高温大曲中产吡嗪芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及发酵产物分析

该试验从高温大曲中筛选产吡嗪芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）,通过形态观察及磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）分析对其进行鉴定,并采用发酵试验分析其代谢产物。共筛选出3株芽孢杆菌,即菌株B1、B2、B3。经分析鉴定后得出：菌株B1为蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）;菌株B2和B3为萎缩芽孢杆菌（Bacillus atrophaeus）。3株菌发酵产物分析结果表明,在液态发酵条件下3株菌发酵产吡嗪,其中菌株B2和B3发酵产物中吡嗪相对含量较高,均＞60%;固态发酵条件下生成吡嗪前体物质3-羟基-2-丁酮,且发酵产物中相对含量均＞75%。表明这3株芽孢杆菌对酱香型白酒风味物质的产生有着一定的影响。     

原桃胶中1株芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其主要抗菌物质

从天然原桃胶分离到1 株产抑菌活性物质的芽孢杆菌TJ12。其发酵产物对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcusaureus）、藤黄微球菌（Micrococcus luteus）、蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）和串珠镰刀菌（Fusarium moniliforme）有抑菌活性。结合菌落形态、生理生化指标、16S rRNA序列和gyrB序列将TJ12菌株鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）。通过硫铵沉淀、有机溶剂萃取、羟丙基葡聚糖凝胶、高效液相色谱分离纯化,得到其主要活性物质。该物质对pH值、温度和3 种蛋白酶（胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶K、胃蛋白酶）有较好的稳定性。经电喷雾电离质谱分析,初步鉴定该株地衣芽孢杆菌TJ12的主要抗菌物质为杆菌肽A。     

牛栏山二锅头酒醅中芽孢杆菌分离鉴定及发酵风味分析

从牛栏山二锅头酒醅中分离筛选出5株产风味物质能力较好的芽孢杆菌,通过16SrDNA序列分析和构建系统发育树,5株细菌分别为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。分别对它们进行发酵风味分析,其发酵液经固相微萃取和GC-MS分析,并除去空白培养基中物质,地衣芽孢杆菌BL-1发酵液共检测得到14种风味物质,蜡样芽孢杆菌BC-1和短小芽孢杆菌BP-1发酵都得到12种风味物质,枯草芽孢杆菌BS-1好氧发酵共得到16种风味物质,枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2厌氧发酵共得到19种风味物质。除短小芽孢杆菌外,其他4株芽孢杆菌都含有较多数量的酯类化合物,且主要代谢风味物质都是3-羟基-2-丁酮,而短小芽孢杆菌BP-1则含有数量较多的烃类化合物,其主要风味物质是苯乙醇。     

一株产多糖芽孢杆菌的筛选与鉴定

从来源于面酱、燕麦、康乃馨等食品、天然物质的132株芽孢杆菌中,以胞外多糖产量为指标,筛选出一株来源于康乃馨的多糖高产菌株LPL061。采用LB培养基,发酵温度37℃,转速150r／min,发酵时间24h,多糖产量为1．751g／L。通过形态学、牛珲牛化鉴定、16SrDNA序列同源性分析和特异性基因序yrJPCR,鉴定目标菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LPL061）。     

自然发酵腐乳中芽孢杆菌的分离与鉴定

从自然发酵腐乳中筛选芽孢杆菌并研究其作用。根据菌株产蛋白酶能力大小,对自然发酵腐乳中细菌进行分离纯化获得四株芽孢杆菌,经纯化培养后观察其个体形态和菌落形态,利用Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统和16S r DNA序列分析对其精确鉴定。结果显示四株菌株分别为:一株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis B),两株蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus B),一株解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B)。     

酱香型酒醅产香芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其代谢产物分析

本文研究了酱香型酒醅中的产香芽孢杆菌及其优势代谢产物。通过平板分离法从酱香型酒醅中筛选出5株芽孢杆菌,采用PLFA技术对其鉴定,分别为:蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus ereus)、泛酸枝芽孢杆菌(Virgibacillus pantothenticus)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis);革兰氏染色试验结果说明:这五类菌株均为革兰氏阳性菌;生化分析发现:枯草芽孢杆菌产淀粉酶能力最强,巨大芽孢杆菌蛋白质水解能力最强;以高粱粉为底物进行固态发酵,采用GC-MS分析技术对发酵代谢产物进行分析表明:菌株的优势产物主要为3-羟基-2-丁酮,另外还有少量的2,3-丁二醇和酯类等芳香物质。蜡样芽孢杆菌、泛酸枝芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌这五类菌株是酱香型白酒主要的产香功能菌。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌与酿酒酵母混菌发酵效果探究

为探索酿酒微生物的相互作用,以高温大曲中分离得到的两株蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus Frankland)为研究对象,对其进行生化分析,探究其与酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)混合发酵的效果。研究结果表明,蜡样芽孢杆菌的最适生长温度为37℃、最适pH值为7.0,其中B-1菌株耐乙醇能力达到16%vol;蜡样芽孢杆菌与酿酒酵母在固态和液态环境中均可混菌发酵,混合发酵时,先接入酿酒酵母后接入蜡样芽孢杆菌有利于两种菌的相互作用,混合固态发酵更有利于酿酒酵母和蜡样芽孢杆菌混菌发酵,能促进苯乙醇、乙酸、愈创木酚、四甲基吡嗪等多种风味物质产生,有利于提升白酒风味。     

产蛋白酶菌株的鉴定及其对虾壳的脱蛋白研究

从虾塘沉积物中分离到一株产蛋白酶的菌株C1,采用菌落形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因序列分析相结合的方法进行鉴定,进一步探究其在提取虾壳甲壳素工艺中脱蛋白的应用,并与枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）对虾壳蛋白脱除效果进行比较分析。结果表明,菌株C1被鉴定为一株蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,其对虾壳的脱蛋白能力高于枯草芽孢杆菌。当发酵培养基中葡萄糖添加量为50 g/L,虾壳粉添加量为20 g/L,酵母膏添加量为1 g/L时,枯草芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌发酵5 d的蛋白酶活力分别为145.7 U/mL、220.8 U/mL,脱蛋白率分别达到80.4%、90.8%。     

产淀粉酶芽孢杆菌的分离和鉴定

从土壤中分离筛选出产淀粉酶的菌株,经淀粉培养基初筛后,采用DNS法对发酵提取的粗酶液进行总酶活和α-淀粉酶活力的测定,通过形态观察和生理生化反应对筛出的菌株进行鉴定。结果表明:分离到4株产淀粉酶芽孢杆菌,测得其透明圈直径与菌落直径比值在1.7~3.5之间,其中有2株菌株产淀粉酶能力较高,总酶活达到19.760 U/mL和15.432 U/mL;4株芽孢杆菌所产α-淀粉酶酶活在6.4 U/mL~10.4 U/mL之间。经鉴定,1株为枯草芽孢杆菌,3株为蜡样芽孢杆菌,枯草芽孢杆菌的产淀粉酶能力优于蜡样芽孢杆菌。     

枯草芽孢杆菌SH-1发酵条件优化及抑菌活性物质稳定性研究

为开发应用于生物防治的生物农药,应用于食品防腐的新型高效的食品防腐剂,对一株能够抑制多种食品腐败菌和植物致病菌生长的芽孢杆菌菌株进行生理生化和16S分子生物学鉴定,初步确定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),命名为SH-1。用蜡样芽孢作为指示菌对SH-1菌株发酵条件进行优化,并研究活性物质稳定性。结果表明,SH-1菌株发酵条件在接种量2%、初始p H7.0、发酵时间为24 h、转速为180 r/min、温度37℃时抑菌活性最强,抑菌直径高达22 mm;SH-1菌株发酵液在p H(3.0~9.0)之间抑菌活性较稳定,p H9.0以上抑菌活性逐渐降低,p H达到11后活性丧失;发酵液经100℃内处理具有较高活性,121℃活性丧失;经不同时间段紫外线照射后,其发酵液抑菌活性缓慢降低并趋于稳定。     

一株产抑菌物质的蜡样芽胞杆菌的鉴定及其抑菌物质性质

从酱渣中分离到一株产抑菌物质的新菌株,暂命名为菌株B。研究表明,该菌株经碱中和后的无细胞发酵液对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌和真菌均有抑制作用;其发酵上清液经硫酸铵盐析和透析后,仍然有抑菌活性;双缩脲和茚三酮实验表明,抗菌活性物质为肽类物质。生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列比对及系统发育分析表明,菌株B为蜡样芽胞杆菌,其生长和抑菌最适培养基为NB培养基,在pH 7.0的NB培养液中培养40h其抑菌活性达到最大。     

一株降解呕吐毒素蜡样芽孢杆菌的筛选与鉴定

目的:分离筛选能够降解呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol,DON)的芽孢杆菌,以用于该毒素的生物降解。方法:采集霉变秸秆、土壤和粪便样品,先将样品加热80℃后,取上清液接种到以DON为唯一碳源的分离培养基富集DON降解菌。以LB培养基分离纯化富集菌,然后对分离到的菌株进行DON毒素降解能力检测。对降解能力最强的菌株进行形态学观察、生理生化实验和16S r DNA序列鉴定。结果:从16株分离菌中筛选得到一株对DON降解能力最强的菌株B.JG05,降解率最高可达80.61%,且对含DON饲料的降解率为82.68%。该菌株呈短杆状,能形成芽孢;生理生化特性符合蜡样芽孢杆菌的基本特征;16S r DNA序列进化树分析表明该菌株与蜡样芽孢杆菌的亲缘关系最近。结论:筛选获得了一株高效降解DON的蜡样芽孢杆菌B.JG05,为饲料和食品中DON毒素的生物降解提供了可能。     

抑制芽孢杆菌乳酸菌的筛选鉴定及其抗菌物质的分离纯化

从朝鲜族辣白菜中分离筛选得到1株对芽孢杆菌具有广谱抑菌活性的菌株JLY-7,该菌株发酵液对蜡样芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌、嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌等食品中常见的腐败性和致病性芽孢杆菌具有较强的抑制作用。对菌株JLY-7进行形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定其为植物乳杆菌。利用正丁醇萃取、凝胶过滤层析(Sephadex LH-20)和半制备液相色谱纯化等手段对该菌株所产抗菌物质进行分离纯化,得到单一活性抑菌组分,经高分辨电喷雾电离质谱确定该抗菌物质的分子量为694.129 Da。通过蛋白酶处理结果表明,该抗菌物质对常见的蛋白酶均非常敏感。本研究可为乳酸菌抗菌物质控制食品中芽孢杆菌奠定理论基础。     

2种新方法与国标法检测蜡样芽胞杆菌计数结果的比较研究

目的探寻一种操作简便、结果精确的蜡样芽胞杆菌计数方法。方法选用3种不同方法[分别为国标法、蜡样芽胞杆菌显色培养基法和BACARA(蜡样芽胞杆菌选择性培养基)法]对乳粉中蜡样芽胞杆菌质控样品及标准菌株菌悬液进行定量检验。运用配对t检验法分别比较显色培养基法、BACARA法与国标法检测蜡样芽胞杆菌计数结果一致性。结果 2种新方法与国标法计算检验结果在统计学上并无明显差异(P>0.05),一致性较好。结论 BACARA法具有快速、简便等优点。     

Isolation and characterization of the solvent-tolerant Bacillus cereus strain R1

Toluene-tolerant gram-positive bacteria were isolated and identified to belong to the genus Bacillus. They grew in a medium containing yeast extract and in the presence of a separate phase of toluene or other hydrocarbons, but not when aliphatic alcohols were present. The isolate Bacillus cereus R1 did not metabolise or transform toluene. Toluene accumulation in its cells was rapid, unless the organism was supplied with glucose as energy source. In bacteria adapted to toluene, the amount of toluene accumulating in cells was one-half that in nonadapted bacteria. Valinomycin (K+ ionophore) and o-vanadate (ATPase inhibitor) as inhibitors of energy metabolism partly counteracted the effect of glucose as energy source. These results suggest the presence of an efflux mechanism for toluene in strain R1. The nature of this mechanism and its function in a solvent-tolerant gram-positive strain are discussed.     

Biofilm-spore response in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis during nutrient limitation

This study aimed to trace the dynamics of biofilm formation by vegetative cells and endospores of Bacillus cereus DL5 and Bacillus subtilis 168. Counts of B. cereus DL5 and B. subtilis 168 vegetative cells and spores either attached to glass wool or, correspondingly, planktonic cells were determined by standard plate-counting methods. Results from this study highlighted the biofilm-forming potential of both spores and vegetative cells of two different Bacillus species. It was shown that once Bacillus spores had attached to a surface, the spores germinated under favorable (B. cereus DL5) and even unfavorable (B. subtilis 168) nutrient conditions, resulting in biofilms containing both spores and vegetative populations. Furthermore, it was suggested that vegetative B. cereus DL5 cells exhibited a low propensity for spore formation in attached and planktonic growth forms in nutrient-limited growth medium. By contrast, vegetative B. subtilis 168 cells readily formed spores in planktonic and attached microcosms when exposed to nutrient-limited growth conditions. Sporulation in attached Bacillus populations is an important practical consideration for many food industries, such as dairy processing, where bacilli are routinely isolated from populations attached to processing-equipment surfaces.     

Isolation and characterization of a psychrotolerant toxin producer, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, in liquid egg products

A psychrotolerant bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group was found responsible for the spoilage of whole liquid egg products. By sequencing a 16S rRNA region and performing a PCR amplification of specific 16S rRNA and cspA signatures, a Bacillus weihenstephanensis was identified. Characterization of this strain shows its ability to grow in defined medium as well as in whole liquid egg at refrigerated temperatures. The strain isolated possesses genes encoding for hemolysin BL, nonhemolytic enterotoxin, and B. cereus enterotoxins and produces enterotoxins with cytotoxic activity in whole liquid egg, even at refrigerated temperatures. The isolate exhibits a clear ability to stick and form biofilms on stainless steel, the most common material used in egg breaking factories, as well as on model hydrophilic (glass) and hydrophobic (polytetrafluoroethylene) materials. These findings show the necessity to monitor for Bacillus contamination in egg products that are often used in the composition of particularly susceptible finished products such as cream, dessert, dairy, meat, and seafood.     

食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌的分离及携带毒力基因的检测

为了确定成都市食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌所携带的毒力基因情况,本实验对市售食品共采样130份,通过菌落在MYP培养基上形态特征对蜡样芽孢杆菌进行初步分离,再利用16Sr RNA测序结果进行比对分析,并检测分离菌株携带的管家基因gyr B、rpo B、Vrr A、gro EL进一步确认,最后检测分离菌株携带毒力基因情况。结果表明130份样品中共检出23株蜡样芽孢杆菌,检出率为17.7%;23株分离菌株中,蜡样芽孢杆菌的4个管家基因gyr B、rpo B、Vrr A、gro EL检出率为100%,毒力基因的检测结果表明,nhe B和ent FM在16株分离菌株中检出,检出率为69.6%;nhe A和nhe C在14株分离菌株中检出,检出率为60.9%;hbl D在11株分离菌株中检出,检出率为47.8%;cyt K在10株分离菌株中检出,检出率为43.5%;bce T在9株分离菌株中检出,检出率为39.1%;hbl A和hbl C在8株分离菌株中检出,检出率为34.8%;cer和ces在2株分离菌株中检出,检出率为8.7%;未发现分离菌株携带hbl B和Hly基因。研究结果表明市售食品中分离的蜡样芽孢杆菌毒力基因携带率较高,对食品安全具有潜在威胁,应当引起有关部门注意。     

Survival, isolation and characterization of a psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus strain from a mayonnaise-based ready-to-eat vegetable salad

Incidence and population levels of Bacillus cereus in American salad, an industrially manufactured, packaged and refrigerated deli salad containing vegetables and mustard, were determined. Of 12 ready-to-eat samples examined, one (8.3%) was positive for B. cereus at less than 5 x 10(3)cfu g(-1). According to the ISO confirmation procedure, a strain was isolated and further characterized and identified as B. cereus EPSO-35AS by API 50CH/20E phenotypic system, combined with additional tests of motility, oxidase activity and anaerobic growth. This strain produced diarrhoeal enterotoxin in tryptic soy broth culture as detected by BCET-RPLA test, hydrolysed starch and had a low D(90)-value (2.1 min), with an estimated z-value of 6.79 degrees C. After a lengthy lag phase (9-12 days of incubation), the strain was able to grow at 8 degrees C in both nutrient broth and tyndallized carrot broth with specific growth rates from 0.009 to 0.037 h(-1), respectively. In the vegetable substrate, lag time was approximately 3 days (66 h) shorter than in laboratory medium. The effect of temperature abuses on the safety of the product during the time of use or consumption is discussed.