岩石声发射特征的分形分析

通过岩石单轴压缩声发射实验，利用G-P算法计算了不同应力水平下的声发射时间序列的关联维数。研究发现关联维数值随相空间维数m的增大而增大，当m较大时趋于稳定。实验发现多数岩样在应力水平为极限应力的60％以前，分维值呈增大趋势。当达到破坏应力时，分形维数降低到一个最小值。这表明岩石声发射关联维数的变化反映了岩石内部损伤演化情况，分形维数的降低意味着主断裂或破坏的发生。     

煤卸荷过程中声发射特征及综合破坏前兆分析

为探究煤破坏全过程的声发射(acoustic emission,简称AE)特征及破坏前兆信息,利用MTS815岩石力学试验系统和PCI-2型声发射监测系统,对不同初始围压下煤样的卸荷破坏进行声发射试验,得到煤在卸荷过程中AE特征的围压效应及基于声发射的多参数综合破坏前兆信息。结果表明:煤的承载能力随着初始围压的上升明显提高。煤在变形破坏过程中的AE时序参数、空间分布演化特征和振幅分布均与其所处力学状态契合良好,部分AE参数在煤样变形破坏过程中产生明显突变:AE空间分布演化2次突变点对应的应力水平分别为55%和80%;能量率突变点对应的应力水平为87%;振铃计数率的突变点大致对应其峰值应力;振幅和b值的峰值分别对应峰后89%和78%左右的应力水平。根据突变点对应变形破坏阶段的不同,将其综合分为4组,作为煤卸荷破坏的前兆信息,为采用AE监测技术预防开挖过程中的动力灾害事故提供参考。     

单轴压缩荷载下含黏结面花岗岩能量演化研究

为探究能量演化在含黏结面不完整岩石受载过程中的规律,选取带有矿物质黏结斜面的花岗岩进行单轴循环加卸载压缩试验,同时在试验过程中进行声发射检测.得到以下结论:"有效能比"(累积弹性能/输入岩石的总能)可以作为岩石储能水平的表征,也可间接反映岩石内部结构随应力状态的改变;从整个加载过程来看,黏结面部位破坏的声发射释能短促、强烈,峰值强度时声发射持续时间较长,但声发射释能率相比黏结面破坏时较低;应力水平较低时,卸载过程中一般不会有声发射现象或声发射现象基本可以忽略,但当应力水平达到一定值时,即花岗岩积聚的弹性能超过了黏结面部位破坏的耗散能时,花岗岩在卸载时会发生短促、强烈的脆性破坏;由于声发射能量属于耗散能的一部分,定义"声发射检测效率"(声发射累积能量/累积耗散能),对于本次试验对象而言,"声发射检测效率"在压密阶段降低,弹性阶段升高,黏结面局部破坏时达到峰值,之后直至峰值强度该值呈现持续降低趋势;从能量角度分析,卸载破裂所对应的应力水平低于加载强度,但不应低于与峰值强度时耗散能大小相等的弹性能所对应的应力水平.     

煤卸荷过程中声发射特征及综合破坏前兆分析（研究生论坛稿件）

为探究煤破坏全过程的声发射（Acoustic Emission,简称AE）特征及破坏前兆信息,利用MTS815岩石力学试验系统和PCI-2型声发射监测系统,对不同初始围压下煤样的卸荷破坏进行声发射试验,得到了煤在卸荷过程中AE特征的围压效应及基于声发射的多参数综合破坏前兆信息。结果表明：煤的承载能力随着初始围压的上升明显提高;煤在变形破坏过程中的AE时序参数、空间分布演化特征和振幅分布均与其所处力学状态契合良好,部分AE参数在煤样变形破坏过程中产生明显突变：AE空间分布演化的两次突变点对应的应力水平分别为55%和80%,能量率的突变点对应的应力水平为87%,振铃计数率的突变点大致对应其峰值应力,振幅和b值的峰值分别对应峰后89%和78%左右的应力水平;根据突变点对应变形破坏阶段的不同,将其综合分为四组,作为煤卸荷破坏的前兆信息,为采用AE监测技术预防开挖过程中的动力灾害事故提供参考。     

单轴压缩下不同层理方向对片麻岩声发射特征影响的试验研究

为探究不同层理方向岩体的损伤演化规律和变形破坏中的声发射特征,选用具有明显层理构造的片麻岩试样开展单轴压缩条件下的声发射试验,分析轴向平行和垂直层理片麻岩试样失稳破裂、声发射时序参数和声发射空间定位演化特征。结果表明:不同层理方向对岩石破裂影响显著,轴向平行层理片麻岩试样峰值载荷稍高于轴向垂直层理的,裂纹起裂应力水平较高,声发射定位点由加载初期离散无序分布转为向沿层理聚集,破裂时主裂隙沿层理面贯通上下端或沿层理扩展形成垮落区,最终表现为典型的张拉破坏,岩石达到峰值载荷后瞬间失稳,呈突发式破坏特征;轴向垂直层理试样起裂应力水平较低,进入声发射剧烈期参数波动更为显著,事件点在试样中部聚集产生倾斜带状剪切裂纹密集区,破裂时出现多种破裂模式,主要以剪切滑移破坏为主。岩石达到峰值载荷后应力发生多次跌落,呈渐进式破坏特征。     

岩石试样直接拉伸力学性能及声发射活动分析

为探究直接拉伸作用下岩石力学特性和损伤演化特征,对3种岩石试样进行单轴直接拉伸声发射测试,分析岩石的直接拉伸力学性能及声发射活动规律。结果表明,岩石试样的拉伸应力-应变曲线在试验加载初期表现为线性关系,随着载荷增加,应力-应变曲线缓慢弯曲;拉伸破坏前试样没有明显的屈服阶段,拉伸宏观破坏瞬间产生,没有峰后曲线;随着拉伸应力的增加,岩石内部低强度晶体或微裂隙发生破坏或扩展,使试样抵抗拉伸变形能力减弱,表现为试样拉伸弹模随拉应力增加而下降。拉伸过程中的AE活动对应着岩石内部微损伤的产生和发展,拉伸过程的初期和中期AE事件极少,在试样拉断破坏之前,声发射事件急剧增多,强度和能量急剧增大,远远大于前期AE信号的幅度。AE事件的位置分布与试样的宏观破坏面有较好的对应关系,表明实时分析AE或微震活动,可以分析岩石内部的损伤状态和破坏位置。     

尺寸效应和应变速率对岩石力学特性影响的试验研究

采用MTS 815.02型电液伺服岩石力学试验系统,对6种规格岩样应变速率在1×10~(-5)~5×10~(-3) s~(-1)范围内进行了6级应变速率下的单轴压缩试验,分析了岩样尺寸、应变速率对岩样峰值强度、弹性模量、峰值应变、声发射特性及破坏形态等力学性质的影响.结果表明,岩样的峰值强度与岩样尺寸呈负相关,与应变速率呈正相关,两者均可采用二次多项式进行描述.当岩样尺寸较小(L/D2.0)时,岩样声发射振铃数在峰值应力前后呈先逐渐增多后减少的渐变规律,声发射模式属于渐进发射型;当岩样尺寸较大(L/D≥2.0)时,在达到峰值应力之前声发射数量较少,在应力峰值处突然爆发显著的声发射事件,声发射模式属于突跃发射型.当岩样高径比较小(L/D2.0)时,随着应变速率的增加,岩样的声发射振铃数与振铃次数增多,声发射活动越强烈,岩样破坏形式较为复杂,沿轴向出现较多的劈裂面或岩样产生圆锥形破坏;当岩样高径比较大(L/D≥2.0)时,岩样基本为单一剪切破坏.当应变速率较小(ε′5×10~(-4) s~(-1))时,岩样破坏形式为剪切破坏或拉剪混合破坏;当应变速率较大(ε′≥5×10~(-4) s~(-1))时,随着应变速率的增加,岩样易产生圆锥形破坏.     

点荷载下岩石记忆效应的声发射数值模拟试验研究

利用岩石破裂过程数值模拟软件RFPA对点荷载下岩石的声发射特征进行数值模拟,通过对试验循环声发射事件数强度百分比、声发射累积数的应变百分比及声发射空间分布进行对比,发现点荷载下岩石不仅对先期应力具有很好的记忆效应,对先期最大线应变也有明显的记忆能力.     

损伤石灰岩单轴再加载力学特性及破坏机理

为研究卸荷损伤破坏围岩力学特性及破坏机理,选用RMT-150岩石力学试验系统进行三轴岩石加载-卸载过程,制备损伤岩石。结合AEwin声发射系统开展损伤石灰岩单轴再加载试验,测试应力-时间-能量累计值关系曲线,分析阐述岩石宏观破坏特征。结果表明:随着卸荷点的增加,损伤石灰岩破坏程度与破坏形式均发生较明显的变化。石灰岩破坏形式从脆性破坏向延性破坏转化,扩容现象越来越不明显;低于70%峰值强度卸荷点的损伤岩石单轴加载过程中声发射能量累计值增长规律趋于一致,可分为平稳阶段、稳定增长阶段、二次平稳3个阶段;岩石内部微裂纹分布方式对宏观破坏特征影响明显,岩石细观力学响应决定其宏观力学破坏特征。     

受载岩石与混凝土声发射特性对比实验研究

通过室内加载岩石和混凝土的实验方法,测试了两类不同性质的岩石以及混凝土的破裂全过程的力学特征及其声发射特性,得到了岩石和混凝土破坏全过程力学特性曲线、声发射事件累积数、声发射事件率等相关曲线及参数,研究了声发射事件数、事件率、应力水平与时间参数之间的关系.通过对比岩石和混凝土声发射特性,指出了岩石声发射特性与混凝土声发射特性的相似与不同之处,以及两类不同性质岩石本身声发射特性的区别.研究着重讨论了一次性加载过程中混凝土与塑性阶段明显的岩石在加载接近峰值强度时都出现明显的"耗时"现象,指出存在这种现象的试样在此阶段声发射事件率出现明显下降,出现声发射相对平静,而对于塑性阶段不明显岩石来说,这一阶段则基本不存在明显的"耗时"现象,声发射的监测中也没有相对平静现象.此外,还对时间参数在声发射监测研究中的重要性进行了总结和分析,指出常规室内岩石力学研究中可以忽略的时间参数在声发射研究中应该被足够地重视.     

Fractal analysis on the spatial distribution of acoustic emission in the failure process of rock specimens

The spatial distribution of acoustic emission (AE) events in the failure process of several rock specimens was acquired us-ing an advanced AE acquiring and analyzing system.The box counting method (BCM) was employed to calculate the fractal dimen-sion (FD) of AE spatial distribution.There is a similar correlation between the fractal dimension and the load strength for different rock specimens.The fractal dimension presents a decreasing trend with the increase of load strength.For the same kind of specimens,their FD values will decrease to the level below a relatively same value when they reach failure.This value can be regarded as the critical value,which implies that the specimen will reach failure soon.The results reflect that it is possible to correlate the damage of rock with a macroscopic parameter,the FD value of AE signals.Furthermore,the FD value can be also used to forecast the final fail-ure of rock.This conclusion allows identifying or predicting the damage in rock with a great advantage over the classic theory and is very crucial for forecasting rockburst or other dynamic disasters in mines.     

Effects of confining pressure on acoustic emission and failure characteristics of sandstone

In this study, uniaxial and triaxial compression acoustic emission(AE) tests were implemented to investigate the AE effect and failure characteristics of sandstone under different confining pressures(σ_3). The evolution of AE parameters in the rock failure process and fracture fractal dimension characteristics after failure were analyzed. The results revealed that the activity of the AE signal is strongly related to σ_3. The evolution of the Ib value can be divided into the I-fluctuation, II-stability, and III-decrease stages. In the first stage, the Ib value of the AE was relatively high, and the AE energy was low. Then, the Ib value tended to be stable; however, the fluctuation amplitude decreased, and the AE energy rapidly increased. In the stage of decrease, the AE energy sharply increased before the load approached the peak value, and the Ib value significantly decreased and dropped to the lowest point before the peak value. As σ_3 increased, the rock's failure mode changed from tensile failure to shear failure and became more coordinated. As the confining pressure increased, the shape dimension decreased, and the order degree of rock failure increased. The confining pressure exerted a certain control effect on the rock failure.     

Acoustic emission characteristics and stress release rate of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time

Considering the importance of the prediction of rock burst disasters, and in order to grasp the law of acoustic emission(AE) of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time, the SH-II AE monitoring system was adopted to monitor the failure process of coal samples. The study of the change rule of the AE numbers, energy, ‘b' value and spectrum in the micro crack propagation process of the coal samples shows that as dynamic damage time went by, AE presented high-energy counts and the accumulated counts increased during the compression phase. The AE energy and cumulative counts increased during the elastic stage. The AE blank area increased gradually and the blank lines were more and more obvious in the molding stage. The AE counts and energy showed a trend of decrease in the residual damage phase.AE ‘b' values gradually became sparse, and the large scale cracks percentage compared with micro cracks decreased and the degree of damage decreased. The AE frequency spectrum peak went from the residual damage phase to the molding phase, and finally it was nearly stable, besides the bandwidth of the main frequency is gradually narrowed. Also, the frequency peak changed from single peak frequency to bi-peak frequency and to the single peak frequency. Uniaxial compressive strength is more sensitive than the elastic modulus to dynamic damage time.     

单轴加卸载条件下岩盐变形过程能量和声发射特征研究 （研究生论坛）

利用 MTS815 Flex Test GT 岩石力学试验系统及声发射(AE)实时监测系统,对取自平顶山和淮安两处矿井的纯盐岩进行了单抽加卸载试验,得到了岩盐的应力-应变加卸载曲线、声发射振铃计数率和能量率曲线,并且从能量与声发射的角度研究了纯岩盐变形破坏过程的基本特征。通过研究表明,岩盐单轴加卸载条件下,弹性变形阶段很短,屈服过程产生很大的塑形变形,且峰后的变形过程没有应力的急剧下降,整个实验过程中加卸、载之间滞回环面积很微小。在整个实验过程中,弹性应变能占的比例非常的小;盐岩单轴加卸载变形破坏过程中,其耗散能随应变一直增加,且增长率递增,而当应力接近峰值时,增长率趋于恒定,耗散能曲线开始呈线性增长;弹性应变能在峰前一直增加,且增长率递减,在峰值处达到最大值,峰后开始下降。岩盐在试验初始阶段振铃计数率与能量率便大量产生,而后在屈服阶段呈现下降进入稳定发展期,直到峰值处,出现一个累计振铃计数和累计能量曲线的拐点,峰后以一个更高的速率稳定地且呈现阶梯状发展。本文对于盐岩储气库的水溶开挖和采气过程中逐渐卸载的应力环境施工过程有一定的实际指导意义。     

煤体剪切破坏过程电磁辐射与声发射研究

用剪切实验台和电磁辐射、声发射接收系统对煤体剪切破坏的电磁辐射、声发射特征进行了研究 .结果表明 ,煤体剪切破坏过程中电磁辐射和声发射有两种类型 :一种是在加载初期出现较高的强度 ,加载中间阶段有较为平静的区域 ,主破坏发生前又逐渐增强 ,破坏时出现较高的强度 ,破坏后逐渐减弱 ;另一种是随应力增大电磁辐射和声发射持续增强直至破坏 ,破坏后减小 .试验结果与预测冲击矿压、煤与瓦斯突出等动力灾害的现场测试结果吻合 .     

大理岩破坏起裂应力及断裂能特征试验研究

根据大理岩常规三轴试验数据,探讨不同围压下大理岩破坏的起裂应力和起裂断裂能变化规律.大理岩起裂应力位于峰值应力的53％～76％之间,随围压升高向峰值强度逐渐逼近.起裂断裂能与围压、峰值强度呈正线性关系.起裂应力对应的声发射能量计数率出现突跳,起裂点之后声发射能量计数率和累计释放能量增加速度明显变快,理论计算求得的起裂点和声发射监测数据吻合较好.大理岩常规三轴破坏符合Mogi-Coulomb强度准则.     

Implications for rock instability precursors and principal stress direction from rock acoustic experiments

The characteristics of rock instability precursors and the principal stress direction are very crucial for the prevention of geological disasters. This study investigated the qualitative relationship between rock instability precursors and principal stress direction through wave velocity in rock acoustic emission(AE) experiments. Results show that the wave velocity variation exhibits obvious anisotropic characteristics in 0%–20% and 60%–90% of peak strength due to the differences of stress-induced microcrack types.The amplitude of wave velocity variation is related to the azimuth and position of wave propagation path,which indicates that the principal stress direction can be identified by the anisotropic characteristics of wave velocity variations. Furthermore, the experiments also demonstrate that the AE event rate and wave velocity show quiet and stable variations in the elastic stage of rock samples, while they present a trend of active and unstable variations in the plastic stage. It implies that both the AE event rate and wave velocity are effective monitoring parameters for rock instability. The anisotropic characteristics of the wave velocity variation and AE event rate are beneficial complements for identifying the rock instability precursors and determining the principal stress direction, which provides a new analysis method for stability monitoring in practical rock engineering.     

Macro and meso characteristics evolution on shear behavior of rock joints

Direct shear tests were conducted on the rock joints under constant normal load(CNL), while the acoustic emission(AE) signals generated during shear tests were monitored with PAC Micro-II system. Before and after shearing, the surfaces of rock joints were measured by the Talysurf CLI 2000. By correlating the AE events with the shear stress-shear displacement curve, one can observe four periods of the whole course of shearing of rock joints. By the contrast of AE location and actual damage zone, it is elucidated that the AE event is related to the morphology of the joint. With the increase of shearing times, the shear behavior of rock joints gradually presents from the response of brittle behavior to that of ductile behavior. By combining the results of topography measurement, four morphological parameters of joint surface, S p(the maximum height of joint surface), N(number of islands), A(projection area) and V(volume of joint) were introduced, which decrease with shearing. Both the joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and joint matching coefficient(JMC) drop with shearing, and the shear strength of rock joints can be predicted by the JRC-JMC model. It establishes the relationship between micro-topography and macroscopic strength, which have the same change rule with shearing.