翅果油联合有氧运动对高脂饮食小鼠血脂代谢紊乱及肝脏脂质积累的改善作用

目的:探讨翅果油联合有氧运动对高脂饮食小鼠血脂及肝脏脂质积累的影响。方法:将雄性C57BL/6小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(NC),高脂饮食组(HF),高脂饮食+翅果油灌胃组(HS),高脂饮食+有氧运动组(HE),高脂饮食+翅果油+有氧运动组(SE),每组8只,连续干预8周;喂养结束后采用酶学试剂盒测定小鼠血清甘油三脂(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)及肝脏TC、TG含量,并计算动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)和肝脏系数;采用H&E染色观察肝脏组织病理变化。结果:翅果油、有氧运动和翅果油联合有氧运动干预组小鼠体重,血清TG、TC、LDL-C,肝脏TC、TG,肝脏系数,AI值及肝脏组织脂肪病变程度均显著低于高脂饮食组(p<0.05),且翅果油联合有氧运动干预效果更好。结论:翅果油联合有氧运动能够显著改善由高脂饮食诱导的血脂代谢紊乱和肝脏脂质积累,降低动脉粥样硬化和脂肪肝的风险。     

Effects of red grape skin and seed extract supplementation on atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits

Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between consumption of red wine and other polyphenolic compounds and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits were used to investigate the effects of polyphenols in a red grape skin and seed extract (GSE) on the development of atherosclerosis. WHHL rabbits received either semisynthetic diet (casein based) or semisynthetic diet added GSE over a period of 15 wk. Plasma lipids and aortic cholesterol accumulation were measured. Feeding semisynthetic diet was associated with increasing hypercholesterolemia, which was developing slower in GSE group compared to the controls as recorded by significantly lower plasma cholesterol in dosage week 7 (males: P < 0.05, females: P < 0.01) and 11 (males: P < 0.01). Aortic atherosclerosis evaluated as the cholesterol content in aortic tissue was comparable in the control and GSE-dosed females, but it was significantly reduced in the abdominal part of GSE-dosed male compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding GSE extract to WHHL rabbits had no significant effects in females but was associated with transient less hypercholesterolemic response to semisynthetic diet and, furthermore, retarded the development of aortic atherosclerosis in males as demonstrated by significantly lower cholesterol content in the abdominal part.     

野山杏果肉总有机酸对高脂血症大鼠血脂及相关基因表达的影响

目的：研究野山杏果肉总有机酸（total organic acids from wild apricot,TOAWA）对高脂血症大鼠的降血脂作用及机理。方法：建立高脂血症大鼠模型,以灌胃血脂康大鼠为阳性对照组,利用试剂盒测定血脂浓度和载脂蛋白质量浓度;利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（real-time polymerase chain reaction,qPCR）测定大鼠肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α,PPAR-α）和低密度脂蛋白受体（low-density lipoprotein receptor,LDL-R）的基因表达水平;制作实验大鼠的肝脏组织切片,观察其对肝脏组织结构的影响;探究TOAWA对高脂血症大鼠血脂的影响及作用机理。结果：TOAWA能极显著降低灌胃高脂乳剂实验大鼠的总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）浓度（P＜0.01）,显著降低载脂蛋白（apoprotein,Apo）B质量浓度（P＜0.05）,极显著升高ApoA-I质量浓度和ApoA-I/Apo-B（P＜0.01）,显著升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度（P＜0.05）。qPCR结果显示,灌胃高脂乳剂实验大鼠肝脏PPAR-α和LDL-R基因表达量降低,给予TOAWA干预后,实验大鼠肝脏PPAR-α和LDL-R基因表达量有明显的升高。肝脏组织切片的观察结果显示,TOAWA可明显改善肝功能。结论：TOAWA能调节高脂血症大鼠的血脂浓度,其作用与TOAWA调节Apo质量浓度、上调肝脏PPAR-α和LDL-R基因表达量及改善肝功能有关。     

Enhanced cholesterol‐ and triglyceride‐ lowering effect of West African green tea

‘The Vert’ is a special type of green tea widely consumed in West Africa and locally associated with many health benefits. However, limited research has been conducted to evaluate its health benefits, such as its enhanced hypolipidemic potential. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the cholesterol‐ and triglyceride‐lowering effects of West African green tea (WAGT) as affected by diet and tea intake, (2) determine the impact of WAGT consumption on the CHD risk ratio, and (3) explore possible mechanisms through which WAGT improves serum lipid profile. Forty‐five male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of nine treatment combinations, three diets (regular, high‐cholesterol, and trans‐fat diets) and three fluid sources (no tea, diluted tea, and concentrated tea). After 6 weeks of feeding, animal blood, liver, and feces were harvested. Total cholesterol, HDLc, LDLc, and triglycerides in serum, liver, and feces were determined. The concentrations of bile acids in feces were also measured. WAGT significantly lowered serum and liver cholesterol (30% and 15%, respectively) and increased serum HDL cholesterol (30%). It also reduced liver enlargement caused by storage of excess lipids in high‐cholesterol diet. Overall, the CHD risk ratio was cut by two‐thirds in rats fed high‐cholesterol diet and WAGT. A marked increase in fecal total lipids, cholesterol (60%), and bile acids (50%) was observed in rats that consumed WAGT compared to the control group. These beneficial effects could be attributed to the significantly high flavonoid content of WAGT. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of excess dietary manganese on lipid composition of calf blood plasma, heart, and liver.

Preruminant calves were fed milk replacer containing control (40 ppm) or two high concentrations (200 and 1000 ppm) of Mn to assess the effect of excessive Mn intakes on plasma, heart, and liver lipids. The two higher Mn intakes had no effect on lipid classes in liver and heart, except for elevated triglycerides in liver and lower sphingomyelin in heart (for 1000 ppm of Mn). At 1000 ppm of Mn intake, but not at 200 ppm, marked increases occurred in plasma total lipids, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, sphingomyelin, and triglycerides. The highest intake altered the essential fatty acid composition of liver phosphatidylcholine. Linoleic and linolenic acids were increased, but arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids were decreased, suggesting that very high excess of Mn interfered with hepatic desaturation and elongation of the essential fatty acids. Thus, high Mn intake (200 ppm) caused relatively few tissue lipid changes, whereas very high intake (1000 ppm) markedly increased plasma lipid classes and apparently interfered with essential fatty acid metabolism in liver.     

Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides Modulate Gut Microbiota,Increase Fecal Bile Acid Excretion,and Decrease Plasma Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis Development

1 Scope

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) have proven effective at improving growth performance, while also reducing hyperlipidemia and inflammation. As atherosclerosis is accelerated both by hyperlipidemia and inflammation, we aim to determine the effect of dietary MOS on atherosclerosis development in hyperlipidemic ApoE*3‐Leiden.CETP (E3L.CETP) mice, a well‐established model for human‐like lipoprotein metabolism.

2 Methods and results

Female E3L.CETP mice were fed a high‐cholesterol diet, with or without 1% MOS for 14 weeks. MOS substantially decreased atherosclerotic lesions up to 54%, as assessed in the valve area of the aortic root. In blood, IL‐1RA, monocyte subtypes, lipids, and bile acids (BAs) were not affected by MOS. Gut microbiota composition was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MOS increased the abundance of cecal Bacteroides ovatus. MOS did not affect fecal excretion of cholesterol, but increased fecal BAs as well as butyrate in cecum as determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

3 Conclusion

MOS decreased the onset of atherosclerosis development via lowering of plasma cholesterol levels. These effects were accompanied by increased cecal butyrate and fecal excretion of BAs, presumably mediated via interactions of MOS with the gut microbiota.     

In vivo incorporation of C14-1-acetate into liver and plasma lipids of postnatally overfed rats

Postnatal overnutrition due to breeding of rats in small nests (4 pups per dam) leads to distinct metabolic changes in later life stages even in conditions of ad libitum feeding. At an age of 5 months rats from small nests differ from those of large nests (14 pups per dam) in a significant higher level of liver triglycerides and cholesterol esters, whereas changes in plasma lipids concern only the increased cholesterol ester fraction. The relative distribution of in vivo incorporated C¹⁴-l-acetate into liver lipids shows a higher moiety in the triglyceride fraction of animals from small nests but no changes of the relative distribution of activity among lipid fractions of plasma. These changes of lipid metabolism are discussed in relation to the development of an obese state of postnatally overfed animals.     

茶油对兔血脂及动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的：研究茶油对血脂水平和动脉粥样硬化(AS)形成的影响。方法：32只新西兰大白兔,随机分为4组：对照组(饲喂普通饲料)和3个实验油组(分别饲喂添加茶油、花生油或橄榄油的高脂饲料),各饲喂两个月。在实验前、实验1个月和实验2个月时检测血脂。实验结束时,处死动物,取主动脉、心脏和肝脏标本,做病理组织切片,观察组织形态学的变化,用图像分析软件测量血管粥样变化的程度。结果：喂高脂饲料的3组大白兔的血脂水平均明显高于普通饲料对照组(P＜0.01)。茶油组甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均较花生油组低,但统计学均无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。喂高脂饲料实验组的大白兔主动脉、冠状动脉都有不同程度的动脉硬化。花生油组主动脉血管内膜增生最为明显,形成的动脉粥样斑块最大,主动脉狭窄最严重处占到血管的35%～70%,而茶油组和橄榄油组主动脉血管内膜增生较花生油组低,动脉硬化程度轻,主动脉狭窄最严重处只占整个血管的5%～15%。花生油组的肝细胞空泡样改变明显,呈中度脂肪肝病理改变;而茶油组和橄榄油组肝细胞空泡样改变很轻。结论：茶油对高脂饲料诱发的肝脂肪变性和动脉粥样硬化的形成有抑制作用,其作用效果与橄榄油相比无显著差异。     

Fatty acid composition of liver and adipose tissue lipids in Wistar rats with fat diet-induced obesity

The influence of dietary fat on the fatty acid composition of liver and adipose tissue lipids was investigated after 4 and 19 weeks of high-fat feeding (50% fat) in comparison to low-fat feeding (3% fat), beginning in the sixth week of age. In rats fed the low-fat diet or an usual pellet diet the fatty pattern of liver triglycerides (TG) was equal to that of adipose tissue, while there were no similarities to the diet. In total liver lipids a constant fatty acid profile was observed, independently of the duration of feeding. High fat feeding results several changes in the fatty acid pattern of liver lipids. While after 4 weeks the fatty acids of liver TG more closely resembled the dietary fatty acids than those of adipose tissue, after 19 weeks of feeding the fatty acid composition of liver TG is comparable with that of adipose tissue. Not all rats fed the high fat diet rendered obese. It could be shown that in rats with higher lipid concentrations in the liver only the fatty acid pattern of liver phospholipids has been altered, while the composition of TG, which are the lipids primarily increased, was not changed.     

Effect of high-fat diets supplemented with okara soybean by-product on lipid profiles of plasma,liver and faeces in Syrian hamsters

The main components of okara, a by-product from soybean, are dietary fibre and protein. In this study we fed okara based diets with different amounts of fibre, protein and isoflavones to determine their effect on the lipid profile in the plasma, liver and faeces of an animal model. Male golden Syrian hamsters were fed high-fat diets supplemented with okara for 3 weeks. The supplemented diets contained 13% or 20% of okara fibre (OK-13 and OK-20), low-protein okara with 13% of fibre (OK1-13), and isoflavone-free okara with 13% of fibre (OK2-13). Okara supplemented diets did not produce significant differences in the feed intake or body weight gain (p > 0.05). The plasma levels of triglycerides, VLDL- plus LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol in hamsters fed OK-20 decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with respect to the 20% control group (C-20). However, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in LDL- and HDL-cholesterol plasma levels in all experiments. Total lipids, triglycerides, total and esterified cholesterol concentrations in liver were reduced by OK-20 diet. Regarding the hamsters fed OK-13 diets, the mean values of the total lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol in the plasma and liver decreased as compared to the control (C-13), but the differences were not statistically significant. All of the okara diets assayed increased the faecal excretion of total lipids, triglycerides, free cholesterol and total nitrogen (p < 0.05) compared to their respective controls. Our results suggest that the main components of okara, dietary fibre and protein, could be related with the total lipids and cholesterol decrease in the plasma and liver, as well as with the faecal output increase in high-fat fed hamsters. Okara might play an interesting role in the prevention of hyperlipidemia and could be used as a natural ingredient or supplement for functional food preparation.     

LIPID-LOWERING EFFICACY OF PIPERINE FROM PIPER NIGRUM L. IN HIGH-FAT DIET AND ANTITHYROID DRUG-INDUCED HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC RATS

Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control diet group and high‐fat diet group (HFD). Both groups were divided into four subgroups, each consisted of 10 animals, and the diets were supplemented with the following ingredients for 10 weeks: (1) 1% carboxymethyl cellulose; (2) 10 mg carbimazole (CM)/kg body weight; (3) 10 mg CM + 40 mg piperine/kg body weight; and (4) 10 mg CM + 2 mg atorvastatin/kg body weight. Feeding HFD to rats significantly (P < 0.05) elevated plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, free fatty acids, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) and the activity of 3‐hydroxy 3‐methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase in the liver, heart and aorta, while the activities of plasma and tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and high‐density lipoprotein were significantly (P < 0.05) lowered compared to control rats. Supplementing piperine with HFD significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the levels of plasma total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL tissue HMG CoA reductase and significantly (P < 0.05) elevated the levels of LPL and LCAT compared to rats that did not receive piperine. Fecal bile acids and neutral sterols were also elevated in HFD‐fed rats as compared to control animals, while simultaneous supplementation of piperine significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced further excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols. The results indicate that piperine can prevent the accumulation of plasma lipids and lipoproteins significantly by modulating the enzymes of lipid metabolism.     

The atherosclerotic heart disease and protecting properties of garlic: contemporary data

This article reviews the contemporary data concerning atherosclerosis and protecting properties of garlic. Recent advances in basic science have established a fundamental role for inflammation in mediating all stages of this disease from initiation through progression and, ultimately, the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. These new findings provide important links between risk factors and the mechanisms of atherogenesis and garlic properties. Numerous in vitro studies have confirmed the ability of garlic to reduce the parameters of the risk of atherosclerosis: total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, oxidized LDL. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant potentials in fresh, cooked, boiled and commercial garlic from different regions are presented, using beta-carotene, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) with K2S2O8 or MnO2, ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and others assays for antioxidant status. In vivo studies were reviewed on with garlic and cholesterol supplemented diets. The positive influences of garlic on plasma lipids, proteins, antioxidant activity, and some indices of blood coagulation are dose dependent. Garlic could be a valuable component of atherosclerosis-preventing diets only in optimal doses. Many recently published reports show that garlic possesses plasma lipid-lowering and plasma anticoagulant and antioxidant properties and improves impaired endothelial function.     

Hypocholesterolemic effects of low calorie structured lipids on rats and rabbits fed on normal and atherogenic diet

The hypocholesterolemic effects of two low calorie structured lipids (SL1 and SL2) containing essential fatty acids, prepared by lipase catalysed interesterification of ethyl behenate respectively with sunflower and soybean oils were studied in rats and rabbits. The feeding experiment conducted on rats as well as rabbits, fed on normal and atherogenic diet containing 10% of SL1 and SL2 (experimental) and sunflower oil (control) indicated no adverse effects on growth and food intake. However, the structured lipids beneficially lowered serum and liver lipids, particularly cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and also maintains the essential fatty acid status in serum and liver. The lipid deposition observed in the arteries of rabbits fed on atherogenic diets was significantly reduced when structured lipids were included in the diet. These observations coincided with reduced levels of serum cholesterol particularly LDL cholesterol observed in experimental groups. Therefore the structured lipids, designed to have low calorific value also beneficially lower serum lipids and lipid deposition in animals fed on atherogenic diets.     

High Amylose Cornstarch Decreases Plasma Triacylglycerol Concentration, but not Plasma Cholesterol, in a Dose-Dependent Manner

ABSTRACT:  The effect of dietary high amylose cornstarch (HACS) on plasma lipids was studied in ovariectomized rats (OVX-rats). OVX-rats were fed cholesterol-free purified diets containing either 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or 30%HACS as a percentage of total carbohydrate for 28 d. Plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration and apparent starch digestibility were found to decrease as the dietary level of HACS increased. On the other hand, the amount of small intestinal bile acids, cecal tissue weight, the amount of cecal short-chain fatty acids, primary:secondary ratio of fecal bile acids, and fecal weight were found to increase. However, plasma total cholesterol concentration, excretion of fecal bile acids, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity, liver lipids, body weight gain, liver weight, and the weight of cecal contents were not affected by the diets. The amount of propionic acid in the cecal content increased as the dietary level of HACS increased. HACS might lower lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue and lower very low density lipoprotein secretion by increasing propionic acid production, consequently leading to a decreased plasma TAG concentration.     

杂粮醋粕对金黄地鼠胆固醇代谢的影响

为研究一种杂粮醋粕对饲喂高胆固醇饲料金黄地鼠胆固醇代谢的影响,将30只雄性金黄地鼠按照平均血脂水平和平均体重分为3组,即高胆固醇对照组、杂粮醋粕组和杂粮醋粕浸提物组。饲喂第0、10、20和30 d时分别测定地鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和三酰甘油(TG)水平;30 d后测定地鼠肝脏TC、胆固醇酯(CE)、游离胆固醇(FC)、TG和粪便TC、总胆汁酸(TBA)、脂肪和短链脂肪酸(SCFA)水平。杂粮醋粕组和杂粮醋粕浸提物组与高胆固醇对照组相比,血清TC水平分别下降22%和15%,血清LDL-C水平分别下降35%和21%,肝脏TG水平分别下降15%和14%,粪便中TBA水平分别上升23%和16%,粪便中SCFA总量水平分别上升30%和9%,且差异均达显著水平(p0.05)。以上结果表明摄入杂粮醋粕主要通过促进胆汁酸的排泄和增加短链脂肪酸的产生来降低血清TC和LDL-C水平和肝脏TC和TG水平。     

Anthocyanins increase low-density lipoprotein and plasma cholesterol and do not reduce atherosclerosis in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbits

Anthocyanin-rich beverages have shown beneficial effects on coronary heart disease in epidemiological and intervention studies. In the present study, we investigated the effect of black currant anthocyanins on atherosclerosis. Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbits (n = 61) were fed either a purified anthocyanin fraction from black currants, a black currant juice, probucol or control diet for 16 weeks. Purified anthocyanins significantly increased plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Intake of black currant juice had no effect on total plasma cholesterol, but lowered very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol significantly. There were no significant effects of either purified anthocyanins or black currant juice on aortic cholesterol or development of atherosclerosis after 16 weeks. Probucol had no effect on plasma cholesterol but significantly lowered VLDL-cholesterol and decreased aortic cholesterol accumulation. The erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased by purified anthocyanins and superoxide dismutase was increased by both anthocyanin-containing treatments. Other markers of plasma antioxidant capacity, antioxidant enzymes, protein and lipid oxidation were not affected by any of the anthocyanin treatments. Adverse effects of purified anthocyanins were observed on plasma- and LDL-cholesterol. These effects were not observed with black currant juice, suggesting that black currants may contain components reducing the adverse effects of anthocyanins.     

牦牛酥油鞘磷脂对小鼠脂质代谢紊乱和肝脏组织炎症的调节作用

研究牦牛酥油鞘磷脂对高脂饮食小鼠脂质代谢紊乱和肝脏组织炎症的调节作用.选取30只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为5组,分别为低脂组、高脂组、鞘磷脂高剂量组(鞘磷脂添加量为1.20g/100g)、鞘磷脂中剂量组(鞘磷脂添加量为0.60g/100g)和鞘磷脂低剂量组(鞘磷脂添加量为0.30g/100g).采用酶联免疫和荧光...     

Polysaccharides from the green alga Ulva rigida improve the antioxidant status and prevent fatty streak lesions in the high cholesterol fed hamster,an animal model of nutritionally-induced atherosclerosis

We investigated the effects of Ulva in hypercholesterolemic hamsters, before and after processing. Three groups of 12 hamsters were fed a high cholesterol diet for 12 wk (Control) or a high cholesterol diet where cellulose has been replaced for an equivalent fibre weight from Ulva or processed Ulva. Plasma cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and specially triglycerides were reduced by Ulva. Liver glutathione peroxidase activity was increased and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were efficiently reduced by dietary treatments compared with controls, whereas plasma antioxidant capacity was increased and aortic fatty streak area was decreased by 70%. The results show for the first time that chronic consumption of polysaccharides supplied by Ulva prevent the fall of antioxidant defences and the development of atherosclerosis in hamsters. The underlying mechanism is related mainly to increased antioxidant status although improvement of the serum lipid profile was not ruled out.