使用寿命低,连续长切屑易缠绕刀具、划伤孔加工表面、增大刀具-切屑-工件孔壁之间的摩擦以及排屑差引起堵屑和卡刀具的问题,引入一种新刃型刀具（即八面钻）,并结合超声振动钻削技术,进行了钛合金旋转超声辅助钻削试验。分析了旋转超声辅助钻削和普通钻削中切屑形成原理,采用文中所设计的旋转超声振动钻削主轴结合BV100立式加工中心平台、测力系统和非接触激光测量系统进行了无冷却条件下基于八面钻的钛合金旋转超声辅助钻削和普通钻削试验以及钻削力、扭矩和切屑形态的研究。试验结果表明：相比于普通钻削,超声钻削明显降低钻削力和扭矩分别为19.07%~20.09%和31.66%~34.3%,明显增强了钻头横刃和主切削刃的切削能力,获得了良好的断屑和排屑效果,提高了切削过程的稳定性,能够极大改善钛合金钻孔过程钻削困难、刀具使用寿命低和孔加工质量差的问题。     

轴向振动钻削的断屑机理研究

在对钻削加工的断屑方式简要分析的基础上,基于轴向振动钻削的变厚切削特性,分析了轴向振动钻削实现可靠断屑的内在实质,并进行了相应的试验验证.研究结果表明:与普通钻削相比,轴向振动钻削轴向瞬时切削厚度周期变化,具有变厚切削特性;通过合理选择工艺参数,可以使振动钻削过程实现几何断屑,从而保证了切屑的顺利折断.