固-液-液三相分离水力旋流器结构优化研究

采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT 6.3对三相旋流器结构参数和分离效率的关系进行了数值模拟研究,通过研究发现,调整结构参数,包括:溢流管径、溢流管插入深度、进料管结构、圆筒段结构和集砂桶的结构等,可以极大地提高水力旋流器的分离性能。为今后三相分离水力旋流器的设计、制造提供参考。     

液液水力旋流器流场数值模拟技术研究

深入研究了液液水力旋流器的流动机理 ,用流体力学原理和方法建立了液液水力旋流器的物理模型并给出了修正的 k- ε模型 ,即 RNG k- ε模型。根据该模型 ,以 SIMPLER算法为基础 ,研究了数值计算方法并对具体实例作了计算。通过数值计算得到了液液水力旋流器内流体流动的速度矢量图和流线图。计算结果与理论分析一致 ,证明了模型和算法的正确性 ,为进一步研究旋流器的结构优化、粒子跟踪和旋流器特性参数对分离效率的影响等打下了基础。     

基于响应面法的水力旋流器结构参数优化

为了进一步增强水力旋流器的分离性能,采用响应面优化方法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)对同向出流水力旋流器的结构参数进行优化,寻优范围为大锥段长度在51.3～62.7mm、小锥段长度在120.6～147.4mm、出水管长度在90～110mm内,构建了区域内结构参数对旋流器底流口含油浓度影响的数学关系模型,并获取了最佳结构参数。开展数值模拟和室内实验,对优化后旋流器的分离性能进行验证,结果显示,优化后的旋流器结构较原始结构可将分离效率提高4.45%,实验值与模拟值呈现出了较好的一致性,充分验证了优化结果的准确性。     

液-液旋流分离器内流场的数值模拟研究

用计算流体动力学(CFD)的数值方法,采用RSM模型对油水分离用液一液水力旋流器的流场进行了数值模拟。单相流场的模拟结果表明,旋流器内的流场结构是强旋转和非对称的三维结构,因而对旋流器的研究(无论是数值模拟还是实验测量)必须是基于三维的;旋流器上游区内流体紊流现象严重,两侧有循环流存在,这都对两相分离不利,应改进结构以改变这种流动形式;其模拟结果与他人实验结果吻合较好,说明该湍流模型和算法是可靠的。另外还对油一水两相流场进行了研究,初步揭示了液一液两相分离的现象,这都为进一步研究旋流器特性参数对分离效率的影响和旋流器的结构优化提供了参考。     

压载水旋流器结构因素对分离性能影响分析

随着全球贸易和船舶运输的发展,压载水对环境的影响越来越大。水力旋流分离设备是压载水净化的重要固液分离设备。本文使用计算流体力学,建立数学模型模拟压载水旋流分离过程,模型包括多相湍流雷诺应力模型RSM、处理气液界面的自由表面多相流动模型VOF、处理固体颗粒运动规律的离散相模型DPM。通过数值模拟计算柱段长度、底流口直径和溢流口直径这几个关键因素对旋流器内部流场和分离效率的影响,获得了各个因素对分离效率的影响规律：柱段长度变化对旋流器分离效率的影响不大;底流口直径对旋流器压力降的影响不明显,但对分流比的作用比较大;溢流管直径的增大有助于降低能耗和增大溢流口流量,但随着溢流管直径的增大,分级粒度变大。这些规律为高效旋流分离净化压载水奠定了基础。     

溢流管直径对旋流器分离效率影响的数值模拟

在溢流管长度L0均分别设定为10mm、15mm、20mm条件下,应用Fluent软件对不同直径的直筒式水力旋流器进行了数值模拟,得到了不同入口速度下的压降和分离效率。结果表明,当溢流管直径为3mm时,旋流器的分离效率最大。旋流器主直径D一定时,使旋流器分离效率最高的直径也是一定的,一般溢流口直径选择经验值为D/(5~8.5)。     

固-液微型水力旋流器的实验研究与数值模拟

采用正交试验和计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,对固-液微型水力旋流器进行了初步研究。实验采用的微米级固体颗粒分别为1250目和2500目的滑石粉颗粒。首先通过正交试验研究了微型旋流器处理量和进料浓度对两种粒径的滑石粉溶液的分离效率的影响,得到较优的分离操作条件。然后利用CFD的方法对微型水力旋流器的内部流场进行数值模拟,湍流相采用雷诺应力(RSM)模型,再加入离散颗粒进一步模拟微型水力旋流器内颗粒运动,其中离散相采用离散相(DPM)模型。最终得到水力旋流器的流场的压力和速度分布云图及固体颗粒运动轨迹,为进一步优化微型水力旋流器的结构参数提供了参考。     

含气条件对井下油水分离旋流器性能影响的数值模拟

为探究气体对井下油水旋流器性能的影响规律,针对新型螺旋流道倒锥式旋流器,采用Fluent软件对气液比分别为0.01、0.03、0.05、0.08、0.10时旋流器的油相分布进行模拟分析。通过对比分析发现:不含气时旋流器的分离效率为89.31%;在结构参数和分流比不变的条件下,旋流器分离效率随气液比的增加呈降低趋势,气液比为0.10时,分离效率为36.90%;气液比越大,溢流口的油相体积分数越小,底流口的油相体积分数越大;溢流口和底流口的压力损失随气液比的增大而递减。     

柱型水力旋流器柱段长度的研究

针对柱型水力旋流器,以能量损失最小和最佳分离效率为目标函数,运用Fluent软件进行数值模拟,获得旋流器柱段的最佳长度以及柱段长度和溢流管插入深度的最优关系。     

溢流循环水力旋流器流场特性的数值分析

针对旋流器在运行过程中所产生的短路流、循环流以及分离效率低等现象,提出了一种溢流循环水力旋流器。依据计算流体力学,应用FLUENT软件对其进行了数值模拟,并与现有的双锥水力旋流器进行对比分析,研究了介质条件及操作参数对该旋流器的流场以及分离性能的影响。研究结果表明:溢流循环结构能够改善水力旋流器内部的短路流以及循环流现象,保持原有流场的稳定,还能有效地提高内侧溢流口轻质相体积分数,降低底流口轻质相体积分数,最终实现油水两相高效分离。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.