Energy-efficient digital and wireless IC design for wireless smart sensing

Wireless smart sensing is now widely used in various applications such as health monitoring and structural monitoring. In conventional wireless sensor nodes, significant power is consumed in wirelessly transmitting the raw data. Smart sensing adds local intelligence to the sensor node and reduces the amount of wireless data transmission via on-node digital signal processing. While the total power consumption is reduced compared to conventional wireless sensing, the power consumption of the digital processing becomes as dominant as wireless data transmission. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art energy-efficient digital and wireless IC design techniques for reducing the power consumption of the wireless smart sensor node to prolong battery life and enable self-powered applications.     

内置光纤光栅传感器的智能索可靠性研究

将特制的光纤光栅应变传感器和光纤光栅温度传感器局部布置于缆索连接筒部位的外层钢丝上,成功实现可对自身索力及温度进行实时在线监测的智能缆索.需进一步对智能缆索内置传感器可靠性进行研究.模拟缆索上桥所受交变应力荷载情况,按照国家标准GB/T18365-2001中疲劳性能要求对智能缆索进行疲劳,研发的智能缆索满足国标中疲劳和静载性能要求;智能缆索在200万次疲劳过程中及200万次疲劳后,其内置的光纤光栅传感器的传感信号均有效.     

Development of Wireless MEMS Inclination Sensor System for Swing Monitoring of Large-Scale Hook Structures

A modular wireless microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inclination sensor system (WMISS) is developed and tested for providing structural health monitoring of large-scale hook structures. The operating principle of a 3-D-MEMS-based dual-axis inclinometer is analyzed. A wireless MEMS sensor is integrated using sensing disposal, wireless communication, and power units. The WMISS is calibrated by using a laser displacement sensor in a pendular structure. The maximal error of the wireless MEMS inclination sensor is about 1%. The resolution is plusmn0.0025^deg. With the new-type tuned mass damper control module, an experiment on a WMISS for the swing monitoring of a Lanjiang hook model is developed. Experimental results indicate that the developed WMISS is highly precise, convenient, stable, and low cost and has long range, and thus, a WMISS can accurately and conveniently monitor the swing of a Lanjiang hook model.     

Structural Damage Assessment by an Embedded Fiberoptic Sensor Array and Its ANN Signal Processor

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Structural Damage Assessment by an Embedded Fiberoptic Sensor Array and Tts ANN Signal Processor

A novel type of two-dimensional damage assessment system for real-time monitoring the structural health of composite strurcture is described.The configura-tion of the embedded fiberoptic sensor array and the model of the artificial neural net-work(ANN) are discussed.The experimental system and results show that the system can monitor a damage of structures with potential application in areas usch as space aero-uautics,civil engineering,etc.     

健康监测系统中光纤传感器网络优化布置研究

针对健康监测系统中不合理的传感器布置将影响传感器数据采集的有效性,降低监测系统的精度,以基于光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)传感器网络的结构健康监测系统为研究对象,采用逐步积累法,对系统中传感器网络的优化排布方法进行了研究。首先采用Ansys力学仿真软件建立了试验件的有限元模型并进行了加载试验,然后采用仿真获得的数据对传感器排布位置进行了优化,最后按照仿真研究获得的传感器优化位置在试验件上进行了试验研究。结果表明,试验同仿真结果具有很好的一致性,相对于原始传感器网络的排布方案,在相同的系统监测精度下,优化后的传感器排布方案可以采用更少的传感器;如果采用相同数量的传感器,优化后的传感器排布方案可以获得更高的监测精度。     

光纤光栅传感器监测混凝土简支梁裂缝的实验研究

以结构健康监测系统为研究背景,研究了光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器。对FBG的研究起步并成熟于通信领域,而对其在土木工程领域的研究尚处于发展阶段。为了进一步促进FBG传感器的发展,推广其在工程中的应用,通过在混凝土简支梁的底部布置经纤维增强复合塑料(FRP)封装的准分布式FBG传感器和未经封装的准分布式FBG传感器,研究了准分布式FBG传感器对钢筋混凝土构件裂缝出现时的有效感知及定位问题。实验结果表明可实现裂缝的大致定位,经FRP封装的FBG传感器相对于裸光纤光栅,其应变灵敏度有所下降。     

光纤应变传感器在芜湖长江大桥长期健康监测中的应用

光纤传感测试技术作为未来最有前途、最适合长期健康监测的一种新型传感测试技术,在国外已经得到了比较广泛的应用,而光纤应变传感器更是受到了世界各国工程界的普遍欢迎。主要阐述了应变监测在桥梁结构健康监测中的重要意义,并选择先进的光纤应变传感器对芜湖长江大桥进行长期应变监测,研究了光纤应变传感器在钢梁上的安装方法,确定了监测系统的触发采集方式,并开发了专门的软件系统,所取得的成果为今后推广应用光纤应变传感器进行应力监测提供有益的经验。     

基于3G无线传感的桥梁集群健康监测系统

介绍了一种基于3G无线传感的桥梁集群健康实时监测系统。系统将3G无线模块与ZIGBEE无线传感网络模块统一于AT91SAM9G20 ARM微处理器芯片,嵌入LINUX操作系统,设计了桥梁健康监测系统下位机系统。采用VC6.0软件,设计了桥梁健康监测中心上位机系统。在桥梁集群上80个采集点实际应用表明,该系统运行稳定,数据存储和无线传输稳定可靠,可满足桥梁集群无线健康监测的需求。     

基于光纤光栅传感技术的桥梁结构内部应变监测

利用预先埋入的光纤布拉格光栅(FBGs)实现了实际大型钢筋混凝土工程结构的内部应变监测。在施工期间，将多个FBGs传感器布设到黑龙江呼兰河大桥内部，探索了在建筑施工现场对光纤传感器进行安装、埋入以及传感线路保护的解决方案，并在桥梁施工、桥梁静载实验和桥梁运营阶段监测了呼兰河大桥局部的应变响应。现场实验表明，本系统满足土木工程结构长期健康监测的要求，为建立重要工程设施的结构健康监测系统奠定了基础。     

Wake-up radio receiver based power minimization techniques for wireless sensor networks: A review

In a short period of time Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) captured the imagination of many researchers with the number of applications growing rapidly. The applications span large domains including mobile digital health, structural and environmental monitoring, smart home, energy efficient buildings, agriculture, smart cities, etc. WSN are also an important contributor to the fast emerging Internet of Things infrastructure. Some of the design specifications for WSN include reliability, accuracy, cost, deployment versatility, power consumption, etc. Power consumption is (most often) the dominant constraint in designing such systems. This constraint has multi-dimensional implications such as battery type and size, energy harvester design, lifetime of the deployment, intelligent sensing capability, etc. Power optimization techniques have to explore a large design search space. Energy neutral system implementation is the ultimate goal in wireless sensor networks ensuring a perpetual/greener use and represents a hot topic of research. Several recent advances promise significant reduction of the overall sensor network power consumption. These advances include novel sensors and sensor interfaces, low energy wireless transceivers, low power processing, efficient energy harvesters, etc. This paper reviews a number of system level power management methodologies for Wireless Sensor Networks. Especially, the paper is focusing on the promising technology of nano-Watt wake-up radio receiver and its combination with mature power management techniques to achieve better performance. Some of the presented techniques are then applied in the context of low cost and battery powered toy robots.     

结构无线应变传感器设计、制作与测试

针对传统的应变采集传输方法存在的问题,结合电阻应变片工作机理,提出了一种用于结构局部应变监测的无线传感器及其系统;重点介绍了系统的核心部分。即无线应变传感器,的组成及功能;并详细讨论了该无线采集传输装置中典型电路的设计,给出了软件流程图;最后对所研制的系统进行了实验。结果表明：所研制的无线传感器及其系统,具有采集准确、传输可靠、价格低廉、携带方便、简单实用等特点,适合在实际工程中应用推广。     

应用光纤Bragg光栅测量混凝土结构内部应变

采用与土木工程施工特点相适应的传感器工艺与保护方法，将光纤Bragg光栅（FBG）埋于正在建设的呼兰河大桥预应力箱梁中，测量了预应力张拉过程中混凝土结构内部的应变变化。结果表明，FBG显示了良好的传感性能，能够监测混凝土内部应变状态，发挥出成活率高、绝对值测量和寿命长等优势，为建立结构健康监测系统奠定了基础。     

基于压电传感器的木材轴压损伤监测

木结构在受压荷载作用下,会造成木材承载力不足及内部损伤,但对木结构进行无损监测的方法较少。该文基于压电传感器对木材在轴压和局压作用下进行了损伤监测可行性研究,在木材表面贴装压电传感器,利用应力波的主动传感方法,以一个压电传感器作为信号发射器,另一个压电传感器作为信号接收器,在木材结构产生损伤时,监测到的应力波相应减小。基于应力波的衰减,可以采用小波包能量法将其转换为损伤指标,以此来监测结构损伤。结果表明,压电信号幅值与木材的损伤程度相关性较强,该木材无损监测方法具有良好可行性。     

压电阵列Lamb波损伤监测信号一致性补偿方法

Lamb波结构损伤监测是结构健康监测领域的研究热点之一。针对基于压电阵列的Lamb波损伤监测研究中因传感器性能差异引起的信号偏差问题,通过分析Lamb波信号的激励、传播和传感过程,利用压电阵列中等距离传播通道直达波传递函数相同的特点,提出了窄带激励下的压电传感器机电耦合系数归一化补偿,实现对结构响应信号的一致性补偿。实验验证表明,该方法能在一定程度上抑制因压电传感器性能差异引起的信号偏差,提高了监测结果的准确性。     

Dual Mode Strain–Temperature Sensor with High Stimuli Discriminability and Resolution for Smart Wearables

Strain and temperature are important physiological parameters for health monitoring, providing access to the respiration state, movement of joints, and inflammation processes. The challenge for smart wearables is to unambiguously discriminate strain and temperature using a single sensor element assuring a high degree of sensor integration. Here, a dual-mode sensor with two electrodes and tubular mechanically heterogeneous structure enabling simultaneous sensing of strain and temperature without cross-talk is reported. The sensor structure consists of a thermocouple coiled around an elastic strain-to-magnetic induction conversion unit, revealing a giant magnetoelastic effect, and accommodating a magnetic amorphous wire. The thermocouple provides access to temperature and its coil structure allows to measure impedance changes caused by the applied strain. The dual-mode sensor also exhibits interference-free temperature sensing performance with high coefficient of 54.49 µV °C⁻¹, low strain and temperature detection limits of 0.05% and 0.1 °C, respectively. The use of these sensors in smart textiles to monitor continuously breathing, body movement, body temperature, and ambient temperature is demonstrated. The developed multifunctional wearable sensor is needed for applications in early disease prevention, health monitoring, and interactive electronics as well as for smart prosthetics and intelligent soft robotics.     

Multifunction fiber optic sensing system for smart applications

The end of the twentieth century was witness to the merger of several technological disciplines that could eventually revolutionize engineering design philosophy and lead to the creation of intelligence within otherwise inanimate structures. This new technology will endow a structure with senses and the ability to react to its environment and change its state, shape and geometry. The key point for the practical realization of the so-called smart materials is the availability of robust and reliable structurally integrated sensors able to monitor the state of the structure. To this aim, a fiber optic multiparameter sensing system for process and structural health monitoring in concrete structures is presented. The reflectometric technique has been implemented for refractive-index measurements by using as transducer the fiber end/host interface. Results on the capability of the developed sensor to monitor the curing process of thermoset-based composites are presented. The integration with fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with the aim to perform temperature and strain measurements has been discussed. Two low-cost intensity-based demodulation techniques for FBGs interrogation have been developed and tested.     

基于植入式光纤传感网络的固体火箭发动机结构健康监测

为实现对固体火箭发动机结构健康状态的实时监测和评估,设计并研制了一种高强度飞秒光栅传感网络,重点研究了传感器与信号传输链路的涂覆和封装。开展了发动机界面脱粘模拟实验。设计可用于发动机应变、温度和载荷的模拟演示系统,建立了基于光纤传感器采集数据的发动机数字孪生模型,形成发动机实物与数字孪生体的精准映射。最后将光纤传感器阵列植入发动机,对发动机开展水压监测实验、高低温存储实验、长周期监测实验和点火实验。对监测结果进行无损检测验证,结果表明该传感网络能够准确测量出发动机的应变状态,为固体火箭发动机的结构健康管理提供有效的数据支撑。     

Investigation of sensing capabilities of organic bi-layer thermistor in wearable e-textile and wireless sensing devices

This study is stimulated by the discovery of high sensitivity of nanostructured layers of organic semiconductor α′-BEDT-TTF)2I_xBr_3-x [BEDT-TTF = bis(ethylendithio)-tetrathiafulvalene] to heat radiation. We present the development and assessment of the flexible lightweight highly sensitive film-based thermistor as (i) a separate sensor, (ii) a sensor integrated in e-textile and (iii) a sensor embedded in a wireless sensor node. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT), being two promising technologies, have already been applied in a number of monitoring scenarios. In spite of great progress achieved in sensing technologies and wireless embedded systems there is a gap in multidisciplinary research aimed at investigating the aggregate potential of these technologies. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed bi-layer organic thermistor has high potential for environmental and biomedical monitoring. They can be used as a part of wearable units or as sensing units on board of wireless sensing devices.     

大量程高精度的新型弱光栅位移传感器研究

研发高精度、高灵敏度、大量程的传感器对于边坡、隧道、桥梁等工程结构的健康监测具有重要意义。该文基于杠杆原理,将弱光栅粘贴于基片上,并串联弹簧,形成上部传感单元,通过多种结构形式的比选,发现X型带上外拐加直立段为最优主体结构。基于上述传感结构,设计了一种构造简单、传力稳定,且具有大量程、高精度、高灵敏度的新型弱光栅位移传感器。从理论上推导了测量位移与弱光栅中心波长变化值的关系,并进行了标定试验和模型试验。结果分析表明,基于该结构的位移传感器可实现的测量范围为0～160 mm,灵敏度为24.4 pm/mm,且位移放大倍数可依据需要调整,由此展示了该传感器在结构大变形监测中的良好性能和广阔应用前景。