On the Attenuation of Monofilar and Bifilar Modes in Mine Tunnels (Short Papers)

The modal equations for both the monofilar and bifilar modes of a two open wire transmission line located in a waveguide model of a rectangular mine tunnel are derived by extending an earlier general analysis. Attenuation curves of both modes in the frequency range 200 kHz-200 MHz are presented for two distinct configurations of the transmission line that may be used in practice. It is demonstrated that the proximity of the Iossy tunnel wall tends to increase greatly the attenuation rate for the monofilar modes but has relatively little effect on the bifilar modes.     

Analysis of Radio Frequency Transmission in a Semicircular Mine Tunnel Containing Two Axial Conductors

We present an analysis of the propagation in a uniform tunnel of semicircular cross section that contains two axial conductors. In particular, we show that, even if one of these conductors has high ohmic loss, one of the two propagating modes has relatively low attenuation. This corresponds to the situation where an unloaded dedicated wire is used to improve radio frequency communication in a mine tunnel that contains a heavily loaded trolley wire.     

Radio frequency transmission via a trolley wire in a tunnel with a rail return

An analysis is given for the transmission of electromagnetic waves along a circular tunnel in the presence of axial conductors. One of these conductors is an idealization of a trolley wire with its bonded feeder line that may be located anywhere in the tunnel. The other is a metal rail that is located within the homogeneous rock medium at a finite distance from the tunnel wall. A mode equation for the propagation modes is obtained that is used to obtain numerical results for the attenuation rate in the frequency range 50 to 800 kHz. It is shown that the attenuation rate is only weakly dependent on the burial depth of the rail conductor, at least in the range up to 50 cm. Also, it is found that the rail conductor for the model adopted carries an appreciable fraction of the total return current when typical rock conductivities are assumed. A thin layer of insulation on the rail appears to have a negligible effect. In fact, there is little change even if the rail is within the tunnel and just above the tunnel floor.     

Analysis of Radio Frequency Transmission along a Trolley Wire in a Mine Tunnel

An idealized model of a trolley wire communication system in a tunnel is considered. To facilitate the analysis the tunnel cross section is taken to be semicircular and the surrounding rock medium is homogeneous with a finite conductivity. The metallic rails or other conductors on the flat floor of the tunnel are represented by a plane metallic reflecting surface of infinite extent. The trolley wire and associated feeder line are assumed to be equivalent to a single cylindrical conductor that is parallel to the axis of the tunnel but located anywhere within the cross section. The appropriate modal equation is then solved for the propagation constant of the dominant mode. It is shown that the attenuation rate increases significantly as the trolley wire approaches the tunnel wall. However, even when the trolley wire is within 20 cm (8 in) of the wall, the attenuation rate at 200 kHz is still less than 2 dB per kilometer.     

矩形隧道中电磁波传播模式的分析

隧道中环境复杂,对电磁波传播特性的研究比较困难.使用软件模拟方法可以实现对连续变化环境中电磁波传播特性的研究,克服了理论研究和实验方法的局限性.研究结果显示:矩形隧道电磁波的传播,是由多种模式共同作用的结果.近场区高次模起主要作用,信号波动剧烈,远场区低次模起主要作用,信号波动平缓.水平极化电磁波的衰减小于垂直极化电磁波的衰减;靠近隧道壁的信号比位于中央位置的信号有更大的衰减和波动.     

Low-Frequency Behavior of the Propagation Constant Along a Thin Wire in an Arbitrarily Shaped Mine Tunnel

Seidel and Wait have investigated the complex propagation constant (phase and attenuation coefficients) of the fundamental mode of propagation for radio waves along a thin wire or cable, located in an elliptical mine tunnel, and found that the attenuation rate for low frequency is insensitive to the shape of the ellipse if the cable-wall distance and cross-sectional area are kept constant. We consider here tunnels of more general cross section, and obtain a characteristic equation for the propagation constant valid for sufficiently low frequency, by means of a variational formulation of an integral equation. The characteristic equation involves only the electrical parameter of the tunnel walls, the radius of the wire, and the capacitance per unit length that the wire would have if the tunnel walls were perfectly conducting. Agreement with exact calculations for several geometries is found to be excellent below about 100 kHz, and acceptable even up to 1 MHz or more, for typical tunnel parameters. Since the wire capacitance can be shown to depend most importantly on its distance from the wall and on the area of the tunnel, the conclusion of Seidel and Wait can be made more precise and extended to tunnels of arbitrary cross section.     

Computation of characteristic modes for conducting bodies

A procedure for computing the characteristic modes for conducting bodies of arbitrary shape is developed. The method is applied to conducting bodies of revolution and to wire objects, and general computer programs are discussed. Illustrative examples of the computation of characteristic currents and characteristic fields are given for a cone-sphere, a disk, and a wire arrow. Modal solutions using these modes are computed for representative antenna and scattering problems to illustrate convergence of the solution as the number of modes is increased.     

引线带楔焊键合技术

引线带楔焊键合和引线(圆形)楔焊键合是不同的。对于高频器件应用来说,引线带键合较之于圆形引线键合更为有利。为了让更多的人了解该项技术,文章对部分相关技术,其中包括键合工艺过程、键合引线的断丝方式、键合引线带规格以及键合劈刀的选择作了介绍。     

Radio Communication in Tunnels

The attenuation constant of radio waves in tunnels was obtained experimentally and theoretically. According to this study, the tunnel is a transmission channel of high-pass type. It is found that the higher the frequency, the smaller the attenuation constant. The experimental values of attenuation constants are similar to the theoretical values of the the TE/sub 01/ and EH/sub 11/ and modes when the tunnel is regarded as a circular waveguide with the same cross-sectional area as the tunnel. Radio communication using the tunnel was proven to be fully possible in spite of the standing wave effects due to the interference of the propagation modes.     

Analysis of the Dedicated Communication Line in a Mine Tunnel for a Shunt-Loaded Trolley Wire

The theory of transmission in a semicircular tunnel containing two axial conductors is simplified for the case of radio frequencies. It is shown that the effect of ohmic losses in the wall can be represented as series impedances per unit length in the equivalent coupled transmission line circuits. This opens the way for a systematic calculation of the mode conversion phenomena that occur when one of the axial conductors has a discrete shunt load to the ground plane. Explicit formulas are obtained for the modal conversion coefficients. These are used to discuss the effect of a shunt load on the trolley wire on the performance of a radio frequency communication system. It is confirmed that the unloaded dedicated communication line provides for a low loss mode that is hardly affected by the shunt load on the adjacent trolley wire in the tunnel.     

A Restatement of Mathematical Considerations of TEM Modes on an n-Wire Line

A restatement of mathematical considerations of TEM modes on an n-wire line is presented. An n-wire line inside a shielding conductor or over a ground plane supports n independent TEM modes which can be determined by obtaining eigenvectors on the n-wire line deduced from the characteristic admittance matrix. It is shown conclusively that the TEM modes are determined by the geometrical arrangement of the n wires as well as by the manner of excitation on the n-wire line. Power division ratios on each wire and terminating admittances for output ports of each wire are also discussed, and it is shown that one can excite a TEM mode similar to an even mode and n - 1 TEM modes, each of which resembles an odd mode, on the n-wire line.     

Calculated Channel Characteristics of a Braided Coaxial Cable in a Mine Tunnel

The braided coaxial cable is studied as a communication scheme in a mine tunnel. A simplified rectangular waveguide model is adopted for the tunnel, and the shield of the cable is assumed to behave as a single inductive transfer impedance. Specific results on the attenuation of the monofilar and bifilar (or coaxial) modes of propagation, taking into account the possible existence of a thin lossy film on the cable, are presented. In order to estimate the maximum possible range of communication, we consider the coupling factors of these modes to transmitting and receiving dipoles inside the tunnel, and we present results on these factors for various cable parameters and over a wide range of frequencies.     

键合功率对银线键合质量的影响

铜线键合技术是半导体封装的关键技术之一,影响键合质量的因素有很多。本文基于热压超声键合的方法,对影响铜线键合质量的主要工艺参数——键合功率,进行DOE研究分析。通过对键合后的产品进行焊点剪切失效模式、拉伸失效模式以及弹坑实验分析,研究键合功率对键合质量的影响,进而确定合理的工艺参数,最终应用于大批量生产。     

恒温热线风速仪的一种新型校准方法

恒温热线风速仪作为一种风洞流场测量元件,在湍流脉动测速任务中发挥了重要作用。时热线风速仪的校准工作进行了研究,将B样条与递推最小二乘相结合,提出了一种新型校准方法。该方法选取具有低阶光滑特性的B样条函数进行逆向建模,并采用递推最小二乘的方法估计控制参数,有效地提高了校准精度和实时性。通过对实际风洞实验的数据分析,验证了提出的该校正方法的有效性,并表明其具有样本点少、校正精度高、简单实用等显著优点。     

Transmission Modes in a Braided Coaxial Cable and Coupling to a Tunnel Environment

Radio frequency transmission in a semicircular tunnel containing a braided coaxial cable is considered. The general formulation accounts for both the ohmic losses in the tunnel wall and a thin lossy film layer on the outer surface of the dielectric jacket of the cable. Using a quasi-static approximation, it is found that the propagation constants of the low-frequency transmission line modes are obtained through the solution of a cubic equation. However, for the special case when the conductivity thickness product of the Iossy film layer vanishes, this cubic equation reduces to a quadratic. The spatially dispersive form of the braid transfer impedance is also accounted for. It is shown that the quasistatic theory is well justified for frequencies as high as 100 MHz for typical tunnel geometries. Finally, special characteristic impedances are derived for the various modes of the equivalent multiconductor transmission line.     

Electromagnetic propagation along a wire in a tunnel-approximate analysis

The propagation of electromagnetic waves along an axial wire in an underground tunnel is analyzed from a perturbation theory point of view. The formulation is compared with that of J. R. Wait in which he solves an exact mode equation approximately, and a modified tunnel wall admittance is thus identified. Attenuation computed on the basis of the approximate formulation is compared with exact results of Wait and Hill.     

Mode conversion by tunnel nonuniformities in leaky feeder communication systems

Using an idealized theoretical model, the inadvertent mode conversion between the bifilar and monofilar modes are dealt with in a tunnel that contains a braided coaxial cable. The tunnel is allowed to have various kinds of lateral nonuniformities such as changes of wall conductivity and permittivity. We conclude that such effects are very important in understanding leaky feeder systems.     

金、铜丝球键合焊点的可靠性对比研究

金丝球焊是电子工业中应用最广泛的引线键合技术,但随着高密度封装的发展,铜丝球焊日益引起人们的关注。采用热压超声键合的方法,分别实现Au引线和Cu引线键合到Al-1%Si-0.5%Cu金属化焊盘。对焊点进行200℃老化实验的结果表明:铜丝球焊焊点的金属间化合物生长速率比金丝球焊焊点慢的多;铜丝球焊焊点具有比金丝球焊焊点更稳定的剪切断裂载荷,并且在一定的老化时间内铜丝球焊焊点表现出更好的力学性能;铜丝球焊焊点和金丝球焊焊点在老化后的失效模式不同。     

Electromagnetic coupling between wires inside a rectangular cavityusing multiple-mode-analogous-transmission-line circuit theory

This paper examines the coupling between two arbitrarily positioned wire segments inside a rectangular enclosure. The enclosure is treated as a superposition of analogous transmission lines which have been short circuited at two positions on the propagation axis. Each analogous transmission line is associated with a particular waveguide mode in the cavity. Previous work has used this analogy to predict the coupling between two monopoles inside a small box using the dominant TE ₁₀ mode. This paper considers the general case of high-frequency coupling between two wire monopoles in a large rectangular cavity, where several higher order modes are active. By taking into account higher order modes, and the mutual coupling between the modes, a simple equivalent circuit is presented which can give a prediction for the coupling between the monopoles. Experimental results for various monopole pair positions are shown, which indicate the success of the multimode theory. The technique requires far less computer resources than traditional methods for solving such a problem (e.g., MoM, TLM or FDTD), with solution times of less than a second on an average PC. In addition, considerable insight into the coupling process can be gained by including or excluding particular waveguide modes. This is not possible with numerical methods