基于BZO衬底的高效非晶硅及非晶/微晶硅叠层太阳电池

通过研究氢稀释对硼掺杂的硅氧材料特性的影响,制备出具有高纵向电导率(1.1×10~(-5)S/cm)、低横向电导率4.2×10~(-5)S/cm和宽带隙(2.52 eV)的p型纳米硅氧(p-nc-SiO_x:H)材料,将其作为非晶硅电池(a-Si:H)的窗口层,使短波响应得到明显提升。但由于宽带隙p-nc-SiO_x:H层的引入,使p/i界面能带失配,恶化了电池性能。因此研究p/i界面缓冲层带隙对电池性能的影响,发现提高缓冲层带隙,使电池的内建电场得到明显提升,从而提高电池的转换效率。将获得的具有高开路电压的a-Si:H电池作为顶电池应用到非晶/微晶硅叠层电池中,得到效率达12.99%的高效非晶/微晶硅叠层太阳电池。     

基于P型晶体硅异质结太阳电池的结构设计与性能分析

针对两种a-Si(n)/c-Si(p)异质结太阳电池结构,应用AFORS_HET软件,分析氢化非晶硅(a-Si:H)和氢化微晶硅(μc-Si:H)两种材料作为背面场时的特性参数对a-Si(n)/c-Si(p)异质结太阳电池性能的影响。结果表明:P型氢化微晶硅(μc-Si:H(p))为背面场时电池性能得到提高,μc-Si:H(p)的背面场特性是关键因素。最后,优化设计出以a-Si:H为窗口层、μc-Si:H为背面场的a-Si(n)/c-Si(p)异质结太阳电池TCO/a-Si:H(n)/a-Si:H(i)/c-Si(p)/a-Si:H(i)/μc-Si:H(p)/TCO,并获得20%的转换效率。     

CdTe多晶薄膜太阳电池的结构改进

采用共蒸发法制备了ZnTe：Cu和Cd1-xZnxTe多晶薄膜，研究了薄膜的结构和性能。获得了Cd1-xZnxTe多晶薄膜的光能隙与锌含量的关系，ZnTe：Cu多晶薄膜光能隙随着掺Cu浓度的增加，光能隙减小。分别用ZnTe／ZnTe：Cu和Cd1-xZnxTe／ZnTe：Cu复合层作为背接触层，既能修饰异质结界面，改善电池的能带结构，又能防止cu原子向电池内部扩散。获得了面积0．5cm^2，转换效率为13．38％的CdTe多晶薄膜太阳电池。     

薄膜非晶硅/微晶硅叠层太阳电池的研究

采用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(RF—PECVD)技术制备非晶硅顶电池，采用甚高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(VHF—PECVD)技术制备微晶硅底电池，初步优化研究了薄膜非晶硅／微晶硅叠层太阳电池顶电池与底电池的本征吸收层厚度匹配与电池电流匹配，以及氧化锌／金属复合背反射电极对电池的作用。研制出了面积为1．0cm^2效率达9．83％的薄膜非晶硅／微晶硅叠层太阳电池。     

非晶硅对MoO_x/c-Si异质结太阳电池器件的影响

室温下电子束蒸发沉积氧化钼(MoO_x)薄膜呈非晶态,光学带隙约为3.6 eV,与单晶硅表面构成MoO_x/c-Si异质结并具有钝化作用,但明显低于i∶α-Si∶H钝化。ITO/MoO_x/i∶α-Si∶H/n∶c-Si/i∶α-Si∶H/n+∶α-Si∶H/Al太阳电池结构,既有晶硅前后表面钝化,又增加了背电场层,适当的MoO_x厚度可获得电池的最高效率(15.5%);若取消晶硅表面i∶a-Si∶H钝化,与HIT(heterojunction with intrinsic thinlayer)电池类似,硅的前表面复合增大,电池效率降为11.5%;若取消背表面i∶a-Si∶H钝化及背电场材料n~+∶a-Si∶H,电池效率急剧下降到8.3%,这表明背表面钝化及背电场,对MoO_x/c-Si异质结太阳电池特性具有更为重要的作用,对高效器件制备具有一定指导意义。     

硅基异质结太阳电池钝化层的研究

研究硅基异质结太阳电池的表面钝化层对电池性能的影响,主要工作包括:1)对比非晶硅本征层a-Si:H(i)与非晶硅氧本征层a-Si Ox:H(i)对c-Si界面的钝化效果的作用,及其对电池性能的影响;2)研究不同a-Si:H(i)厚度对电池性能的影响;3)不同沉积速率a-Si:H(i)对c-Si界面的钝化效果和电池性能的影响,并对不同沉积速率的a-Si:H(i)膜层做了H原子含量等分析。通过该征钝化层工艺的优化,最终在156 mm×156 mm厚度200μm的n型硅片上获得效率为20.90%的硅基异质结太阳电池,和在100μm厚度的硅片上得到转化效率为20.44%的可弯曲电池。     

热丝化学气相沉积n型nc-Si:H薄膜及nc-Si:H/c-Si异质结太阳电池

采用热丝化学气相沉积(HWCVD)技术制备n型纳米晶硅(nc-Si∶H)薄膜,系统地研究了沉积参数,特别是掺杂浓度对薄膜微结构、电学性质和缺陷态的影响,获得了器件质量的n型nc-Si∶H薄膜。制备了nc-Si∶H/c-Si HIT(Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-layer)结构太阳电池,研究了异质结结构参数对电池性能的影响,初步得到电池性能参数如下:Voc=483mV、Jsc=29.5mA/cm2、FF=70%、η=10.2%。     

类p-I-n结构n+(μc-Si∶H)/p(poly-Si)/p+(poly-Si)薄膜太阳电池的热平衡态特性数值分析

通过应用Scharfetter-Gummel解法,数值求解Poisson方程,对热平衡态n+(μc-Si∶H)/p(poly-Si)/p+(poly-Si)薄膜太阳电池进行计算机数值模拟.说明类p-i-n结构设计使电池获得了较高的短路电流JSC,而中间层p(poly-Si)的掺杂有利于提高电池的短波量子效率特性,还讨论了n+(μc-Si∶H)和p+(poly-Si)等层厚度对光生载流子收集的影响.     

nc-Si/c-Si异质结太阳电池优化设计分析

分析影响p+(nc-Si)/i(a-Si)/n(c-Si)异质结太阳电池性能的主要因素,获得纳米硅薄膜杂质浓度、本征层厚度以及背场对电池性能的影响规律。结果表明,当纳米硅薄膜中掺杂浓度增大时,该层大部分区域电场强度变大,短路电流和开路电压增大,有利于提高电池转换效率。优化的掺杂浓度应大于1×1018cm-3。当i层厚度大于30 nm时,电池转换效率η和电池填充因子FF急剧下降,优化的最佳厚度为10 nm。研究加入非晶硅背场提高电池效率的新途径,当引入厚10 nm的a-Si∶H(n+)背面场后,电池转换效率由21.677%提高到24.163%。     

a-Si/poly-Si叠层太阳电池稳定性的数值模拟分析

通过应用Scharfetter-Gummel解法数值求解Poisson方程，对热平衡态a-Si/poly-Si叠层太阳电池的光稳定性进行计算机数值模拟，详细分析光照射前后a-Si／pli—S1叠层太阳电池中电场强度分布，指出在光照射下，光生空穴俘获造成的a-Si:H中正空间电荷密度增加改变了电池内部的电场分布，普遍抬高a-Si：H薄膜中的电场强度，没有给a-Si/poly-Si叠层结构中的a-Si：H薄膜带来准中性区(低场“死层”)，不会发生a-Si/poly-Si叠层太阳电他的光诱导性能衰退，因而a-Si/poly-Si叠层结构太阳电池具有较高的稳定性。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。