折面螺旋折流板换热器的流动传热性能

针对现有平面螺旋折流板换热器的相邻折流板与壳体间存在的三角漏流区,提出了一种折面螺旋折流板换热器。基于实验研究分析了折面螺旋折流板换热器的螺旋角和搭接度对流动传热性能的影响,并拟合了壳程对流传热和阻力系数的实验关联式。结果表明,当壳程体积流量相同时,随着螺旋角的减小,折面螺旋折流板换热器的壳程总压降增加,壳程管束压降增加,壳程膜传热系数提升,综合性能增强;相同壳程体积流量下,随着搭接度的增加,壳程总压降也增加,壳程膜传热系数增加,综合性能提高。实验研究表明螺旋角18°、搭接度50%的折面螺旋折流板换热器流动传热性能最佳。将折面螺旋折流板换热器的螺旋角和搭接度作为修正因子拟合到了实验关联式中,对比发现实验值与Nu实验关联式计算值的平均相对误差为1.13%,与f实验关联式的平均相对误差为6.84%,说明了拟合的正确性和可靠性。研究结果为折面螺旋折流板换热器的设计提供了理论指导。     

变螺距搭接螺旋折流板换热器综合性能

为解决三角区漏流对壳程综合性能的影响,设计提出变螺距搭接螺旋折流板换热器,并进行了数值模拟和综合性能分析。结果表明,变螺距搭接螺旋折流板换热器的综合性能主要受螺旋角组合方式、螺旋周期数量和工质物性参数影响;在一定程度上能够实现优化三角漏流区的目的,某些螺旋角组合方式下的换热器综合性能明显优于相同螺旋角下的等螺距换热器;当变螺距螺旋折流板换热器与等螺距螺旋折流板换热器综合性能相同时,其还具有强化壳侧传热或节省折流板用耗材和便于安装的优点。     

三螺旋折流板换热器多流路通道流动与传热数值模拟

为了增加大螺旋角下单位长度换热管上螺旋折流板数量提高换热,提出三螺旋折流板导流结构,对设置三螺旋折流板后壳程流体的流动与传热进行了数值模拟,重点考察了Reynolds数Re=1391～4174时的壳程压降及对流传热系数,与设置单螺旋折流板的对比结果表明：三螺旋折流板换热器壳程对流传热系数高27.9%,JF因子高13.67%,综合传热性能更好。在此基础上运用耗散理论分析了三螺旋折流板采取不同螺旋角时对换热效率的影响,发现由传热引起的耗散率随Reynolds数变化规律与壳程对流传热系数随Reynolds数的变化规律类似,相同流量条件下螺旋角为64.8°的换热器耗散率最小。另外,中心换热管与壳壁附近换热管的传热系数比较结果显示,中心管热交换量均低于壳壁附近换热管热交换量。     

螺旋叶片折流板高效换热器性能研究

对比换热器壳程的传热和压降性能进行了5组参数下螺旋叶片折流板换热器传热性能试验,对其中一组螺旋角16°、折流板间距200螺旋叶片折流板换热器试验数据进行回归计算,获得其壳程传热系数和压力降的经验计算公式。     

螺旋折流板换热器三角区漏流阻塞的实验研究

目前普遍使用的螺旋折流板换热器壳程的一个螺距主要采用4块平面折流板结构,但在相邻两块折流板的直边搭接处存在顶角相对的两个三角漏流区,使壳程流体偏离理想的螺旋流,严重影响了换热器的性能。采用折面折流板结构,可以封闭原始折流板之间的外侧三角漏流区,使壳程流体更接近连续的螺旋流动。实验结果表明,采用折面折流板代替原始的平面折流板后,换热器总传热系数增加6.7%~19.1%,平均增大16.9%,表明此折面折流板能有效提高螺旋折流板换热器的换热性能。虽然壳程压降也随之增大,但带来的泵耗功率增量非常有限。换热器的热性能因子均大于1.0,平均值为1.071,表明结构改进后的换热器,其综合性能平均提高7.1%。基于实验数据,拟合了结构改进前后的换热器壳程传热系数和阻力系数的相关实验关联式。研究结果对于换热器的节能优化具有重要的指导意义。     

螺旋折流板换热器三角区漏流阻塞的实验研究

目前普遍使用的螺旋折流板换热器壳程的一个螺距主要采用4块平面折流板结构,但在相邻两块折流板的直边搭接处存在顶角相对的两个三角漏流区,使壳程流体偏离理想的螺旋流,严重影响了换热器的性能。采用折面折流板结构,可以封闭原始折流板之间的外侧三角漏流区,使壳程流体更接近连续的螺旋流动。实验结果表明,采用折面折流板代替原始的平面折流板后,换热器总传热系数增加6.7%～19.1%,平均增大16.9%,表明此折面折流板能有效提高螺旋折流板换热器的换热性能。虽然壳程压降也随之增大,但带来的泵耗功率增量非常有限。换热器的热性能因子均大于1.0,平均值为1.071,表明结构改进后的换热器,其综合性能平均提高7.1%。基于实验数据,拟合了结构改进前后的换热器壳程传热系数和阻力系数的相关实验关联式。研究结果对于换热器的节能优化具有重要的指导意义。     

螺旋流动未充分发展段对换热器性能的影响

通过对不同螺旋角的螺旋折流板换热器壳程流体流动和传热进行研究,得出壳程进口未充分发展段的分布规律;并在考虑壳程结构特点的基础上,提出了一种新型变角度的螺旋折流板模型,改善壳程进口未充分发展段对换热器的影响。结果表明:换热器折流板的导流作用随着折流板螺旋角的增大而降低,螺旋角的增大使换热器壳程进口流体螺旋流动减弱,螺旋流动未充分发展段长度增加。变角度的螺旋折流板能够有效改善换热器壳程进口未充分发展段的作用,相同工况下通过优化变角度螺旋折流板α角,可使换热器壳程传热系数增加8.9%—9.1%,壳程压力损失增加5.8%—6.9%,综合性能增加6.6%—6.9%。计算结果为改进换热器螺旋折流板结构、强化换热器传热提供了理论依据。     

连续螺旋折流板换热器热力学性能的数值模拟研究及实验论证

螺旋折流板是公认比较良好的弓形折流板的替代品，因此，本文采用数值模拟分析结合实验论证的方法对理想连续螺旋折流板换热器的热力学性能进行了综合研究。结果表明,连续螺旋折流板的阻力传热综合性能相较于弓形折流板换热器提高了9.24%～23.05%，且该实验结果与数值模拟吻合较好。此外，本文通过数值模拟进一步研究了螺旋角对连续螺旋折流板换热器的整体性能影响。结果表明同壳程流量下，折流板螺旋角的减小可以提升换热器的总传热系数。在螺旋角为28.42°时，总传热系数提高幅度达到峰值，为38.91%；螺旋角为17.66°时提高幅度有最小值30.80%。同传热水平，大螺旋角的换热器阻力和传热综合性能相较于小螺旋角的换热器提高了4.55%～59.95%。     

折流板结构对换热器壳程性能影响的定量研究

针对弓形折流板、连续螺旋折流板换热器,采用CFD软件FLUENT,RNG k-ε模型,借助数值模拟的方法,定量地比较2种折流板结构下换热器的压降、传热系数、综合性能,并进一步分析了不同折流板结构下换热器壳程局部流场和温度场的分布特点。结果表明:同连续螺旋折流板换热器相比,弓形折流板换热器壳程速度场和温度场分布存在着明显的不连续性。弓形折流板相邻折流板间距同连续螺旋折流板螺距相同条件下,折流板螺距较小时,采用连续螺旋折流板能够明显提高换热器传热系数,但折流板结构改变对换热器综合性能的影响不大;增大折流板螺距,采用连续螺旋折流板能够明显提高换热器综合性能,但不同折流板结构下换热器传热系数变化不大。计算结果为折流板结构的选用提供了理论依据。     

螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳程传热性能及压降的研究

对螺旋折流板换热器和传统的弓形折流板换热器进行了壳程传热性能和壳程的阻力的对比,同时通过实验方法对30°、40°螺旋角的螺旋折流板换热器进行了壳程传热性能和壳程阻力的研究,得出螺旋折流板换热器的螺旋流动强化了传热,螺旋折流板换热器的壳程阻力比弓形折流板换热器的小。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。