Comparison of different trophic state indices applied to tropical reservoirs

Reservoirs represent impoundments of river flows for multiple human purposes, including hydropower generation and industrial, recreational and agricultural activities. In considering the current state of dammed rivers and future projects, there is a major concern in tropical areas regarding the water quality of these aquatic ecosystems, most being subjected to eutrophication process. To this end, the Carlson (1977), Toledo (1983), Lamparelli (2004) and Cunha (2013) trophic state indices were applied and compared in six interconnected reservoirs from the Paraíba do Sul Ecoregion in Brazil that differ in their morphometry, nutrient loadings, water retention times and altitudes. Limnological variables were measured in an extensive monitoring programme carried out from 2011 to 2014 during both the rainy and dry seasons. Application of the different numerical models resulted in different trophic state classifications. Toledo's trophic state index was considered the best for assessing the trophic state of the study reservoirs since it under‐evaluates water transparency, which can be related more to inorganic turbidity rather than to phytoplankton biomass in tropical water systems. The Carlson index, developed for temperate zone lakes, resulted in higher trophic classifications, thereby not being considered a reliable model for the study reservoirs. Both the Lamparelli and Cunha indices generally classified the study reservoirs as being in an oligotrophic state, thereby underestimating their trophic status. All the trophic state indices varied seasonally, with water transparency being the only variable significantly affected by rainfall variations. Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that an arbitrary choice of existing trophic state indices to evaluate the water quality in tropical environments might lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the actual trophic conditions of tropical waterbodies. Further, the weak correlation observed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll‐a concentrations indicates total phosphorus might not be a key factor limiting algal growth in tropical water systems, thereby meriting more research focusing on tropical reservoirs, as well as development of new trophic state indices, including consideration of other potentially limiting factors.     

长江流域水体富营养化演化驱动机制及防控对策

富营养化已成为长江流域河流、湖泊与水库面临的共性问题,基于近10 a来长江流域水质状况、营养物质含量、水文泥沙过程、富营养化评价指数等数据及相关历史文献,分析了长江流域水体富营养化现状及演化趋势,以典型河流、水库与湖泊为例,剖析了长江流域水体富营养化驱动机制。结果表明:①长江流域水体富营养化程度为河流水库湖泊,上游四川盆地与中游江汉平原是长江流域富营养化湖泊与水库的主要聚集区。②近10 a来,中度富营养化湖泊比例从2009年的31.3%增加至2018年的42.7%,水库营养水平正从中营养向轻度富营养快速发展。③长江流域水体营养充足,受闸坝建设运行影响,流速减缓、流量偏枯,水体交换慢与河湖连通性差是河流、水库与湖泊富营养化的重要驱动力。为防控水体富营养化,建议监测重要控制断面氮磷浓度与通量,加强农田灌溉退水与水产养殖废水排放管理,开展流域水、沙、营养物质耦合输送调控。     

湖泊水体营养状态对沉积物好氧氨氧化菌异质性的影响

采用荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)方法,对江苏7个湖泊沉积物中好氧氨氧化微生物进行分析,研究湖泊水体营养状态对沉积物好氧氨氧化微生物空间异质性的影响。综合营养指数分析结果表明,23个采样点中,61%的湖区为中营养状态,39%的湖区为轻度富营养状态。荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,每克底泥中氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)amo A基因拷贝数虽然分别从中营养湖泊的3.91×10~6和3.82×10~6上升到轻度富营养湖泊的1.30×107和6.07×10~6,但湖泊水体营养状态并未显著影响沉积物AOA和AOB的丰度。T-RFLP分析结果表明,湖泊水体营养状态对AOA和AOB的优势种属及群落多样性也未产生显著影响。典范对应分析结果表明,湖泊水体营养盐浓度能解释AOA的群落结构差异的56.3%,而仅能解释27.2%的AOB的群落结构差异,TN和NO-3-N浓度是影响沉积物AOA分布异质性的主要环境因子,湖泊水体营养盐浓度比综合营养状态指数更能影响AOA和AOB的群落结构组成。     

我国应用生态技术修复富营养化湖泊的研究进展

我国湖泊、水库的营养化非常严重，且呈发展之势。在众多的治理方法中，生态方法以其效果好，费用低等优点，越来越受到人们的重视，成为国内外富营养化湖泊治理与研究的热点。本文将富营养化湖泊治理的生态技术分为控制营养盐的技术和直接控制藻类的技术，并分析了各种技术的生态原理、技术应用条件、实例应用情况以及技术优点和缺点等。湖泊富营养化是一个典型的生态问题，应综合各项技术的优点，科学地运用各项技术．宴旌富营养化湖泊的治殚。     

Role of catchment area in the transport of nutrients to lakes in the Wielkopolska National Park in Poland

The external loading of 14 lakes in the Wielkopolska National Park was calculated, including nitrogen and phosphorus loads from point, diffuse and dispersed sources, precipitation and recreation. The basic source of nitrogen and phosphorus for most lakes in the Park is the export of diffuse pollution from the catchment area. Only four lakes are contaminated by sewage, which accounts for 0.1–61.2% of total nutrient loading. Annual unit area loads of phosphorus and nitrogen estimated for each lake were 2–51 times higher than Vollenweider’s critical loading levels. Estimated mass loading and annual unit area loads of nutrients for each lake were compared with lake water quality, expressed as the trophic state index. Analysis of the physico‐geographical structure of the catchment area and natural resistance of lakes to external input of nutrients allowed us to assess the role of the catchment in the deterioration of water quality and to indicate the protective measures required.     

Eutrophication as a ‘wicked’ problem

Eutrophication, or the enrichment of lakes and reservoirs with plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, is an ongoing concern facing human societies around the world. Once thought to have been resolved using engineering approaches such as municipal wastewater treatment and storm water management, the problem of nutrient enrichment not only persists, but even continues to increase, being manifested in harmful algal blooms, limitations on access to safe drinking water supplies, and related concerns associated with fresh water in lakes and reservoirs. The continuing concern surrounding eutrophication fulfils the many attributes of a ‘wicked’ or complex problem facing society. This report reviews seriatim the ten attributes of a wicked problem, and the implications of these attributes for lake and reservoir management are discussed. Recognition of eutrophication as a wicked problem requires site‐specific approaches, based on specific knowledge of individual water bodies, as well as an ongoing commitment to lake and reservoir management to respond to new manifestations of the problems of nutrient enrichment as they continue to be revealed over time.     

Monitoring water level and volume changes of lakes and reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin using ICESat-2 laser altimetry and Google Earth Engine

Monitoring the water level and volume changes of lakes and reservoirs is essential for deepening our understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of water resources in the Yellow River Basin, with a view to better utilizing and managing water resources. In recent years, there have been many studies on monitoring water level and volume changes in inland waters, but they were mainly focused on radar altimetry and the full waveform LiDAR ICESat, which was retired in 2010. Few studies based on the latest photon-counting LiDAR ICESat-2 have been reported. Compared with previous sensors, ICESat-2 has great advantages in footprint size, transmitting frequency, pulse number, etc, but its performance in monitoring water level and volume changes in inland waters has not been fully explored. Here we investigated the spatial distribution of water level and volume changes of 11 lakes and 8 reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin based on ICESat-2 and Google Earth Engine, and analyzed the factors affecting the measurement uncertainties. In-situ validation of lake level in Lake Qinghai indicates that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of our result is only 7 cm after the reference coordinate system conversion. We found that the water level trend of the natural lake shows significant seasonal variations, while the water level trend of the reservoir shows a sharp rise and fall. In addition, precipitation plays a decisive role in the changes in natural lake levels and indirectly affects the artificial control of reservoirs’ water discharges. The uncertainty of water volume change monitoring is mainly affected by water level measurement uncertainty for lakes, while for reservoirs, that is affected by the combination of water level and area measurement uncertainties. The stability of lake level measurement increases with the increase in photon counts. The introduction of ICESat-2 ATL13 Significant Wave Height might lead larger standard deviation in water level measurement. According to the law of propagation of uncertainty, the uncertainty of the water volume change estimation by the combination of ICESat-2 and GEE is less than 9 %.     

Development of spatial similarity‐based modelling to improve integrated lake water quality management in Malaysia

This study describes similarity‐based modelling techniques used to develop a spatially based water quality prediction model to facilitate sustainable lake water quality management. The lentic nature of lakes allows them to slowly absorb pollutants over a long period of time with readily noticeable signs, causing symptoms to appear only when the water quality has significantly degraded, meaning the risk of improper water quality management can be very high. Thus, failure to establish sustainable planning at the watershed scale was found to be a major threat of water quality degradation, from extemporary approaches often practised in lake management. Accordingly, the developed model is tailored for lakes facing moderate to serious water quality data limitation. The geodatabase integrates the identified driving factors of physical, social and water quality with significant influences on the status of lake water quality. A 1 km buffer radius with percentages of built‐up area, population, lake surface area and rainfall is measured. Calculation of a water quality index was then quantified on the basis of a similarity‐modelling technique. Lake Putrajaya was chosen as a control point for developing the indicator index. A total of 93 recreational lakes within Selangor and Kuala Lumpur were selected as modelling points. The results of this study indicated the similarity technique of spatial modelling is sufficiently reliable to be applied as an early assessment indicator. From the 93 lakes in this study, none feel in the category of either “bad” or “excellent,” with the majority being in class 3 (medium water quality status) and only four considered as having a good water quality condition. The balance of 35 lakes was considered to exhibit poor water quality. The model output is an indicator index, providing classification guidelines for the water quality status of the assessed lake as an early assessment tools.     

云南典型高原湖泊富营养化及其生态修复研究

始于70年代末80年代初的湖泊富营养化问题,严重阻碍了云南社会经济发展,继而引起了人们极大地关注。已有的研究从富营养化特征、机制、演化以及生态、工程修复等方面进行了相关探究,其1980—2010年湖泊水体总磷、总氮、透明度、叶绿素、生化需氧量及营养状况指数等均指示和记录了近30年来云南典型高原湖泊富营养化特征及演化过程。在系统总结前人研究成果的基础上、基于云南高原湖泊富营养化的典型性与差异性、富营养化演化及其修复现状的背景下认为:近年来富营养化水体水质好转大多只是季节性或区域性迹象,云南高原湖泊整体上乃处于持续的富营养化和污染状态,部分湖泊因为周边农业用地和建设的扩展已经导致湖泊处于不可恢复状态,抚仙湖、阳宗海等湖泊周边因开发需水量大,导致湖泊水位出现快速下降和湖容大量减少。进一步对云南高原典型富营养化湖泊开展更大时间尺度的研究,特别是湖泊变化机理的研究和趋势预警的升级是今后努力的重点和方向。     

Coagulation and sedimentation in lakes,reservoirs and water treatment plants

Coagulation and sedimentation occur naturally in all lakes and reservoirs and, by design, in water treatment plants using surface supplies. Important factors that affect water quality in lakes and reservoirs include nutrient loading, areal hydraulic loading, and detention time together with the concentrations of land-derived Z(pedogenic) natural organic matter and hardness in waters entering the lake or reservoir. These, in turn, have important effects on the design and operation of potable water treatment systems. It is difficult and expensive to use the good physics to compensate for poor chemistry in water treatment plant design. There are many interesting and useful similarities among the physical and chemical characteristics of lakes, reservoirs, and water treatment plants.     

Water quality assessment of a tropical coastal lake system using multivariate cluster,principal component and factor analysis

Statistical techniques represent a reliable tool for classifying, modelling and interpreting surface water quality monitoring data, particularly for lakes. The complexity associated with the analysis of a large number of measured variables, however, is a major problem in water quality assessments. Multivariate analysis, such as cluster analysis and factor analysis (FA), was utilized in this study for the analysis of water quality data (including water discharges and 28 water quality parameters) for Akkulam–Veli Lake, a tropical coastal lake system in Kerala, India. This lake is partially divided into two sub‐systems, namely Veli Lake and Akkulam Lake. Akkulam Lake exhibits freshwater characteristics, in contrast to Veli Lake, which exhibits saline water characteristics because of its close proximity to the sea. Thus, studying this lake provides insights into water quality variations in both a freshwater and saline water lake in a tropical region. Water quality patterns and variations in Akkulam–Vela Lake over three seasons, including pre‐monsoon (PRM), monsoon (MON) and post‐monsoon (POM), also were studied, utilizing multivariate techniques. The organic pollution factor played a significant role on lake water quality during PRM. The influence of organic pollution tends to decrease during MON and POM, a particular situation faced by urban lakes in tropical regions. Polluted stretches in a lake system during different seasons can easily be ascertained by hierarchical cluster analysis. Further, the factors affecting a lake system as a whole, as well as for a particular sampling site, can easily be identified by FA. Improved water quality can be observed during POM. Akkulam and Vela lakes exhibit a wide variation in water quality during all seasons, a finding that corroborates a water flow obstruction from Akkulam Lake to Veli Lake because of the bund existing between the two lakes. The location of the bund is identified as the major reason for different hydrochemical processes in A–V Lake.     

卫星测高数据筛选方法研究——以 Jason-3 数据和洪泽湖为例

针对卫星测高数据质量在湖库地区不稳定问题,提出一种基于数据质量评价、筛选提取水位的方法。使用Jason-3卫星测高数据,选取数据质量不稳定的洪泽湖地区为例进行实验。结果表明,该方法在改善数据精度方面明显优于传统方法,提取的测高水位与实测水位间相关系数从传统方法的0.11提高到0.59,均方根误差也从2m减少到0.5m,使得Jason-3数据用于湖库水位监测时具有较高的可信度。此外,对于那些数据质量不好的周期,提取的水位精度普遍不高,基于数据质量评价结果将它们舍去,可进一步提高了整体的监测精度,相关系数可提高到0.9,均方根误差减少到0.19m,这对于为无资料湖库构建精确的库容曲线具有重要意义。     

河湖健康评估指标、标准与方法研究

河湖健康评估是河湖生态保护管理的重要基础性技术工作,是全面推行河(湖)长制建设的重要任务。本文重点介绍全国河湖健康评估工作的技术成果,主要内容包括:构建了包括水文水资源、河湖物理形态、水质、水生生物及河湖社会服务功能五个方面的健康评估指标体系,提出了5个等级的河湖健康分级标准,形成了系统的河湖健康调查评价方法,采用该标准与方法,在全国36个河湖(库)水体进行了河湖健康评估。实践证明,全国河湖健康评估提出的河湖健康内涵及评估指标体系能够系统表征我国河湖生态及功能特点,指标总体科学合理,整套技术方法具有很好的操作性。     

城市浅水湖泊生态系统健康与保护研究

针对我国东部平原地区淡水湖泊资源丰富,且多为中小型浅水湖,受到社会经济快速发展的影响,城市化率高,人类干扰强烈,境内湖泊面临着富营养化、服务功能丧失等生态环境问题,以太湖流域东南部苏州市吴江区的湖泊群为例,在分析浅水湖泊特征的基础上,提出这一类型湖泊生态健康的概念框架,构建湖泊水生态健康评价体系,选择生态因子、环境因子、人类活动干扰与生态建设4个要素共12个指标描述湖泊健康水平,并分析其原因。结果表明:水环境质量的恶化与人类对湖泊资源的粗放式开发是造成湖泊生态功能失衡的主要原因。以评价结果为指导,制定典型湖泊三白荡的生态修复与建设的措施与方法,旨在为湖泊生态系统管理与修复提供科学依据。     

我国湖泊存在的生态问题

随着社会经济的不断发展,我国湖泊普遍存在着湖泊圈围,库容减少;湖泊违法采砂、违章取土,屡禁不止;护岸裁弯取直,流态单一;直立式硬化河坡,植物多样性缺失;硬化湖岸,景色单调;过度建设生态湿地,舍本逐末;不当养殖水生物,易造成生态灾难;湖泊富营养化严重,污染治理治标不治本等问题。这些行为严重影响了湖泊的水环境、水生态、水旅游的发展,甚至危及近岸海洋生态系统生存、繁衍,呈现亚健康、不健康状态,威胁了近海湖泊的可持续发展。应该加强法制教育,加强涉水工作者的水环境意识,建设亲水湖岸;减少水污染,减少末端治理。     

A trophic state index for Laguna lake in the Philippines

A multivariate approach was used to develop a trophic state index. The index TSI(AVE), based on the four trophic state variables (transparency, phytoplankton, nitrate and temperature) was applied to Laguna Lake in the Philippines. The results indicated a hypereutrophic state of the lake. A Carlson‐type index was also used for the lake, but it was found that the index was not applicable to Laguna Lake.     

农业面源污染对湖泊水质影响的初步分析

我国是一个多湖泊的国家，湖泊水质直接影响我国整体水质状况。目前，许多湖泊严重污染，湖泊周边地区成为典型的“水质型缺水”地区。调查资料显示，农业面源污染成为主要污染源之一。通过分析典型湖泊的污染成因，提出了防治污染的具体措施。     

Lake restoration in Denmark

Lake restoration in Denmark has involved the use of several different restoration techniques, all aiming to improve lake water quality and establishing clear‐water conditions. The most frequently used method, now used in more than 20 lakes, is the reduction of zooplanktivorous and benthivorous fish (especially roach (Rutilus rutilus) and bream (Abramis brama)) with the objective of improving the growth conditions for piscivores, large‐sized zooplankton species, benthic algae and submerged macrophytes. Piscivore stocking (mainly Esox lucius (pike)), aiming especially at reducing the abundance of young‐of‐the‐year fish, has been used in more than 10 lakes and frequently as a supplement to fish removal. Hypolimnetic oxidation, with oxygen and nitrate, has been undertaken in a few stratified lakes and sediment dredging, with the purpose of diminishing the internal phosphorus loading, has been experimented with in one large, shallow lake. Submerged macrophyte implantation has been conducted in some of the biomanipulated lakes to increase macrophyte abundance and distribution. Overall, the results from lake restoration projects, in the mainly shallow Danish lakes, show that external nutrient loading must be reduced to a level below 0.05–0.1 mg P L^–1 under equilibrium conditions to gain permanent effects on lake water quality. By using fish removal, at least 80% of the fish stock should be removed over a period of not more than 1–2 years to obtain a substantial effect on lower trophic levels and to avoid regrowth of the remaining fish stock. Stocking of piscivores requires high densities (>0.1 individuals m^–2) if an impact on the plankton level is to be obtained and stocking should be repeated yearly until a stable clear‐water state is reached. The experiments with hypolimnetic oxygenation and sediment dredging confirm that internal phosphorus loading can be reduced. Experience from macrophyte implantation experiments indicates that protection against grazing by herbivorous waterfowl may be useful in the early phase of recolonization.     

综合水质标识指数法在公园湖泊水质评价中的应用

2011年8月对上海市12个公园中的13个湖泊水体进行了调查。对综合水质指数中各单因子水质标识指数的权重进行了改进与选择,根据调查资料,采用综合水质标识指数法对被调查水体的水质状况及营养状态进行了评价,用评分法和综合营养状态指数法验证了综合水质标识指数法应用于湖泊富营养化评价中的合理性。结果表明:所调查的湖泊中,仅有15.4%的公园湖泊综合水质达到水环境功能区要求,处于富营养化状态的公园湖泊占53.8%,湖泊中TN和CODCr污染最严重,综合水质标识指数法简便易用,能全面反映水质状况,评价结果科学合理,适合在公园湖泊富营养化评价中推广使用。     

湖库营养状态评价方法及适用性分析

富营养化是我国湖泊、水库当前面临的主要水环境问题,营养状态评价方法是识别湖库营养状态和水污染程度的主要技术手段。本文采用行业主管部门颁布的湖库营养状态评价方法,以北京市密云水库和昆明市滇池为例,对比分析了综合营养状态指数和营养状态指数2种评价方法下的湖库营养状态评价结果。从不同评价方法的特点和实例的评价结果差异归纳总结了综合营养状态指数法和营养状态指数法的适用性特征,提出湖库水体营养状态指数评价方法选择的基本原则,可为湖泊、水库营养状态评价的规范化管理提供科学依据。