CVD·SiC-C 梯度涂层中的残余应力及应力缓和

本文采用热 CVD 方法,在 ZrB_2-SiC 复合陶瓷基体上制备 CVD·SiC-C 梯度涂层。采用XRD,SEM,及 X 射线应力分析方法,研究了 CVD·SiC-C 梯度涂层的相组成、显微结构、残余应力及弯曲强度等性能。结果表明,CVD·SiC-C 梯度涂层可以缓解 SiC 与 ZrB_2基体间的热应力及界面应力,涂层中的残余应力得到明显缓解;高温退火处理对 CVD·SiC-C 涂层中的残余应力亦有缓解作用;梯度涂层显著改善了基材的弯曲强度。     

C-Si 梯度涂层对碳纤维性能的影响

本文提出并探索了在碳纤维表面化学气相沉积 C-Si 梯度涂层的新方法,研究了 C-Si 梯度涂层对碳纤维性能的影响。实验结果表明,碳纤维表面化学气相沉积 C-Si 梯度涂层结构中的 C,Si 元素均呈非晶态结构;梯度涂层能大幅度提高碳纤维的抗氧化性。梯度涂层减少了涂层与纤维基体的各种不匹配因素,缓和了涂层中热应力,限制了氧化反应的进行,使梯度涂层纤维氧化前后强度均明显高于 Si,SiC,SiO_2等单一涂层纤维。     

一种特殊烧结技术对梯度结构硬质合金性能影响的研究

研究了分段烧结制备梯度结构硬质合金技术以及粘结剂含量对梯度硬质合金的力学性能、梯度结构的影响.测试了梯度硬质合金刀片的切削性能.结果表明,分段烧结技术能成功地制备梯度结构硬质合金,且随着钴含量增多,合金梯度层厚度增厚,梯度结构更明显;合金的强度与磁饱和提高.切削试验表明:具有梯度结构涂层硬质合金刀片的切削性能比无梯度结构涂层硬质合金刀片的切削性能更为优良.达到同一磨损高度VB=0.15mm时,前者的切削寿命较后者提高了近一倍.     

WC-Co硬质合金/CVD金刚石涂层刀具研究现状

化学气相沉积(Chemical vapor deposition,CVD)金刚石涂层刀具具有高硬度、优异的耐磨性、良好的冲击韧性和化学稳定性,能满足高效率、高精度的加工要求,逐渐成为切削铝和高硅铝合金、碳纤维增强复合材料及石墨等轻质量高强度难加工材料的主流涂层刀具。基于WC-Co硬质合金为基体的CVD金刚石涂层刀具在切削加工过程中容易发生CVD金刚石涂层的剥落,自主研发结合性能优良、长时间加工稳定的WC-Co硬质合金/CVD金刚石涂层刀具仍是该领域国内外发展的必然趋势。目前,研究者为了提高WC-Co硬质合金/CVD金刚石涂层刀具的结合性能,采用化学刻蚀法和机械处理法相结合去除WC-Co硬质合金基体表层中的Co粘结相,发现其能增强涂层与基体的结合强度,但基体表层Co粘结相含量的减少容易导致基体中形成脆化层,降低基体的强度和韧性。为了减少基体的强度和韧性损失,研究者在WC-Co硬质合金基体和金刚石涂层之间制备稳定的含Co中间化合物或沉积中间层,成功阻挡Co粘结相的热扩散。除了上述方法外,研究者还通过调控金刚石涂层工艺参数和结构,将微米晶与纳米晶金刚石层叠相结合,来提高金刚石涂层刀具的摩擦学...     

Ti(CN)/TiC/Al2O3/TiN多层涂层的结构和界面结合力研究

采用中温、高温复合化学气相沉积技术(MHCVD)在WC- (6％wt)Co硬质合金基体表面制备了Ti(CN)/TiC/Al2O3/TiN 多层陶瓷涂层.通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和数显显微硬度计等手段分析多层陶瓷涂层的表面及断面形貌、物相组成、显微硬度;采用表面划痕实验,结合形貌观察及X射线能谱分析(EDS)研究多层陶瓷涂层/硬质合金基体的界面结合力及其影响因素.结果表明:Ti(CN)/TiC/Al2O3/TiN 多层陶瓷涂层结构均匀致密,涂层后硬质合金的显微硬度明显提高,约2600 HV,多层陶瓷涂层与基体界面结合良好,划痕实验显示临界载荷高达105 N,多层陶瓷涂层界面间的原子扩散作用对涂层/基体界面附着力有较大贡献,而涂层内部少量Ti2O3、W6Co6C 等物相的存在对提高界面结合力也有帮助.     

强电流直流伸展电弧法制备硬质合金微型工具的SiC过渡层和金刚石涂层

采用强电流直流伸展电弧化学气相沉积(HCDCA CVD)技术在硬质合金微型工具表面沉积了SiC涂层作为过渡层,并在此基础之上制备了金刚石涂层。实验结果表明,采用HCDCA CVD技术在硬质合金表面制备的SiC纳米涂层连续、致密;此过渡层可有效地抑制硬质合金基体中Co的外向扩散,确保在不进行酸蚀去Co预处理的情况下,金刚石涂层对硬质合金基体具有良好的附着力。切削检测的结果表明,实验所制备的SiC过渡层/金刚石涂层的微型铣刀与未涂层微型铣刀相比,切削刃没有切削屑的粘结,且加工后的工件表面上毛刺较少。这些结果表明,SiC过渡层/金刚石涂层硬质合金微型工具将具有优异的加工性能。     

包埋浸渗/气相沉积二步法在C/C复合材料表面制备SiC涂层

采用包埋浸渗法和化学气相沉积(CVD)法相结合在炭/炭(C/C)复合材料表面制备了SiC涂层, 借助扫描电镜、能谱分析以及X射线衍射等检测手段对涂层的微观组织形貌、元素分布和物相组成进行了观察与分析. 结果表明:包埋法制备的SiC涂层与C/C复合材料基体的界面处形成了梯度过渡层, CVD法制备的涂层十分致密, 有效填充了包埋SiC涂层中的孔隙, 因此, 二步法制备的SiC涂层具有良好的防氧化性能, 涂层试样在1500℃静态空气中氧化60h失重率仅为2.01%. 试样失重的主要原因是其在高低温热循环过程中氧气从涂层中的微裂纹扩散至基体表面, 从而引起基体氧化所致.     

铜基体上制备ZrO2-NiCrAlY梯度喷涂层的组织及其性能

功能梯度涂层能提高涂层与基体问的结合力、耐磨性,以往对铜基体上喷涂功能梯度涂层的研究较少.用等离子喷涂法,在铜基体上制备了zrO2-NiCrAlY梯度涂层.利用扫描电镜对涂层的组织形貌、成分进行了分析,对涂层的结合强度和抗热震性能进行了试验研究,并对试样进行了高温扩散处理.结果表明,梯度涂层设计合理,实现了成分和组织的连续梯度变化;与双层涂层相比,梯度涂层的结合强度和抗热震性有显著提高,涂层的结合以机械结合为主,梯度涂层内部是基体-涂层体系中最薄弱的环节;600℃热处理后,基体与涂层之间出现了扩散层.     

钛合金表面磁控溅射制备HA/YSZ梯度涂层

采用射频磁控溅射法在Ti6Al4V基体上制备了HA/YSZ生物梯度涂层.借助于XRD,SEM,EDS等对溅射涂层的相组成、微观形貌和界面状态进行了研究.实验结果表明:磁控溅射的生物梯度涂层呈非晶态,经过退火处理,可以使其转化为晶态,恢复缺失的OH-1;梯度涂层的微观表面凹凸不平,并呈现网状结构和较多的孔隙,后处理仍保持梯度涂层利于新骨生长的表面形貌,并使其转变为针状结晶.HA/YSZ梯度涂层与基体结合紧密,在涂层与基体界面结合处约5.0μm范围内存在Ti,Ca,P,Zr的相互扩散层,梯度涂层与基体的界面结合强度达60.5MPa.     

等离子喷涂功能梯度涂层抗热震性研究

对等离子喷涂方法制备的金属-陶瓷功能梯度涂层的抗热震性能进行了研究,结果表明:2mm厚金属陶瓷功能梯度涂层整体热震35次后涂层从铝基体上整体剥落失效,主要原因为热震冷却时最大热应力位置在基体与涂层界面位置,位于试样边缘处靠近基体一侧,使铝基体产生周期塑性变形,最终导致基体与涂层的热疲劳失效,同时基体与涂层中金属组元的氧化行为促进了涂层的剥落.     

粘结相梯度结构硬质合金的研究现状

概述了国内外梯度结构硬质合金的发展,介绍了采用正碳烧结工艺制备WC-Co梯度结构硬质合金的工艺和梯度形成机理,并列举了粘结相梯度结构硬质合金的实际应用,展望了该合金的应用开发前景.     

Fabrication of Functionally Gradient Cemented Carbide with Ultrafine Grains

At present, the functionally gradient cemented carbide (FGCC) substrate with enrich cobalt on surface is mainly formed from medium grained WC grains. In order to further improve the properties of gradient cemented carbides, the ultrafine powder was chosen in this study and the functionally gradient cemented carbide with ultrafine grains was prepared by a two-step process, where the cemented carbide is first lower pressure pre-sintered and then subjected to a gradient sintering. The results show that it is possible to form gradient layer with enriched cobalt on surface by this method and also the grain growth can be inhibited by low pressure pre-sintering. Ultrafine grain gradient cemented carbide was fabricated after the gradient sintering, the thickness of gradient layer was about 43μm and the average grain size of WC is about 0.42μm. The formational mechanism of the functionally gradient cemented carbide with ultrafine grains are discussed through analyzing the influence of ultrafine microstructure, which was obtain by lower pressure pre-sintering, on atomic diffusion and grain growth during gradient sintering process.     

A novel sintering technique for fabrication of functionally gradient WC–Co cemented carbides

Functionally graded or functionally gradient WC–Co cemented carbides with Co and/or hardness gradients can potentially have great practical importance. In this article is described a novel sintering technique for fabrication of functionally gradient WC–Co cemented carbides. This technique includes (1) employing green carbide bodies with low (or high) carbon contents within the two-phase region of the W–Co–C phase diagram; (2) their pre-sintering in the solid state to obtain a certain green density and consequently gas permeability; (3) selective carburisation (or decarburisation) of their surface layer in a carburising (or decarburising) gas atmosphere; and (4) final liquid-phase sintering at tailored sintering conditions to obtain a Co drift (also known as ‘Co migration’) either from the surface towards the core or from the core towards the surface. The kinetics of Co drift between couples of model alloys with very similar WC mean grain sizes but different carbon contents were examined. The microstructure, hardness, Co contents, residual stresses and wear-resistance of the gradient cemented carbides with low-Co surface layers obtained by the selective surface carburisation of carbide green bodies with the original low carbon content were examined. Their surface layers were found to contain significantly less Co than the core resulting in a higher hardness of the surface layer. The surface layer is also characterised by high residual compressive stresses in both the carbide phase and binder phase, which results in an improved combination of hardness and fracture toughness. The microstructure, hardness and Co contents of gradient cemented carbide comprising high-Co surface layers obtained by selective surface decarburisation of carbide bodies with the original high carbon content were also examined. The surface layer of the gradient cemented carbide contains noticeably more Co than the core which is beneficial when using this functionally gradient carbide as a substrate for polycrystalline diamond coatings.     

中国超细晶硬质合金及原料制备技术进展

超细晶硬质合金是WC晶粒度≤0.5μm的硬质合金,这类合金具有高强度和高硬度的优异性能。目前由超细晶硬质合金制备的高效刀具已经广泛用于航空航天、核能、汽车、发电设备、新能源和电子通讯等现代制造业。主要对中国超细晶硬质合金原料(例如超细碳化钨粉、钴粉、复合粉)和超细晶硬质合金制备技术、性能及表征方法作了系统的阐述。最后对超细晶硬质合金制备技术进行了展望。     

Grain size effect on wear resistance of WC-Co cemented carbides under different tribological conditions

The grain-size dependence of wear resistance of WC-Co cemented carbides(with mean WC grain sizes of 2.2 μm,1.6 μm,0.8 μm and 0.4 μm,respectively) was investigated under different tribological conditions.The results showed that the grain size had opposite effects on wear resistance of the cemented carbides in dry sliding wear and microabrasion tests.In the former condition,with decrease of WC grain size hence the increase of hardness,plastic deformation,fracture,fragmentation and oxidation were all mitigated,leading to a drastic decrease in the wear rate.In the latter condition,pull-out of WC grains after Co removal dominated the wear,so that the hardness of cemented carbide was not a core factor.As a result,the wear resistance of the cemented carbide generally showed a decreasing trend with decrease of the grain size,except for a slight increase in the ultrafine-grained cemented carbide.Single-pass scratching of the cemented carbides under various loads indicated the same failure mechanism as that in the sliding wear tests.Furthermore,the reasons for severe surface oxidation of the coarse-grained cemented carbides were disclosed.     

板状WC晶粒WC-(Co-Ni)硬质合金的组织和性能

采用真空烧结法制备了板状WC晶粒WC-(Co-Ni)硬质合金,通过XRD、SEM、EDS等手段研究了Ni/(Ni+Co)比对硬质合金组织和性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着Ni/(Ni+Co)比的增大,硬质合金显微组织中板状WC晶粒的比例逐渐减少,硬质相颗粒的尺寸逐渐增大且平均长厚比逐渐减小。当Ni/(Ni+Co)比过大时,硬质合金中硬质相颗粒出现了团聚现象,使其力学性能显著降低。当Ni/(Ni+Co)比为0.3和0.5时,WC-(Co-Ni)硬质合金的综合力学性能较高,这与其硬质相颗粒较细和平均长厚比较大有关。当Ni/(Ni+Co)比为0.5时,WC-(5Co+5Ni)硬质合金具有较优的综合力学性能,其抗弯强度、硬度和断裂韧性分别为2 448 MPa、90.0HRA、21.2 MPa·m~(1/2)。     

Improvements in reliability and serviceability of cemented carbides with wear-resistant coatings

Typical defects in microstructure at a surface-coating interface in chemical vapor deposition coated cemented carbides are described. Results on applying new technologies developed to improve reliability and serviceability of coated cemented carbides are presented. Using WC-based cemented carbide substrates with a uniform, fine microstructure etched before coating eliminates various defects at the surface-coating interface. This results in improvement in serviceability and reliability of the coated cemented carbides in metal-cutting.     

基于超细晶硬质合金钻头的AFRP钻削性能

采用超细晶硬质合金钻头开展了芳纶纤维增强树脂基复合材料(Aramid Fiber Reinforce Polymer Composites,AFRP)的钻削实验,从钻削力、钻削温度、制孔质量、刀具磨损等方面对比分析了超细晶硬质合金钻头与普通硬质合金钻头的钻削性能。实验结果表明:芳纶纤维增强树脂基复合材料钻削过程中,钻削力随进给速度的增大而增大,随主轴转速的增大而减小,超细晶硬质合金钻头的钻削力比普通硬质合金钻头降低了40.6%以上;钻削温度随进给速度的增大而减小,随主轴转速的增大而增大,相对普通硬质合金钻头,采用超细晶硬质合金钻头的钻削温度降低了47~85℃;超细晶硬质合金钻头钻削产生的拉毛和热损伤明显少于普通硬质合金钻头;经过长时间的钻削,普通硬质合金钻头的橫刃和主切削刃出现了崩刃,后刀面出现了严重的磨料磨损;而超细晶硬质合金钻头由于高硬度和高耐磨性等特性,刀具的磨损相对较小,适合于芳纶纤维增强树脂基复合材料的高效低损伤加工。     

硬质合金界面的实验观测与第一性原理计算研究进展

随着计算材料科学的发展,通过第一性原理计算加快硬质合金材料的研发速度,降低研发成本逐渐成为备受关注的研究课题。主要介绍了近年来基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算与高分辨透射电子显微术、三维原子探针等实验观测在硬质合金界面研究方面的进展。首先从界面强度评估方法、第一性原理界面能计算方法、晶界结构的理论模型等方面,结合硬质合金常见晶界计算,系统地对第一性原理计算界面的基本方法进行总结。然后结合最近的几个研究实例,展示了第一性原理计算在硬质合金研发中发挥的重要作用。最后,通过分析国内外学者的研究成果,阐述了硬质合金第一性原理计算领域存在的不足,以及这一领域可能需要进一步开展的工作。