高碳钢丝拉拔过程中的组织性能演变

研究了拉拔及镀锌过程中珠光体钢丝的微观组织及力学性能的演变规律,并分析了强化机理和镀锌过程渗碳体的球化机理.研究表明:初始高碳盘条中珠光体片层随机排列,存在强度较弱的<110>纤维织构;铁素体和渗碳体两相在拉拔过程中协同变形,随着拉拔应变量的增加,随机取向的珠光体片层通过偏转和扭折变形逐渐形成平行于拉拔方向的显微状组织,位错密度逐渐增高,渗碳体和铁素体的片层间距逐渐减小,晶粒尺寸减小形成细晶强化效应,随着拉拔过程<110>织构强度逐步增强,钢丝的抗拉强度、屈服强度、显微硬度均快速上升;与拉拔钢丝相比,镀锌钢丝渗碳体部分球化,<110>织构强度稍有减弱,导致钢丝的抗拉强度、屈服强度、显微硬度均有所下降.     

光伏晶硅切割用超细高强高碳钢丝的铅浴等温淬火工艺研究

利用电子扫描电镜、拉伸仪、耐疲劳性能试验机等分析测试方法研究铅浴等温淬火工艺对超细高强高碳钢丝组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:对含碳量0.92%、直径Φ0.84mm的钢丝,升高加热温度、降低铅浴温度、提高过冷度有利于奥氏体化均匀,促进珠光体转变,导致先共析铁素体和二次网状渗碳体减少、珠光体片层间距减小、晶粒尺寸约20～30μm,后道湿拉拔至直径Φ0.12mm,断丝率降低至4～7次/t,钢丝最终强度达4080MPa。     

珠光体钢(α+θ)微复相组织的形成与力学性能

系统研究了珠光体钢在冷轧与随后退火及温变形(温楔横轧)过程中的组织演变规律、力学性能变化、合金元素添加的影响等,发现共析珠光体钢经大冷变形及随后适当温度退火可以形成铁素体晶粒与渗碳体颗粒尺寸均在亚微米量级的(α+θ)微复相组织.冷轧变形后的珠光体组织非常不均匀,主要由不规则弯曲片层、带有剪切带的粗大片层以及精细片层组成.大冷变形能明显提高共析珠光体钢的屈强比和加工硬化指数,随轧制压下率的增大,共析珠光体钢冷轧态试样的强度提高,延性在冷轧压下率小于60%时出现急剧下降后又几乎保持不变.合金元素的添加使冷轧态试样的强度提高,但对延性的影响几乎可以忽略.实际温楔横轧后高碳钢棒件表层也具有超微细(α+θ)复相组织,温楔横轧过程中靠近表层的铁素体基体发生了动态连续再结晶,铁素体晶粒及渗碳体颗粒尺寸分别在0.4μm和0.2μm左右.温楔横轧后硬度与抗拉强度沿高碳钢棒件截面分布不均匀,心部略高于表层,但是在屈服强度方面.表层最高(约600MPa),心部次之(580MPa),其余部位介于二者之间.     

V和Si对珠光体车轮钢显微组织和力学性能的影响规律

利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及拉伸和冲击试验等方法研究了V(0.03%-0.12%)(质量分数,下同)、Si含量(0.32%-0.89%)对中碳(0.54%)珠光体车轮钢显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:提高V含量细化了实验钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸、珠光体团尺寸及其片层间距,并且提高了铁素体体积分数。随着V含量的提高,由于VC沉淀强化和细化晶粒的作用,室温屈服强度和-20℃冲击韧性得到改善;但软相(先共析铁素体)增多,室温抗拉强度降低。提高Si含量显著降低了铁素体体积分数和细化了珠光体片层间距,略细化奥氏体晶粒和珠光体团尺寸;Si也促进VC的析出但作用很小。Si主要以固溶强化和细化片层间距的方式提高屈服强度和抗拉强度。结合适中含量的V(0.07%-0.08%)微合金化和较高含量的Si(0.8%-0.9%)合金化,可以使中碳珠光体钢获得较好的强韧性匹配。     

细珠光体在变形中的行为

用喷射成形工艺制备的细珠光体超高碳钢在共析转变温度以下变形时,呈现强烈而持续的加工软化.组织检测表明,渗碳体片表现出与相邻铁素体协凋变形的能力;随着应变增大,渗碳体片发生局部溶解而碎化;在应变足够大时,珠光体逐步转变为细小碳化物颗粒弥散分布的球化组织.细珠光体的这种特性使得这种材料无需预先球化处理,即可具有伸长率达300%的超塑变形能力.     

薄板坯连铸连轧65Mn钢的热轧组织与力学性能

利用光学显微镜,扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)和拉伸试验机,硬度仪分析薄板坯连铸连轧工艺CSP生产的高碳高强度钢65Mn的热轧板微观组织与力学性能。该钢主要由珠光体和少量多边形铁素体组成,珠光体片层间距在0.2~0.5μm之间。该钢的平均屈服强度为489MPa,硬度为HRC22.3,伸长率达到18%;没有明显的C和Mn元素偏析,力学性能分布均匀。通过与传统连铸工艺生产的65Mn钢热轧组织与力学性能对比,CSP工艺生产的65Mn钢的组织更加细小,性能更加优良和均匀。     

高碳钢的热物性与显微组织的关系

采用激光脉冲法和比较法测量了不同组织状态下的高碳钢的导温系数a、比热容Cp和导热系数λ等热物性参数。并对高碳钢的热物性与显微组织、力学性能之间存在的某些对应关系做了初步讨论。结果表明，高碳钢的a和A值按珠光体、回火索氏体、回火马氏体和淬火马氏体的顺序依次减小，且在500℃以后趋于一致，这恰好与硬度、强度值随回火温度变化的规律吻合。通常随着含碳量的增加，高碳钢的a和λ值降低。碳以固溶形式存在于基体时对钢导热能力的损害比以第二相形式存在时大。与强度和塑性等力学性能不同，高碳钢的晶粒越小，其a和λ值越低。淬火后的高碳钢在100℃附近回火，a和λ值出现最小值与硬度出现峰值相对应，在750℃附近存在居里点，比热容出现最大值。     

高碳钢中珠光体在温楔横轧过程中的组织演变

采用温楔横轧方法制备出表层具有超微细复相组织的高碳珠光体钢棒件,研究了珠光体组织在温变形过程中的演变.结果表明,珠光体组织中的渗碳体片层主要以弯曲扭折的形式协调塑性变形,表现出较强的塑性变形能力;剧烈塑性变形促进了渗碳体片层的球化,表层球化完全的渗碳体颗粒粒径均小于0.2μm;温楔横轧后铁素体基体发生了动态连续再结晶,等轴铁素体平均晶粒尺寸为0.3～0.4 μm,0.5R处和心部的渗碳体球化不完全,铁素体再结晶也不完全;铁素体晶粒的超细化和渗碳体片层的球化明显改善高碳珠光体钢棒件的塑性,温变形过程中应变、应变速率及温度分布的不均匀是引起组织性能差异的根本原因.     

钢的热处理组织分析：第四讲 钢的热处理组织分析实例（二）

5 40Cr球化退火组织 图6为40Cr球化退火组织。从显微观察可见,该组织由两部分组成:白亮块和分布着小颗粒的白亮块。40Cr钢球化退火后只能由铁素体与渗碳体两相组成。所以白色颗粒状物为渗碳体,白亮块及分布有渗碳体颗粒的白亮块(基体)均为铁素体。从形态看也可判断它是铁素体块及分布有渗碳体的铁素体。形成这种组织完全决定于退火工艺。球化前原始组织为大块状铁素体与珠光体的混合组织,经750℃加热时,组织为铁素体块+(奥氏体和少量的渗碳体);缓冷后,铁素体块不变,而奥氏体分解为球状珠光体,致使缓冷后组织中碳化物分布极不均匀,     

车床导轨表面高频淬火硬度偏低原因分析

针对车床导轨表面高频淬火硬度偏低的问题，进行了金相分析和工艺试验，结果表明，铸件材料金相组织珠光本片间距粗大，是造成淬火硬度偏低的主要原因，而珠光体片间距的粗细，又取决于铸件的化学成分。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of V–Ti–N microalloyed steel used for fracture splitting connecting rod

A new kind of V–Ti–N high strength microalloyed medium carbon steel has been developed, which is used for fracture splitting connecting rod. In this article, the characteristics of this carbon steel and its production process were studied. The microstructure, precipitated phases and their effects on mechanical properties were investigated by optical microscope, SEM, and TEM. The results showed that the steel was constituted of ferrite and pearlite. By reducing the finish rolling temperature and accelerating the cooling rate after rolling, microstructure with fine grain ferrite and narrow lamellar space pearlite could be obtained in V–Ti–N microalloyed medium carbon, and a large number of precipitated phases distributed over ferrite. These led the tensile strength to be more than 1000 MPa, yield strength (YS) more than 750 MPa. The impact fractograph showed typically brittle fracture characteristic.     

Microstructure and microhardness of pearlitic steel after laser shock processing and annealing

The microstructure evolution of the high carbon pearlitic steel after laser shock processing (LSP) with different laser pulse energy and high temperature annealing was investigated. After LSP, the cementite lamella were bent, fractured and broken into granules. Fragmentation and dissolution of the cementite lamella were enhanced by increasing the laser pulse energy. Results show that the ferrite lattice parameter increased due to carbon atom dissolution in the ferrite matrix, and the corresponding ferrite X-ray diffraction peaks shifted significantly towards the smaller diffraction angles. After annealing at 650°C for 30?min, an ultrafine duplex microstructure (ferrite+cementite) was formed on the surface. After LSP with a high energy, equiaxed ferrite grains were refined to 400?nm and the cementite lamella were fully spheroidised with the particle diameter of ～150?nm. The corresponding grain size of ferrite and cementite under low pulse energy was 500 and 300?nm respectively. After annealing, the ferrite peaks significantly shifted towards the higher diffraction angles, and the ferrite lattice parameter decreased. The microhardness initially increases after LSP and then slightly decreases after subsequent annealing but remained higher than without LSP.     

Characterization of hot forged P285NH steel by metallurgical investigation and reliability analysis

An extensive study was carried out to investigate the effect of cooling rate after hot forging process and normalization step on the hardness, strength and impact toughness and microstructure of P285NH steel. Understanding of the combined effect of cooling rate and normalization on the mechanical and microstructural properties of the steel would help to select conditions required to achieve optimum mechanical properties. The results indicated that the microstructures of all forging and cooling conditions were dominated by ferrite and pearlite phases with different morphologies and grain sizes according to various cooling rates. Conveyor cooling led to a formation of relatively fine acicular ferrite and pearlite grains in comparison to batch cooling which presented coarse polygonal ferrite with pearlite. Based on the data fluctuation of Charpy tests, the normal distribution provided a statistical analysis method for assessing the reliability. Through the statistical analysis of the distribution function, it can be concluded that normalization step is necessary for higher reliability. Both batch cooling and conveyor cooling did not give the required reliability level for safety components due to heterogeneities in the microstructure.     

Multiscale prediction of mechanical behavior of ferrite–pearlite steel with numerical material testing

Multiscale mechanical behaviors of ferrite–pearlite steel were predicted using numerical material testing (NMT) based on the finite element method. The microstructure of ferrite–pearlite steel is regarded as a two‐component aggregate of ferrite crystal grains and pearlite colonies. In NMT, the macroscopic stress–strain curve and the deformation state of the microstructure were examined by means of a two‐scale finite element analysis method based on the framework of the mathematical homogenization theory. The microstructure of ferrite–pearlite steel was modeled with finite elements, and constitutive models for ferrite crystal grains and pearlite colonies were prepared to describe their anisotropic mechanical behavior at the microscale level. While the anisotropic linear elasticity and the single crystal plasticity based on representative characteristic length have been employed for the ferrite crystal grains, the constitutive model of a pearlite colony was newly developed in this study. For that reason, the constitutive behavior of the pearlite colony was investigated using NMT on a smaller scale than the scale of the ferrite–pearlite microstructure, with the microstructure of the pearlite colony modeled as a lamellar structure of ferrite and cementite phases with finite elements. On the basis of the numerical results, the anisotropic constitutive model of the pearlite colony was formulated based on the normal vector of the lamella. The components of the anisotropic elasticity were estimated with NMT based on the finite element method, where the elasticity of the cementite phase was numerically evaluated with a first‐principles calculation. Also, an anisotropic plastic constitutive model for the pearlite colony was formulated with two‐surface plasticity consisting of yield functions for the interlamellar shear mode and yielding of the overall lamellar structure. After addressing the microscopic modeling of ferrite–pearlite steel, NMT was performed with the finite element models of the ferrite–pearlite microstructure and with the microscopic constitutive models for each of the components. Finally, the results were compared with the corresponding experimental results on both the macroscopic response and the microscopic deformation state to ascertain the validity of the numerical modeling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of initial microstructure on mechanical properties in warm caliber rolling of high carbon steel

In this study, the effect of initial microstructure on change of mechanical properties was investigated by warm caliber rolling (WCR) of high carbon steel. Experiments were carried out with two different kinds of initial microstructures of pearlite and tempered martensite at the temperature of 500 °C. For comparison, the microstructure of austenite phase obtained from the conventional hot rolling at the temperature of 900 °C up to about 83% of the accumulative reduction in area was assumed to be a reference case. It was found that the WCR provided better mechanical properties in terms of strength and toughness compared to the conventional hot rolling based on experimental results of micro-hardness, tension, and Charpy impact tests. The improvement of strength and toughness was attributed to smaller ferrite grain and dispersed cementite particles with smaller interspacing aligned to the rolling direction after the WCR owing to field emission scanning electron microscopy. The investigated WCR might be useful in obtaining the high strength material with better toughness without adding new alloying elements for industrial applications according to the present investigation.     

Effect of high magnetic field on the processing of pearlitic steels

This paper compares data from various sources concerning the impact of high magnetic field (HMF) on changes that occur in pearlite with respect to microstructure, phase transition, and mechanical properties. HMF raises the transformation temperatures of both ferrite and pearlite. This effect can be enhanced by increasing the carbon content. Other alloying elements may influence austenite decomposition temperature, Curie temperature, and magnetic moment, thus either increasing or decreasing the effect of HMF on phase transformation temperature. By altering the transformation thermodynamics, HMF increases the volume fraction of proeutectoid ferrite, decreases that of cementite, and decreases the lamellar spacing. HMF introduces the microstructure anisotropy and aligns proeutectoid ferrite grains parallel to the direction of the HMF. This effect becomes smaller when the cooling rate is higher. By affecting both phase transformation and the alignment of grains, HMF affects the morphology and microstructure of proeutectic ferrite and pearlite, and, consequently, their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.     

高温长期加热对异种钢焊接接头碳迁移及组织性能的影响

本文用热处理方法对奥氏体和珠光体异种钢接头的碳迁移现象及其对接头组织和机械性能的影响进行了研究,认为:焊缝金属有析出物出现;熔合区形成一个增碳层;热影响区形成一个脱碳的铁素体带。随回火参数 P 值增加,焊缝析出物增多,晶界加厚;增碳层加宽;脱碳层铁素体晶粒长大;接头拉伸强度,弯曲角和梅氏冲击值均降低,但这种降低在一定温度(如490℃)下逐步达到饱和。     

变形制度对低碳锰钢组织性能的影响

为了获得细晶铁素体/贝氏体的复相组织,通过控轧控冷工艺研究了低碳锰钢在奥氏体区变形时变形量、终轧温度和卷取温度对组织演变和力学性能的影响规律.研究表明,增加变形量(对应道次间隔时间缩短)可以细化铁素体晶粒,但当终轧温度降低到800℃时,变形量的增加以及开冷温度的降低不利于贝氏体组织的获得.通过调整变形量、终轧温度、可开冷温度并适当降低卷取温度,可使实验钢获得晶粒尺寸约为5μm的铁素体和10%~20%的贝氏体组织,低碳锰钢强塑性能良好.     

Microstructure of X52 and X65 pipeline steels

The microstructure of two commercial pipeline steels X52 and X65 was examined to provide a foundation for the understanding of the IGSCC mechanism of pipeline steels. Observation of the microstructure was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an analytical electron microscope. The microstructure of X52 and X65 pipeline steels shows banding of pearlite rich and ferrite rich areas. The ferrite grains were about 10 μm in size with curved grain boundaries. There was carbide at the ferrite grain boundaries for X52 steel, and there was circumstantial evidence to suggest carbon segregation at the boundaries. The pearlite colonies were consistent with nucleation by a number of different mechanisms. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Determination of Optimum Forging Conditions for the Production of High Strength-High Impact Toughness Automotive Parts

The influences of various reheating and forging temperatures as well as cooling rates on the microstructure and mechanical properties, particularly impact energy, during the forging of a Nb-V microalloyed steel to be used for automotive safety parts were investigated. Increasing the prior austenite grain size increased the volume percent of acicular ferrite and reduced pearlite content in the microstructure even for very low post-forging cooling rates, resulting in improved toughness and tensile strength values. Increasing the cooling rate enhanced the acicular ferrite content, thereby increasing the impact energy properties. At lower reheating temperatures the yield strength and impact energy levels are determined by the percentage of pearlite present in the microstructure; while as the cooling rate is increased the amount of acicular ferrite and retained austenite are increased, improving the toughness and tensile strength of the forged part. This effect is more pronounced for the parts solutionized at 1250°C and is related to the presence of very fine carbonitride precipitates under these conditions, which contributes to improved yield strength, particularly at higher cooling rates. An optimized forging process was determined and adapted to a 25 MN production forging press to validate the experimental results on semi-industrial production scale. By adequate control of the above parameters, high-strength, high-toughness parts (T.S. = 800 MPa, CVN = 35 J) were forged and optimum mechanical properties were achieved without the need for any additional heat treatment.