碱性环境下不同基体材料GFRP筋的拉伸性能试验研究

玻璃纤维增强聚合物(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer,简称"GFRP")筋作为一种替代钢筋的新型建筑材料已在混凝土结构中开始使用,研究在模拟混凝土的碱性溶液中,不同基体材料的GFRP筋在90 d浸泡周期内的腐蚀机理、破坏机理及拉伸强度、弹性模量等拉伸力学性能的变化规律。试验结果表明:两种基体材料GFRP筋的典型破坏形式大致相同,均为丝束状炸开的脆性破坏;基体材料为不饱和聚酯树脂基的GFRP筋的拉伸强度会不断降低,弹性模量前期稍有增长,后期也不断降低,最终浸泡周期达到90 d时,其拉伸强度和弹性模量的衰减均低于标准的最低要求;基体材料为乙烯基酯树脂的GFRP筋的拉伸强度会不断降低,但衰减速率要低于基体材料为不饱和聚酯树脂的GFRP筋,而弹性模量变化并不明显,最终浸泡周期达到90 d时,抗拉强度和弹性模量均满足标准规定的最低要求。     

GFRP筋尺寸及材料组分对其拉伸性能的影响

为研究玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)筋尺寸及材料组分与拉伸性能的关系,针对直径不同且同时GF体积分数(vf)不同的聚乙烯(PE)基和不饱和聚酯(UP)基GFRP筋进行拉伸试验。结果表明,两种GFRP筋在拉伸过程中的整个破坏模式以"裂纹破坏模式"为主。PE基GFRP筋的直径是影响其初裂强度(fc)和破坏强度(fp)的主要因素,当直径为20 mm时,筋体的fc和fp均达到最高。UP基GFRP筋直径较小时,其和vf对fc和fp的影响不大,当直径大于16 mm后,其对fc的影响更显著;当vf变化不大时,除在直径为20 mm时fp有一升高的突变值外,其它直径下fp的变化较小。PE基GFRP筋的fc比UP基GFRP筋高很多,其抗开裂性能更好。     

GFRP筋拉伸力学性能与破坏形态试验分析

对不同尺寸和纤维含量条件下的螺纹纤维筋进行研究,利用一次性拉伸和循环拉伸试验,观察筋体在受力中表观特征和应力的对应关系,对比分析玻璃纤维增强复合材料（GFRP）筋体1/2和1/4处的应力应变关系。结果表明,GFRP筋达到一定的应力时筋体出现裂纹,裂纹开展从筋体套筒附近开始,并随着应力增加而向中间扩展,在破坏前随应力减小而逐渐闭合;裂纹在筋体破坏前纵向发展,在达到破坏荷载时裂纹呈现横向参差不齐的断裂破坏特征;材料的弹性模量稳定,泊松比受加载循环影响而减小;不同纤维含量的GFRP筋会有不同的破坏荷载和破坏形态;筋体的破坏性质介于脆性破坏和塑性破坏之间;直径为20mm和直径为25mm筋体利用效率最高,是较为优化的筋体尺寸类型。     

短纤维/橡胶发泡复合材料的微观结构及拉伸破坏机理

对锦纶短纤维增强的NR发泡材料的微观结构及拉伸破坏行为进行了研究，并分析了其破坏机理。采用未处理短纤维增强的NR发泡材料中短纤维成为泡孔的成核点，并大部分悬空在泡孔中，拉伸破坏时泡壁与短纤维结合处容易出现应力集中，成为裂纹的起始点，失效时短纤维大部分被抽出；预处理短纤维能与橡胶基体之间产生良好的粘合，从而处于橡胶基体中。其短纤维增强的NR发泡体拉伸产生的裂纹扩展时遇到纤维，纤维能起到承载应力、使应力转向、阻止裂纹扩展的作用，一定程度上改善了复合材料的拉伸强度等物理性。     

腰果酚接枝黄麻纤维不饱和聚酯复合材料的力学性能及界面调控

用甲苯二异氰酸酯与腰果酚(CNSL)合成大分子偶联剂接枝黄麻纤维。以接枝的黄麻纤维为增强体,通用的不饱和聚酯树脂为基体,采用热压方式制备复合材料。比较了纯饱和聚酯树脂、5 %CNSL增韧的不饱和聚酯树脂、25 %碱处理的黄麻纤维不饱和聚酯树脂复合材料和25 %的CNSL接枝黄麻纤维不饱和聚酯树脂复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度。结果表明,CNSL接枝于黄麻纤维上;CNSL的加入能提高材料的韧性,黄麻纤维能提高材料的拉伸强度而不能提高材料韧性;25 %CNSL接枝的黄麻纤维不饱和聚酯树脂能提高材料的拉伸强度和韧性,25 %CNSL接枝的黄麻纤维增强含5 %CNSL的不饱和聚酯复合材料,其冲击强度为12.10 kJ/m^2。     

玻璃纤维增强筋在低温环境中的拉伸性能研究

分别将直径为16、22mm的玻璃纤维增强(GFRP)筋在不同温度下进行拉伸试验,研究了温度、筋体直径、恒温时间等因素对GFRP筋拉伸性能的影响,揭示了其拉伸性能的变化规律。结果表明,在低温环境下,GFRP筋体破坏表观特征无明显变化;在-20~0℃时,筋体极限拉伸强度随温度的降低而增加,直径为16mm的GFRP筋的拉伸模量随温度的降低变化明显,而直径为22mm的GFRP筋则呈现较稳定的状态;在0~20℃时,2种筋体的极限拉伸强度和拉伸模量均变化较小;低温状态下恒温1h后,筋体的拉伸性能趋于稳定,低温持续时间对筋体的影响较小。     

不同种类拉挤FRP筋材压缩强度研究

针对拉挤纤维增强树脂基复合材料(FRP)筋材的压缩强度远低于其拉伸强度的问题,分别对玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)筋材、碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)筋材和混杂纤维增强复合材料(HFRP)筋材进行了端部有约束和无约束压缩实验,研究纤维类型、端部约束条件对FRP筋材在轴压状态下的破坏形式与压缩强度的影响规律。结果表明,无端部约束时不同纤维类型的FRP筋材的破坏现象与压缩强度差别较大;端部约束可以改变筋材的破坏方式,提高筋材的压缩强度;不同端部约束形式对不同FRP筋材压缩强度的提高作用不同。     

碱液下GFRP筋力学性能劣化模型研究

为研究碱液下玻璃纤维增强复合材料（GFRP）筋力学性能劣化规律,对直径为20 mm和25 mm的GFRP筋进行碱溶液分别浸泡30、90 d和180 d后的拉伸试验,得到筋体在碱液不同腐蚀时间后筋体的极限拉伸强度及弹性模量等力学性能指标;对比研究了相同直径筋体在盐溶液浸泡180 d后的力学性能变化;建立了碱液下GFRP筋剩余强度衰减模型。结果表明,相同的腐蚀龄期,碱性环境对GFRP筋力学性能劣化影响高于盐环境;碱液下GFRP筋拉伸强度随浸泡时间的增长呈下降趋势,GFRP筋前期被腐蚀速率高于后期;分析修正后的碱液下筋体剩余强度衰减模型与试验结果吻合度较高。     

玻璃钢用不饱和聚酯树脂的生产方法

玻璃钢(FRP)亦称作GFRP,即纤维强化塑料,其合成材料一般有玻璃纤维增强不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂、酚醛树脂基体。本文提出了一种生产玻璃钢用不饱和聚酯树脂的方法,通过改进封端工艺——采用苯甲酸单酯作为封端剂,避免二次投料中升降温过程产生的能耗,达到提高其耐腐蚀性、拉伸强度以及热变形温度的性能。     

树脂改性对玻璃纤维增强聚合物筋材物理力学性能的影响

在基体树脂中加入阻燃剂和抗静电剂可以改善复合材料的阻燃和抗静电性能,同时也会影响复合材料的力学性能。本文通过在不饱和聚酯树脂中加入阻燃剂和抗静电剂,研究了树脂改性对玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）筋材拉伸性能、压缩性能、剪切性能、抗静电性能和阻燃性能的影响,分析了改性树脂的阻燃和抗静电机理。试验发现,树脂改性对GFRP筋阻燃和抗静电性能有明显提高,压缩强度有所增加,但GFRP筋拉伸性能和剪切性能有不同程度的降低。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.