参与式灌溉管理在石津灌区的探索与实践

介绍了石津灌区推行用水户参与灌溉管理的试点工作的背景、组建用水户协会的运作过程、工作内容和具体措施。总结了推行参与式灌溉管理的主要作用和效果,指出参与式灌溉管理模式是一种用水户、水管单位以及政府之间的关系较为理顺、权责较为明确的管理体制。它提出了一种全新的在政府引导扶持下农民主动参与的专业化灌溉管理理念。     

参与式灌溉管理在石津灌区的探索与实践

介绍了石津灌区推行用水户参与灌溉管理的试点工作的背景、组建用水户协会的运作过程、工作内容和具体措施。总结了推行参与式灌溉管理的主要作用和效果，指出参与式灌溉管理模式是一种用水户、水管单位以及政府之间的关系较为理顺、权责较为明确的管理体制。它提出了一种全新的在政府引导扶持下农民主动参与的专业化灌溉管理理念。     

把农民用水户协会发展与灌区节水改造工作结合起来

甘肃省在原有灌区管理体制的基础上,全面引进参与式灌溉管理新理念,因地制宜地培育以农民用水户协会为主要形式的新型农民用水合作组织。协会的发展经历了三个阶段,一是试点阶段。1996年,甘肃省水利厅按照水利部确定的“结合我国国情,吸收借鉴国际先进经验,创造具有中国特色的参与式灌溉管理模式”的工作思路．选择白银市东坪电灌工程作为西北干旱地区灌区的典型,开展参与式灌溉管理改革。     

浅议如何发挥农民用水户协会的作用

随着灌区体制改革的逐步深入,各灌区大都采取了“供水公司+用水户协会+用水户”这一“参与式”的灌溉管理模式,将灌区部分工程交与农民用水户协会管理,用水户协会按照协会章程,建立独立的财务管理制度、工程管理制度、灌溉用水制度等各项运行管理制度,实行水务公开,财务收支公开,接受广大用水户的监督。农民用水户协会的建立,在工程维护、配水送水、多种经营等方面取得了显著的成效,推进了灌区管理体制的改革。但是由于用水户协会是一个新生事物,大部分灌区缺少这方面的管理经验,用水户协会的作用没有充分发挥出来,那么如何发挥用水户协会的作用呢?     

参与式灌溉管理在四川的实践

灌溉管理是一个系统工程,引导用水户参与灌溉管理是一个十分复杂的命题,是当前灌溉管理改革的重要一环。四川省农民用水合作组织增长速度较快,但存在实力薄弱、自身能力建设差、影响带动力有限、运行不规范和稳定性较差等问题。根据四川省用水户参与灌溉管理的实践,对参与式的理论与方法及用水户参与灌溉管理运作中面临的问题进行了讨论,提出了一些对策,对规范协会运作、引导协会健康发展具有积极的指导作用。     

托克托灌区农民用水户协会节水灌溉管理模式研究

农民用水户协会(WUA)是参与式灌溉管理中一种先进灌溉管理模式.内蒙古自治区托克托县毛不拉灌区与麻地壕灌区进行农民用水户协会改革,主要目的是通过在灌区末级渠系组建农民用水户协会,建立一套符合市场机制的供水和用水管理制度,让用水户参与灌区末级渠系的管理,推动灌区专管机构的体制改革,使灌区的渠道灌溉水利用率得到显著提高,使灌区能够经济自立,确保灌区的效益和可持续发展.通过调查研究,对托克托县的项目实施情况作出了评价.     

三·秦·水·讯

省组建农民用水者协会现场会组建农民用水者协会,实行参与式管理,是当今世界灌溉管理的发展潮流,也是我省基层灌溉管理体制改革的努力方向。4月28日,省水利厅在扶风召开了全省组建农民用水者协会现场会,省水利厅副厅长李润锁在讲话中指出,大力推进参与式灌溉管理体制改革,有利于推动农村民主制度建设,促进国有灌区综合体制改革,实现用水户和灌溉管理单位“双赢”,保持我省经济可持续发展。李润锁副厅长强调,各市区、各灌区管理单位,要加强领导,精心组织,扎实部署,积极组建农民用水者协会,大力推进用水户参与式灌溉管理,力争用3～5年时间,解…     

参与式灌溉管理在疏勒河流域灌区的实践

随着农业种植结构的调整和水利工程管理体制的改革,甘肃省疏勒河流域灌区围绕改善农业生产基本条件、调整农业结构、减轻农民负担、增加农民收入的目标,进行了灌区管理机制的改革,积极推广农民用水户参与式灌溉管理.通过3年的实践,健全了协会的管理职能,明确了协会和用水户的责任、权利、义务,避免了搭车收费现象,促进了节约用水.     

加强能力建设是推行农民参与式灌溉管理的关键——白银市培育新型农民用水合作组织的经验

通过深入了解白银市已组建用水者协会的情况，对白银市参与式灌溉管理由探索试验、总结完善到示范推广的三个发展阶段进行了认真的分析研究．提出了参与式灌溉管理的核心是提高用水农户的民主意识和主人翁意识．关键是提升创新能力。促进新型农民用水合作组织的产生和发展，提高自主管理能力，保障新型农民用水合作组织良性发展，提高自我维持能力，保障新型农民用水合作组织的可持续发展。对于缺水更为严重、经济能力较弱、农民人口比重较大的西北地区．加强用水农户的能力建设既是参与式灌溉管理的主要目标，也是培育新型农民用水合作组织的必然．更是农民用户协会充分发挥作用的关键。剖析了参与式灌溉管理尚存在协会的法人地位没有得到充分的认可、协会没有得到公共财政的强有力支持、协会的作用没有得到全面的发挥等现实问题。     

兴电灌区参与式灌溉管理改革存在的问题与对策研究

简述了兴电灌区参与式灌溉管理改革取得的主要成效,系统地分析了当前用水户参与式灌溉管理改革过程中存在的问题,提出了今后发展农民用水者协会需要采取的对策和思路。     

北京市推广建立农民用水者协会的实践及成效

北京市在实施“利用世界银行贷款发展节水灌溉项目”中，推广建立农民用水者协会、农民参与灌溉管理的做法，取得了明显的节水效益和经济效益，农民收入增加，种植结构得到调整，地下水资源得到涵养．发展了农业旅游，促进了社会主义新农村建设。其主要经验是领导重视，搞好宣传和培训，把村级用水者协会建设作为最重要的环节来抓。     

The limits to participation: branch-canal water user associations in the Egyptian Delta

Egypt has valuable experience with water user associations in irrigated agriculture. Internationally funded irrigation improvement projects aiming to increase irrigation efficiency have introduced water user associations at the branch-canal level alongside improvements to the infrastructure in the Central Delta of Egypt. In this article we review those water management practices in which these associations are expected to participate. Our main finding is that their role in these areas is minimal and that they are generally weak organizations. Either such organizations should be genuinely strengthened legally and politically, and given real responsibilities and resources, or the entire idea of participation should be abandoned.     

Rethinking commons management in Sub-Saharan West Africa: public authority and participation in the agricultural water sector

Promoted for over three decades, participatory irrigation management (PIM) and its organizational upshot the water user association (WUA) have been framed as a solution to the irrigation sector problems. Based on a case study of small reservoirs in two countries of West Africa, Burkina Faso and Ghana, this article shows that the PIM/WUA model is based on narrow visions of the commons and participation and does not account for the de facto pluralism and institutional bricolage that characterize natural resources management. Attempts at institutional intervention should be based on better understanding social relationships and existing processes of decision making.     

Assessment of Different Irrigation Management Models in Vietnam

An assessment of three institutional models for irrigation management in Vietnam is presented. The first model is a joint management by a state agency and farmer organization; the second is a shared management by a quasi-state and farmer organization; and the third is management solely by a farmer organization. The first model is a conventional management system, whereas the latter two models have recently been introduced in a limited number of projects as a result of the government policy on reform in the irrigation sector. Three study sites are identified to represent three management models. Apart from the institutional framework and selected management functions, water distribution and agricultural productivity are evaluated and compared. Results indicate the better performance of management models with increased involvement of farmers in the decision-making process. It is recommended that the hydraulic boundaries should be taken into consideration in reforming management systems for irrigation projects.     

小型灌区建立农民用水者协会探讨

本文分析了农民用水者协会成立前后的实践效果和存在问题,研究发现,农民用水者协会在节省劳动力、改善渠道质量、节约用水、保证水费上缴等方面均取得显著成效。但是农民用水者协会是我国小型灌区灌溉管理的新举措,农民用水者协会的功能、作用的发挥还受到各种制度和体制限制。     

灌区用水管理改革浅析

针对新疆灌区推行农民用水户协会工作，从改善末级水利工程现状、加强供用水管理和末级水价改革以及用水户协会组建规范运作健康发展等问题进行了分析。     

论市县水利工程质量管理体制建设

“百年大计,质量第一”是工程项目建设的永恒主题。要本着对人民、对历史高度负责的态度,来认识和重视水利工程建设的质量和安全,把质量和安全作为政府行政主管部门管理工程建设的核心来抓,并紧紧围绕这个核心建立健全水利工程质量管理体制,着重探索了市县水利工程质量监督机构的设置和职能问题。     

Irrigation management transfer in sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of policy implementation across scales

ABSTRACT

This article explores how irrigation management transfer policies were implemented in Mali, Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe. In Mali and Mozambique, where the irrigation bureaucracy controlled one large irrigation system, state agencies retained control over irrigation management despite reduced state funding. In Malawi and Zimbabwe, where the state irrigation systems and the irrigation bureaucracy were smaller, users have taken over irrigation management, but are having trouble sustaining irrigated agriculture. We show how irrigation management transfer policies were shaped by the interplay between international donors, macro-economic dynamics, national politics and the interactions with (and the nature of) irrigation infrastructure, bureaucracies and organized users.     

Reviewer's response: the beginning of an important dialogue

This article examines the historical evolution of participatory water management in coastal Bangladesh. Three major shifts are identified: first, from indigenous local systems managed by landlords to centralized government agencies in the 1960s; second, from top-down engineering solutions to small-scale projects and people’s participation in the 1970s and 1980s; and third, towards depoliticized community-based water management since the 1990s. While donor requirements for community participation in water projects have resulted in the creation of ‘depoliticized’ water management organizations, there are now increasing demands for involvement of politically elected local government institutions in water management by local communities.