激光重熔纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2陶瓷涂层组织及性能

为了进一步提高等离子喷涂纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2(质量分数, 下同)复合陶瓷涂层的性能,在γ-TiAl基体材料表面采用激光重熔工艺对涂层进行处理,研究了激光重熔对涂层微观组织和性能的影响.用扫描电镜(SEM)和显微硬度计分析了涂层形貌、微观结构和显微硬度,同时对涂层的磨损特性进行了考察.结果表明,等离子喷涂纳米陶瓷涂层由纳米颗粒完全熔化区和部分熔化区两部分组成,仍然具有等离子喷涂态的典型层状结构.经过激光重熔后,形成了致密细小的等轴晶重熔区、烧结区和残余等离子喷涂区,由于激光快速加热和快速冷却加工特点,在重熔区仍保留了部分来源于原等离子喷涂部分熔化区的残留纳米粒子.与常规等离子喷涂陶瓷涂层相比,纳米结构涂层可在一定程度上提高其硬度和耐磨性,经过激光重熔后其硬度和耐磨性进一步提高.     

材料结构与制备工艺对热障涂层显微组织的影响

以常规和纳米团聚体ZrO2-7%Y2O3陶瓷粉末为原料,采用等离子喷涂和等离子喷涂+激光重熔复合工艺在TiAl合金表面制备了常规和纳米结构热障涂层。用扫描电镜(SEM)分析了粉末结构及制备工艺对涂层显微组织的影响。结果表明:用常规等离子喷涂法制备的陶瓷涂层为典型的层状堆积特征;而用等离子喷涂法制备的纳米结构涂层则由纳米颗粒完全熔化区和部分熔化区组成,呈两相结构。由于受到激光功率、能量密度、激光作用区温度场分布、陶瓷导热系数和涂层厚度等因素的综合影响,经激光重熔后,涂层呈现出明显的分层结构特征:上部为致密的柱状晶重熔区,下部为残余等离子喷涂区。由于激光重熔纳米结构涂层重熔区中残余纳米粒子的增韧作用,其晶界强度较高,从而导致断口有相当数量的穿晶断裂,而激光重熔常规涂层重熔区的断口基本是沿晶断裂。     

等离子喷涂常规和纳米ZrO2-7％Y2O3热障涂层隔热性能

采用等离子喷涂工艺在TiAl合金表面制备常规和纳米ZrO2-7％Y2O3(质量分数)热障涂层,分析了两种涂层的组织结构,并对其隔热性能进行了比较.结果表明,等离子喷涂常规热障涂层呈典型的层状堆积特征,而纳米涂层为特殊的两相结构.相对于常规涂层,纳米涂层有较好的隔热性能;在1100℃时,等离子喷涂常规及纳米涂层的隔热温度分别为83、127℃.     

等离子喷涂纳米Al2O3-13TiO2陶瓷涂层研究

以常规和纳米团聚体Al2O3-13TiO2(ω/%,下同)复合陶瓷粉末为原料,采用等离子喷涂工艺在TiAl合金表面制备常规和纳米结构陶瓷涂层.用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪分析粉末和涂层形貌、微观结构及相组成,同时对纳米结构涂层的微观组织形成机制进行了讨论.结果表明:常规复合陶瓷涂层呈典型的等离子喷涂层状堆积特征;纳米结构复合陶瓷涂层由部分熔化区以及与常规等离子喷涂类似的片层状完全熔化区组成.根据组织结构的不同,部分熔化区又分为亚微米A12O3粒子镶嵌在TiO2基质相的三维网状或骨骼状结构的液相烧结区和经过一定长大但仍保持在纳米尺度的残留纳米粒子的固相烧结区,不同的部分熔化组织源于复合陶瓷粉末中A12O3与TiO2之间的熔点差异.由于等离子喷涂过程中涂层沉积时的快速凝固作用,不管是常规还是纳米涂层都以亚稳相γ-A12O3为主.     

TiAl合金表面激光重熔纳米陶瓷涂层

采用等离子喷涂和激光重熔复合工艺在TiA l合金表面制备了纳米A l2O3-13wt%TiO2复合陶瓷涂层。为了使重熔后的陶瓷涂层保留一定的纳米结构组织,采用相对较低的激光功率和能量密度进行重熔。用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了涂层形貌、微观结构和相组成。结果表明,等离子喷涂纳米陶瓷涂层由纳米颗粒完全熔化区和部分熔化区两部分组成,具有等离子喷涂态的典型层状结构;由于受到激光功率、能量密度、陶瓷材料热物性参数和涂层厚度等因素的综合影响,重熔后陶瓷涂层出现了明显的分层结构特征;依据组织形态的不同,可将其大致分为:重熔区、烧结区和残余等离子喷涂区。重熔区由致密细小的等轴晶组成,并且保留了部分来源于原等离子喷涂部分熔化区的残留纳米粒子。由于等离子喷涂过程中涂层沉积时的快速凝固作用,涂层以亚稳相-γA l2O3为主,经过激光重熔处理后,-γA l2O3又重新转变为稳定相-αA l2O3。     

超音速等离子喷涂粒子飞行特性对纳米YSZ涂层性能的影响

采用超音速等离子喷涂(SAPS)制备不同工艺条件下的纳米结构涂层,用Spray Watch-2i在线测试等离子射流中熔融粒子飞行速度及表面温度,用扫描电镜及透射电镜表征微观结构,测量显微硬度、断裂韧性,用自制隔热试验平台测量隔热温度,研究飞行粒子熔化状态对纳米结构涂层组织及性能的影响。结果表明YSZ纳米涂层粒子温度速度分为三个区域:高温高速区(SAPS High T-V),中温中速区(SAPS Medium T-V),低温低速区(SAPS Low T-V)。纳米涂层未熔颗粒随熔融指数增加而减少,隔热温度随熔融指数增加而降低。涂层未熔颗粒和孔隙含量增加时,显微硬度降低;中温中速区域涂层断裂韧性最高,有良好的综合性能。三个区域的纳米涂层服役后未熔颗粒和孔隙率都有所降低,隔热温度也降低。     

等离子喷涂纳米复合陶瓷涂层的组织结构及其形成机理

以Al2O3-13%TiO2(质量分数)团聚体复合陶瓷粉末为材料,采用等离子喷涂工艺在TiAl合金表面制备纳米结构陶瓷涂层.用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析粉末和涂层形貌、微观结构及相组成,讨论涂层的微观组织形成机理.结果表明:纳米结构复合陶瓷涂层由部分熔化区以及与常规等离子喷涂类似的片层状完全熔化区组成;根据组织结构的不同,部分熔化区又分为液相烧结区(亚微米Al2O3粒子镶嵌在TiO2基质相的三维网状或骨骼状结构)和固相烧结区(经过一定程度长大但仍保持在纳米尺度的残留纳米粒子);等离子喷涂使部分α-Al2O3以及全部θ-Al2O3转变为亚稳态γ-Al2O3;纳米结构复合陶瓷涂层中的完全熔化区、液相烧结区及固相烧结区分别由等离子喷涂过程中纳米团聚体粉末中温度高于Al2O3熔点、介于TiO2熔点到Al2O3熔点之间以及低于TiO2熔点区域沉积获得,纳米结构涂层中不同部分熔化组织源于复合陶瓷粉末中Al2O3与TiO2之间的熔点差异.     

不同工艺制备铁基非晶复合涂层组织与性能研究

分别采用大功率光纤激光器与超音速等离子喷涂设备在45号钢基体表面制备Fe基非晶复合涂层。采用扫描电镜、显微硬度计、X射线衍射仪对熔覆层进行微观组织和成分的研究;并分析熔覆层的显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,激光熔覆涂层成型良好,无明显的孔隙、宏观裂纹等缺陷,熔覆层与基体之间为结合强度较高的冶金结合。超音速等离子喷涂涂层存在一定的气孔、微裂纹等缺陷,涂层与基体之间为机械结合,结合强度相对较弱。激光熔覆层组织为柱状晶、树枝晶和非晶共存组织。激光熔覆层内组织致密,且析出了Fe-Cr、(CrFe)_7C_3化合物等硬质相。超音速等离子喷涂涂层截面形貌为典型的层状结构,涂层的非晶含量明显高于激光熔覆涂层,但由于其内部的孔隙和微裂纹,使激光熔覆涂层耐腐蚀性能优于超音速等离子喷涂涂层。     

金属喷涂、堆焊与修复——金属喷涂工艺与设备

富氧条件下电弧喷涂反应合成纳米氧化铝粉末;高速电弧喷涂FeCrNi／CBN复合涂层的组织与性能;含碳化物陶瓷粉芯丝材电弧喷涂层的结构和性能;应用于反应釜的超音速电弧喷涂涂层的耐蚀性;高速电弧喷涂涂层的结合强度与结合方式研究;等离子喷涂纳米团聚体粉末的熔化特性研究;等离子熔覆铁基涂层开裂行为研究。     

激光重熔改性WC/Fe等离子喷涂涂层组织及其耐磨性能

目的改善等离子喷涂WC/Fe复合陶瓷涂层的组织,增强其耐磨性能,并研究激光重熔涂层在不同温度下的耐磨性能。方法采用激光重熔技术处理等离子喷涂WC/Fe复合陶瓷涂层,利用附带能谱仪(EDS)的扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计测试和表征了等离子喷涂涂层在激光重熔前后的组织特征、物相组成及显微硬度,利用摩擦磨损试验机对激光重熔涂层在25、200、400℃下的耐磨性能进行了对比考察。结果等离子喷涂WC/Fe复合陶瓷涂层呈层状结构,经过激光重熔处理后,其片层状结构和孔隙等缺陷基本消失,且激光熔覆区的顶部组织为等轴晶和细小枝晶,熔覆区的底部组织为胞状晶,涂层与基体结合带区的组织为粗大的树枝晶,涂层与基体形成了冶金结合。激光重熔涂层中的WC、W_2C、M_(23)C_6及Ni_6BSi_2等高硬度化合物的弥散强化作用,使得激光重熔涂层的显微硬度约为原等离子喷涂涂层的2倍。激光重熔涂层在25℃下的磨损亚表层最完好,在400℃时出现了微裂纹。结论重熔能消除等离子喷涂涂层的各种缺陷,得到组织致密的涂层。重熔涂层在不同温度下表现出不同的磨损机理,在25℃下表现出最好的耐磨性能。     

激光重熔对等离子喷涂热障涂层冲蚀行为影响

研究了等离子喷涂和激光重熔ZrO<,2>-7%Y<,2>O<,3>热障涂层的微观结构,同时考察了两种涂层的抗冲蚀性能,并探讨了其冲蚀破坏机理.试验发现,等离子喷涂热障陶瓷涂层呈典型的层状堆积特征;经过激光重熔处理后,涂层表面形成了沿热流方向生长的柱状品重熔区;相对于等离子喷涂试样,激光重熔涂层有较好的抗冲蚀性能;不管等...     

Preparation and characterization of nanostructured Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-13wt.%TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> ceramic coatings by plasma spraying

Nanostructured and conventional Al₂O₃-13wt.%TiO₂ ceramic coatings were prepared by plasma spraying with nanostructured agglomerated and conventional powders, respectively. The microstructure and microhardness of the coatings were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and microhardness measurement. Meanwhile, the friction and wear behaviors were analyzed and compared using a ball-on-disk tribometer. The results show that the conventional coating has lamellar stacking characteristic and has some pores. However, the nanostructured coating shows a bimodal microstructure, which is composed of both fully melted regions and partially melted regions. According to the microstructural difference, the partially melted regions can be divided into liquid-phase sintered regions (a three-dimensional net or skeleton-like structure: Al₂O₃-rich submicron particles embedded in the TiO₂-rich matrix) and solid-phase sintered regions (remained nanoparticles). The microstructural characteristics of the liquid-phase sintered region are formed due to the selective melting of TiO₂ nanoparticles during plasma spraying. On the other hand, the TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles of the solid-phase sintered regions are all unmelted during plasma spraying. Due to the existence of nanostructured microstructures, the nanostructured coating has a higher microhardness, a lower friction coefficient, and a better wear resistance than the conventional coating.     

Effects of critical plasma spray parameter and spray distance on wear resistance of Al2O3-8 wt.%TiO2 coatings plasma-sprayed with nanopowders

Effects of plasma spraying conditions on wear resistance of nanostructured Al₂O₃-8 wt.%TiO₂ coatings plasma-sprayed with nanopowders were investigated in this study. Five kinds of nanostructured coatings were plasma-sprayed on a low-carbon steel substrate by varying critical plasma spray parameter (CPSP) and spray distance. The coatings consisted of fully melted region of γ-Al₂O₃ and partially melted region, and the fraction of the partially melted regions and pores decreased with increasing CPSP or decreasing spray distance. The hardness and wear test results revealed that the hardness of the coatings increased with increasing CPSP or decreasing spray distance, and that the hardness increase generally led to the increase in wear resistance, although the hardness and wear resistance were not correlated in the coating fabricated with the low CPSP. The main wear mechanism was a delamination one in the coatings, but an abrasive wear mode also appeared in the coating fabricated with the low CPSP. According to these wear mechanisms, the improvement of wear resistance in the coating fabricated with the low CPSP could be explained because the improved resistance to fracture due to the presence of partially melted regions might compensate a deleterious effect of the hardness decrease.     

Comparison of thermal shock behaviors between plasma-sprayed nanostructured and conventional zirconia thermal barrier coatings

NiCoCrAlTaY bond coat was deposited on pure nickel substrate by low pressure plasma spraying(LPPS), and ZrO2-8%Y2O3 (mass fraction) nanostructured and ZrO2-7%Y2O3 (mass fraction) conventional thermal barrier coatings(TBCs) were deposited by air plasma spraying(APS). The thermal shock behaviors of the nanostructured and conventional TBCs were investigated by quenching the coating samples in cold water from 1 150, 1 200 and 1 250 ℃, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) was used to examine the microstructures of the samples after thermal shock testing. Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray(EDAX) was used to analyze the interface diffusion behavior of the bond coat elements. X-ray diffractometry(XRD) was used to analyze the constituent phases of the samples. Experimental results indicate that the nanostructured TBC is superior to the conventional TBC in thermal shock performance. Both the nanostructured and conventional TBCs fail along the bond coat/substrate interface. The constituent phase of the as-sprayed conventional TBC is diffusionless-transformed tetragonal(t′). However, the constituent phase of the as-sprayed nanostructured TBC is cubic(c). There is a difference in the crystal size at the spalled surfaces of the nanostructured and conventional TBCs. The constituent phases of the spalled surfaces are mainly composed of Ni2.88Cr1.12 and oxides of bond coat elements.     

Microstructure and properties of Al2O3-13%TiO2 coatings sprayed using nanostructured powders

The microstructure and wear performance of M203-13% TiO2 coatings prepared by plasma spraying of agglom- erated nanoparticle powders were investigated. SEM analysis showed that the as-sprayed Al2O3-TiO2 coatings comprise of two kinds of typical region： fully melted region and unmelted/partially melted nanostructured region, which is different than the conventional coating with lamellar structure. It is shown that the microhardness of the nanostructured coatings was about 15%-30% higher than that of the conventional coating and the wear resistance is significantly improved, especially under a high wear load. The nanostructured coating sprayed at a lower power shows a lower wear resistance than the coatings produced at a higher power, because of the presence of pores and microstructural defects which are detrimental to the fracture toughness of the coatings.     

An analytical model for simulation of heat flow in plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

Numerical (finite difference) and analytical models have been developed for the simulation of heat flow through plasma-sprayed coatings, allowing the effective thermal conductivity to be predicted as a function of microstructural parameters. The structure is assumed to be composed of lamellar material (splats), separated by (thin) pores, within which there are areas of contact (bridges). The analytical model is based on dividing the material into two regimes, within which the heat flow occurs either by unidirectional serial flow through lamellae and pores or by being funneled through the regions of the lamellae above and below the bridges. The validity of this model is demonstrated by a comparison of the predictions obtained from it and those obtained from the numerical model. The effects of pore geometry on conductive and radiative heat transfer within the coating have been investigated over a range of temperatures and gas pressures. It is shown that the main factor controlling the conductivity is the intersplat bridge area. Comparisons are also presented with experimental conductivity data, for cases in which some attempt has been made to characterize the key microstructural features. The study is oriented toward thermal barrier coatings, based on zirconiayttria top coats. It is noted that the effect of microstructural sintering, which tends to occur in these coatings under service conditions, can be predicted using this model.     

钛合金表面等离子喷涂Y2O3稳定的ZrO2涂层的 扫描热显微镜分析

以纳米结构Y2O3稳定的ZrO2热喷涂粉末为原料,采用等离子喷涂法在Ti-6Al-4V合金上制备了纳米结构的热障涂层。利用扫描电镜(SEM)及扫描热显微镜(SThM)对涂层的微观组织及热性能进行了分析。在实验基础上建立了理论模型,并对涂层及基体的热导率进行了估算。结果表明:采用SThM分析方法估算的涂层厚度及涂层上的缺陷尺寸与采用其它分析方法测得的结果一致;虽然热导率的估算结果与采用其它方法得出的结果差异较大,但显示出扫描热显微镜分析是估算材料热导率潜在的方法。     

Failure of physical vapor deposition/plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings during thermal cycling

ZrO₂-7 wt.% Y₂O₃ plasma-sprayed (PS) coatings were applied on high-temperature Ni-based alloys precoated by physical vapor deposition with a thin, dense, stabilized zirconia coating (PVD bond coat). The PS coatings were applied by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and inert gas plasma spraying (IPS) at 2 bar for different substrate temperatures. The thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were tested by furnace isothermal cycling and flame thermal cycling at maximum temperatures between 1000 and 1150 °C. The temperature gradients within the duplex PVD/PS thermal barrier coatings during the thermal cycling process were modeled using an unsteady heat transfer program. This modeling enables calculation of the transient thermal strains and stresses, which contributes to a better understanding of the failure mechanisms of the TBC during thermal cycling. The adherence and failure modes of these coating systems were experimentally studied during the high-temperature testing. The TBC failure mechanism during thermal cycling is discussed in light of coating transient stresses and substrate oxidation.     

Thermal Failure of Nanostructured Thermal Barrier Coatings with Cold-Sprayed Nanostructured NiCrAlY Bond Coat

Nanostructured thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were deposited by plasma spraying using agglomerated nanostructured YSZ powder on Inconel 738 substrate with cold-sprayed nanostructured NiCrAlY powder as bond coat. The isothermal oxidation and thermal cycling tests were applied to examine failure modes of plasma-sprayed nanostructured TBCs. For comparison, the TBC consisting of conventional microstructure YSZ and conventional NiCrAlY bond coat was also deposited and subjected to the thermal shock test. The results showed that nanostructured YSZ coating contained two kinds of microstructures; nanosized zirconia particles embedded in the matrix and microcolumnar grain structures of zirconia similar to those of conventional YSZ. Although, after thermal cyclic test, a continuous, uniform thermally grown oxide (TGO) was formed, cracks were observed at the interface between TGO/BC or TGO/YSZ after thermal cyclic test. However, the failure of nanostructured and conventional TBCs mainly occurred through spalling of YSZ. Compared with conventional TBCs, nanostructured TBCs exhibited better thermal shock resistance.     

Furnace cyclic oxidation behavior of multicomponent low conductivity thermal barrier coatings

Ceramic thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) will play an increasingly important role in advanced gas turbine engines due to their ability to further increase engine operating temperatures and reduce cooling, thus helping achieve future engine low emission, high efficiency, and improved reliability goals. Advanced multicomponent zirconia (ZrO₂)-based TBCs are being developed using an oxide defect clustering design approach to achieve the required coating low thermal conductivity and high-temperature stability. Although the new composition coatings were not yet optimized for cyclic durability, an initial durability screening of the candidate coating materials was conducted using conventional furnace cyclic oxidation tests. In this paper, furnace cyclic oxidation behavior of plasma-sprayed ZrO₂-based defect cluster TBCs was investigated at 1163°C using 45 min hot-time cycles. The ceramic coating failure mechanisms were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with x-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis after the furnace tests. The coating cyclic lifetime is also discussed in relation to coating processing, phase structures, dopant concentration, and other thermo-physical properties.