除草剂环嗪酮的毒性研究

本文报道了环嗪酮对小鼠的急性、微核和睾丸染色体畸变试验的研究结果。环嗪酮对小鼠经口ＬＤ５０为１２６４．８８毫克／公斤／小鼠骨髓微核试验及睾丸染色体畸变试验结果为阴性。     

恶雾灵毒性研究

报道了恶霉灵急性经口、经皮毒性、蓄积毒性，微核和睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验的研究结果。恶霉灵对小白鼠经口ＬＤ５０为２７１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，经皮ＬＤ５０〉１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ。蓄积毒性属于弱蓄积性，微核和睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验为阴性。     

恶霉灵毒性研究

报道了恶霉灵急性经口、经皮毒性,蓄积毒性,微核和睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验的研究结果。恶霉灵对小白鼠经口ＬＤ５０为２７１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,经皮ＬＤ５０＞１００００ｍｇ／ｋｇ,蓄积毒性属于弱蓄积性,微核和睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验为阴性。     

农药毒菌锡的毒性研究

本研究按照农药登记毒理学试验方法(GB15670－1995),对毒菌锡原药进行了大鼠急性经口毒性试验,蓄积性毒性试验,亚慢性(90天)混饲经口毒性试验,小鼠骨髓细胞微核率,小鼠睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变率试验,以及Ames试验和皮肤致敏试验.结果显示雌、雄大鼠急性经口毒性(LD50)分别为162、200mg／kg,蓄积系数≥1.亚慢性毒性试验结果显示最大无作用剂量为1．6mg／kg.小鼠骨髓细胞微核率,小鼠睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变率试验,以及Ames试验和皮肤致敏试验结果均为阴性.     

地虫磷致突变性研究

采用Ａｍｅｓ试验，小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠睾丸染色体畸变试验三种致突变试验方法，对地虫磷进行了致突变性研究。结果表明，该农药在小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠睾丸染色体畸变试验中呈阴性结果。在Ａｍｅｓ试验中仅在高剂量、加活化系统（＋Ｓ９）的条件下，对ＴＡ９７菌株呈阳性结果，提示该农药在高剂量时具有致突变可能性。     

SYP-Z048遗传毒效应评价

SYP-Z048是沈阳化工研究院新研制成功的杀菌剂。报道了SYP-Z048原药对雄、雌小鼠经口LD50分别为926、1260mg／kg。同时报道了小鼠骨髓微核和睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变试验研究的结果，即两项试验均为阴性，无致突变效应。     

“840”生物杀虫剂的毒性研究

本研究包括对大、小鼠的急性毒性及对家兔的眼刺激试验 ,Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验及小鼠睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变试验。急性经口、经皮试验结果表明“84 0”生物杀虫剂属低毒农药。眼刺激试验结果表明该生物杀虫剂属轻度刺激性农药。Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验及小鼠睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变试验三项试验结果均为阴性 ,表明该生物杀虫剂在试验剂量范围内没有明显的致突变作用。     

“840”生物杀虫剂的毒性研究

本研究包括对大、小鼠的急性毒性及家兔的眼刺激试验，Ａｍｅｓ试验，小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验及小鼠睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变试验。急性经口、经皮试验结果表明“８４０”生物杀虫剂属低毒农药。眼刺激试验结果表明该生物杀虫剂属轻度刺激性农药。Ａｍｅｓ试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验及小鼠睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变试验三项试验结果均为阴性，表明该生物杀虫剂在试验剂量范围内没有明显的致突变作用。     

胶原蛋白维E颗粒毒理安全性试验研究

目的检测胶原蛋白维E颗粒保健食品的安全性。方法根据毒理学实验的基本原则,进行急性毒性实验、遗传毒性试验(包含Ames、小鼠骨髓多染红细胞微核、小鼠睾丸染色体畸变三项实验内容)。结果两种性别的二级昆明种小鼠和二级Wistar大鼠上、下午两次服用胶原蛋白维E颗粒(总量为0.2g/kg.BW),在14天内,大鼠、小鼠无明显中毒症状,动物死亡数为零,按照急性毒性分级标准评价,胶原蛋白维E颗粒无毒性。Ames、小鼠骨髓多染红细胞微核、小鼠睾丸染色体畸变三项遗传毒性试验结果显示为阴性。结论胶原蛋白维E颗粒作为保健食品是安全的。     

840生物杀虫剂的毒理学安全性评价——致突变性研究

采用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变试验三种致突变试验方法,对840生物杀虫剂进行了致突变性研究。试验结果:该生物杀虫剂在以上三项试验中均呈阴性结果,表明该农药在本试验剂量范围内没有明显的效突变作用。     

甲黄隆的毒性研究

本文报道了甲黄隆的急性毒性，刺激性，微核及精子畸形的试验研究结果。甲黄隆对大白鼠的急性经口，经皮ＬＤ５０〉５０００毫克／公斤，对兔眼有短暂的轻度刺激，对皮肤无刺激，小白鼠的微核试验结果为阳性，小白鼠的精子畸形试验结果为阴性。     

彗星试验在新农药毒性检测中的应用

综述了彗星试验在农药遗传毒性检测中的应用现状,测试了新型嘧啶苄胺除草剂一丙酯草醚等5种新农药对小鼠骨髓细胞和生殖细胞的DNA损伤情况,摸索了最适的彗星试验方法条件,比较不同细胞的敏感性,建立彗星试验标准操作规程(SOP),最终达到彗星试验在新农药遗传毒性检测中的应用和推广。     

Quantitative assessment of natural toxicity in sponges: toxicity bioassay versus compound quantification

Microtox^® assay was used to assess the natural toxicity of two sponges, Dysidea avara and Ircinia variabilis. The activity of crude extracts and major metabolites were compared. Methanol extract of D. avara was more toxic than that of acetone and was as toxic as pure avarol, thus suggesting that the toxicity of the sponge was mainly due to this metabolite. We also quantified palinurin, the major metabolite of I. variabilis, in specimens from several habitats. With the same methanol extracts used for palinurin quantification, we ran the Microtox^® assay and found a positive significant regression between toxicity and concentration of this metabolite. Pure palinurin was tested at the same concentration present in the extract, and the toxicity recorded was higher than that of the methanol extract. As with avarol from D. avara, palinurin is the main secondary metabolite that confers toxicity to I. variabilis. The results confirm that the standardized Microtox^® assay is an accurate and reproducible tool for assessing the toxicity of crude extracts and pure metabolites of marine organisms. These results also suggest that methanol is more suitable than acetone for the detection of species toxicity by Microtox^® The method is faster and easier to perform than chemical quantification even when the sponge chemistry is known, and is appropriate for studies on variation in natural toxicity over a range of environmental conditions.     

The MTT Assay: Utility,Limitations, Pitfalls,and Interpretation in Bulk and Single-Cell Analysis

The MTT assay for cellular metabolic activity is almost ubiquitous to studies of cell toxicity; however, it is commonly applied and interpreted erroneously. We investigated the applicability and limitations of the MTT assay in representing treatment toxicity, cell viability, and metabolic activity. We evaluated the effect of potential confounding variables on the MTT assay measurements on a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) including cell seeding number, MTT concentration, MTT incubation time, serum starvation, cell culture media composition, released intracellular contents (cell lysate and secretome), and extrusion of formazan to the extracellular space. We also assessed the confounding effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) as a tested treatment in PC-3 cells on the assay measurements. We additionally evaluated the applicability of microscopic image cytometry as a tool for measuring intracellular MTT reduction at the single-cell level. Our findings show that the assay measurements are a result of a complicated process dependant on many of the above-mentioned factors, and therefore, optimization of the assay and rational interpretation of the data is necessary to prevent misleading conclusions on variables such as cell viability, treatment toxicity, and/or cell metabolism. We conclude, with recommendations on how to apply the assay and a perspective on where the utility of the assay is a powerful tool, but likewise where it has limitations.     

Photo-oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution: Toxicity of intermediates

The photodegradation of phenol was studied in a batch reactor system illuminated with a 400 W medium pressure mercury lamp. The effects of parameters such as pH, reaction time and initial phenol concentration on the photolytic degradation and toxicity assay have been studied. The experimental results have shown that lower pH and lower concentration of phenol favor the phenol degradation. The disappearance of phenol in each case approximately obeyed first-order kinetics with the apparent rate constants increasing with decreasing solute concentration. Bioassay tests showed that phenol was toxic to Daphnia magna and so resulted in quite low LC₅₀ values. Comparison of toxicity units (TU) between phenol and effluent toxicity has shown that TU value for effluent was 2.18 times lower than that obtained for phenol. Thus, photolysis is able to decrease the toxicity of by-products formed during the degradation of phenol.     

The photocatalytic destruction of the cyanotoxin, nodularin using TiO2

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) photocatalysis has been used to initiate the destruction of nodularin, a natural hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. The destruction process was monitored using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis which has also enabled the identification of a number of the photocatalytic decomposition products. The reduction in toxicity following photocatalytic treatment was evaluated using protein phosphatase inhibition assay, which demonstrated that the destruction of nodularin was paralleled by an elimination of toxicity.     

CHO细胞初始接种密度对细胞毒性试验结果的影响

考察了CHO细胞初始接种密度对体外细胞毒性试验结果的影响。通过细胞倍增试验检测不同初始接种密度下CHO细胞倍增时间的差异,并分别采用中性红比色法及MTT比色法检测CHO细胞初始接种密度对细胞毒性试验结果的影响。结果表明,CHO细胞初始接种密度对细胞毒性试验的结果存在一定影响:以2×104～6×104个·mL-1为细胞初始接种密度,CHO细胞在48h内生长速度较为稳定;以4×104～6×104个·mL-1为细胞初始接种密度,中性红比色法毒性试验结果较为稳定;以2×104～4×104个·mL-1为细胞初始接种密度,MTT比色法细胞毒性试验结果较为稳定。在不同的细胞毒性试验中选择适合的细胞初始接种密度有助于提高细胞毒性试验结果的可重复性。     

一种新型的环境污染检测方法

在环境污染毒性监测方面,作为生物监测法之一的发光细菌毒性检则法正越来越受到重视。简明介绍有关发光细菌的形态、生理、生态等,重点阐明发光菌的应用原理、多种应用领域、在环境毒性检测方面的具体应用和毒性评价的方法,同时对我国在这些方面的成果作了概括介绍。首次对海洋发光菌和淡水发光菌在应用方面的特点和差异作了分析。     

Use of biosensor and impedance spectroscopy assays to investigate the influence of temperature on E. coli sensitivity to 3,5-dichlorophenol

Temperature is one of the most important factors influencing the sensitivity of bacteria to toxicants, but little work investigating the nature of the interaction between microbial cells, temperature and toxicants has been carried out. In this study a biosensor assay and an impedance spectroscopy assay were used to investigate different aspects of the temperature/toxicity interaction in Escherichia coli exposed to the model toxicant 3,5-dichlorophenol (3.5-DCP).The biosensor assay showed that E. coli metabolic rate increased significantly with increasing temperature, but the sensitivity of the cells to 3,5-DCP was significantly reduced at the higher test temperatures. The impedance assay indicated that whilst increasing temperature influenced the physiology of the E. coli cytoplasmic membrane, it had no significant effect on the sensitivity of the cells to 3,5-DCP.Overall the results of the two assays suggest that the manner in which temperature change influences E. coli sensitivity to 3,5-DCP is influenced by temperature induced changes in the metabolic rate of the cells, but not by changes in membrane physiology seen over the temperature range 15-35 °C. The use of two assays, measuring different biological endpoints was beneficial to examining the interaction between temperature and toxicity.