甲醇在聚苯胺载铂电极上的电催化氧化

用循环伏安法在玻碳电极上电聚合导电高分子聚苯胺用于附载Pt，提高了Pt的分散度。发现甲醇在Pt／PAN／GC电极和Pt／GC电极上均能自发解离出强吸附中间体CO，证实聚苯胺膜的存在有利于提高电极对甲醇的电催化氧化活性，CO在Pt／PAN／GC电极上的氧化峰电流明显高于Pt／GC电极。通过比较甲醇的电催化氧化活性可知，Pt/PAN／GC电极催化氧化甲醇的峰电流为58．68mA/cm^2和50．00mA／cm^2，是Pt／GC电极氧化峰电流的1．6倍和1．7倍。     

聚苯胺修饰电极对甲醇的电催化氧化研究

应用电化学方法制备了Pt/PAn/GC电极,优化了苯胺在玻碳电极上的聚合条件,并对其进行了表征.结果表明,铂微粒在聚苯胺膜电极上具有很高的分散度,电极具有很大的比表面积,Pt/PAn/GC电极对甲醇电氧化的催化活性明显高于Pt/GC电极和Pt电极,在该电极上甲醇正向扫描和反向扫描时的氧化峰电流为58.68mA/cm2和50.00mA/cm2,为Pt/GC电极的1.6倍和1.7倍,为Pt电极的3.0倍和3.1倍,从而有效地提高了铂的催化活性,并得到在玻碳电极上聚合苯胺的最佳条件为扫描速度50mV/s,扫描上限1.2V.     

甲醇在Pt电极上电催化氧化的CV研究

运用电化学循环伏安法研究0．5mol·L-1H2SO4溶液中甲醇在Pt电极上吸附和氧化的情况,利用扫描速度与峰电流的关系,研究甲醇电氧化的动力学过程。     

CNT/PAn膜电极的电化学制备及电容性能研究

在含有0.2 mol·L-1苯胺的0.5 mol·L-1硫酸溶液中,采用循环伏安法,以50 mV·s-1的扫描速度,在-0.1~0.9 V的范围内实现了苯胺在碳纳米管修饰的金属钛电极上的电化学聚合,并用循环伏安(CV)法和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)对制备的碳纳米管/聚苯胺(CNT/PAn)膜电极的电化学性质进行了表征,同时进一步对该电极的充放电性能进行了研究。实验结果表明此条件下得到的PAn膜电极具有良好的导电性,同时具有疏松、多孔的网络结构,充放电测试研究表明,在电极基体上修饰CNT,不但可以增强PAn的导电性,同时可以使PAn的电容性能得到明显提高。     

Pt/PAn/GC电极的制备及对甲酸电催化氧化性能的研究

利用循环伏安法电聚合导电高分子聚苯胺，并制备了Pt／PAn／GC电极和Pt／GC电极，优化了苯胺在玻碳电极上的聚合条件，用在H2SO4中的循环伏安曲线对其进行了表征，Pt／PAn／GC电极的制备提高了Pt的分散度，增加了催化剂Pt的利用率。实验结果表明Pt／PAn／GC电极对甲酸电氧化的催化活性明显高于Pt／GC电极和Pt电极，正向扫描和反向扫描时对应的氧化峰电位分别是0．68V、0．45V。峰电流为54．23mA／cm^2和84．23mA／cm^2，为Pt／GC电极的修饰电极1．7倍和1．9倍，为Pt片电极的3．8倍和4．9倍，有效地提高了铂微粒的催化活性，并得到聚合苯胺的最佳条件为扫描速度50mV／s、扫描上限1．2V。     

温度及电解液浓度对电沉积法制备Pt/C电极的影响

用电化学沉积法在活性炭表面沉积Pt来制备Pt/C电极。发现改变电沉积温度和电解液中氯铂酸的浓度制备的Pt/C电极,对甲醇及CO氧化的电催化活性有很大不同。沉积条件为80℃、5 mmol.L-1H2PtC l6 0.5 mol.L-1H2SO4与沉积条件为25℃、15 mmol.L-1H2PtC l6 0.5 mol.L-1H2SO4时沉积出的Pt/C电极对甲醇氧化呈现出较高的电催化活性。     

碳纳米管/纳米TiO2-聚苯胺复合膜电极的制备及电容性能研究

用循环伏安法，在含有0．2mol／L苯胺的0．5mol／L硫酸溶液中，以50mv／s的扫描速度，在-0．1-0．9V的范围内实现了苯胺在Ti基碳纳米管／纳米TiO2电极上的电化学聚合，并用循环伏安（CV）法和电化学交流阻抗谱（EIS）对制备的碳纳米管／纳米TiO2-聚苯胺（CNT／nanoTiO2-PAn）复合膜电极的电化学性质进行了表征，同时进一步对该电极的充放电性能进行了研究。实验结果表明，此条件下得到的PAn膜电极具有良好的导电性，同时具有疏松、多孔的网络结构；充放电测试研究表明，基于CNT／TiO2基体上的PAn膜的面积比电容在放电电流密度为2．5mA／cm^2时达到了833mF／cm^2,说明有很好的电容性能，可以作为超级电容器的电极材料。     

碳纳米管/纳米TiO2-聚苯胺复合膜电极的制备及电化学性能

在含有0.2 mol·L^-1苯胺的0.5 mol·L^-1 H2SO4溶液中;采用循环伏安法（CV）;以扫描速度50 mV·s^-1;扫描电位为-0.1～0.9 V;在碳纳米管/纳米TiO₂（CNT/nanoTiO₂）膜电极上实现了苯胺的电化学聚合;通过CV法和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）并结合电子扫描显微镜和红外谱图对制备的碳纳米管/纳米TiO₂-聚苯胺（CNT/nanoTiO₂-PAn）复合膜电极的电化学性质和结构进行了表征;同时研究了复合膜电极对抗坏血酸（AH₂）的电催化性能;发现该复合膜电极对抗坏血酸的氧化具有较高的电催化活性。     

碳纳米管表面Pd纳米颗粒对甲醇的电催化氧化研究

采用电化学循环伏安法分别在碳纳米管(CNT)和玻碳(GC)电极表面沉积Pd纳米颗粒。扫描电镜(SEM)和XRD分析显示了Pd纳米颗粒均匀分散于碳纳米管表面,而在GC表面则趋向于堆积形成Pd金属薄膜。比较研究了Pd/CNT和Pd/GC电极在碱液中对甲醇的电催化氧化性能,循环伏安结果发现,Pd/CNT对甲醇的催化活性要高于Pd/GC电极;而交流阻抗谱研究发现,Pd/CNT电极对甲醇具有更快的催化氧化速率。另外,不同Pd载量,不同环境温度以及不同甲醇浓度的研究表明,相对于Pd/GC电极,Pd/CNT电极对甲醇的催化氧化具有更高的灵敏度和电化学稳定性。     

纳米TiO_2-Pt修饰电极上甲醇的电催化氧化研究

用电化学法合成前驱体Ti(OEt)4,经直接水解法制备纳米TiO2膜,通过直接在纳米TiO2膜上电沉积Pt微粒得到纳米TiO2 Pt复合催化电极。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果表明,纳米TiO2的晶形为锐钛矿型,粒径约30nm,电沉积纳米Pt粒子(平均粒径约60nm)均匀地分散在纳米TiO2膜表面。循环伏安和计时电位测试表明,纳米TiO2 Pt修饰电极对甲醇的电氧化具有高催化活性和稳定性,Pt载量为0 68mg/cm2时,室温下甲醇氧化电流达到190mA/cm2,是纯Pt电极上的7 6倍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.