Contribution of some volatile tomato components and their mixtures to fresh tomato aroma

Some volatile components of fresh tomatoes and mixtures of these components were evaluated for their contribution to fresh tomato aroma. cis-Hex-3-enal was the only individual component evaluated which was rated moderately similar to the aroma of fresh tomatoes. A mixture of cis-hex-3-enal, 2-methylhept-2-en-6-one, eugenol and β-ionone significantly improved the aroma of tomato juice prepared from foam-mat-dried tomato powder. Since the individual components of the mixture did not give significant improvement, the desired effect probably occurred as a result of a complex interaction among the added components and juice.     

Identification of Predominant Aroma Compounds in Muscadine Grape Juice

The aroma components of muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Michx) grape juice were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry and GC/olfactometry (aroma extract dilution analysis). 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (furaneol), with a burnt sugar-like aroma, was the most intense aroma in the juice. Other predominant compounds included 2,3-butanedione, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, 2-phenylethanol, and o-aminoacetophenone. These compounds were described as buttery/cream cheese, bubble gum/fruity, green apple/fruity, rosy, and foxy, respectively. Furaneol and o-aminoacetophenone were thought to be responsible for characteristic candy and foxy-like aroma notes of muscadine grape juice. Flavor dilution chromatograms were similar for juices prepared from grapes harvested on different dates and from different locations.     

类胡萝卜素降解对枸杞酒特征香气的影响

为探究类胡萝卜素降解后产生的降异戊二烯类化合物对枸杞酒特征香气的影响,采用一株可降解类胡萝卜素的库特氏菌进行实验。分别在枸杞渣中接种库特氏菌,枸杞清汁中接入工业酿酒酵母,发酵结束后混合;在枸杞汁中加入库特氏菌酶制剂,辅助工业酿酒酵母发酵;将高压灭菌的枸杞渣加入枸杞清汁后接种工业酿酒酵母发酵,并以正常发酵工艺酿制的枸杞酒作为对照。采用顶空固相微萃取及气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）法,对枸杞酒香气成分进行检测,并通过感官评分法评价3种降解类胡萝卜素方式对枸杞酒香气的影响。结果表明,库特氏菌酶制剂辅助发酵组枸杞酒香气和口感均为最佳,高压灭菌后发酵组澄清度最好。因此,在枸杞酒酿造过程中,可以采用库特氏菌酶制剂对枸杞汁进行降解处理,在此之前对枸杞渣可适度配合使用高压灭菌,从而改进枸杞酒的酿造工艺,提升枸杞酒香气。     

Volatile flavour components of grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen)

The qualitative analysis of volatile flavour components in grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) was performed using a gas chromatography/mass spectro-metry/computer system which allowed the identification of 58 components, 25 of them being reported for the first time. The aroma concentrates were obtained by an efficient simultaneous steam distillation/solvent extraction method which made it possible to identify many trace aroma components. Only quantitative differences were found in the aroma composition of fresh grapefruit juice extracted from different fruit batches of the same geographic origin during one season.     

Recovery of volatile fruit juice aroma compounds by membrane technology: Sweeping gas versus vacuum membrane distillation

The influence of temperature (10–45 °C), feed flow rate (300–500 L/h) and sweeping gas flow rate (1.2–2 m³/h) on the recovery of berry fruit juice aroma compounds by sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) was examined on an aroma model solution and on black currant juice in a lab scale membrane distillation set up. The data were compared to recovery of the aroma compounds by vacuum membrane distillation (VMD). The flux of SGMD increased with an increase in temperature, feed flow rate or sweeping gas flow rate. Increased temperature and feed flow rate also increased the concentration factors (C_permeate/C_feed) of the aroma compounds. At 45 °C the most volatile and hydrophobic aroma compounds obtained the highest concentration factors: 12.1–9.3 (black currant juice) and 17.2–12.8 (model solution). With black currant juice a volume reduction of 13.7% (vol.%) at 45 °C, 400 L/h, resulted in an aroma recovery of 73–84 vol.% for the most volatile compounds. Compared to VMD, the aroma recovery with SGMD was less influenced by the feed flow rate but more influenced by the temperature. Higher fluxes were achieved during concentration by VMD and this reduced the operation time, which in turn reduced the degradation of anthocyanins and polyphenolic compounds in the juice.

Industrial relevance

High temperature evaporation is the most widely used industrial technique for aroma recovery and concentration of juices, but membrane distillation (MD) may provide for gentler aroma stripping and lower energy consumption. This study gives important clues about the fate of berry juice aroma compounds and polyphenols during concentration by MD, and identifies the main factors influencing the aroma recovery efficiency with MD. Both SGMD and VMD are promising techniques for gentle stripping of berry juice aroma compounds and deserve further consideration as alternative techniques for gentle aroma stripping in industrial fruit juice processing.     

Influence of delayed cooling on storability and postharvest quality of European plums

BACKGROUND: Delayed cooling has been tested to delay the development of internal breakdown (IB) in other stone fruits, but the influence of delayed cooling on IB has not been studied to date in European plums. A controlled delayed treatment of 48 h at 20 °C was applied in order to study the storability and postharvest quality of European plum (Prunus domestica L.) cv. ‘Green Gage’. RESULTS: Market life of ‘Green Gage’ plums after shelf life was 10 days shorter in delayed fruits than in control fruits at earlier harvest dates. Sensory attributes affected by delayed cooling treatment at harvest were astringency and aroma. Prompt cooling was essential to lower the rate of physiological deterioration of plums, helping to maintain fruit quality and prolong market life. CONCLUSION: Delayed cooling increased IB symptoms in ‘Green Gage’ plums, so, when storability is needed, rapid cooling of fruits is necessary in order to extend their market life. Delayed cooling modified the total soluble solids/titratable acidity (TSS/TA) ratio and the sensory properties aroma and astringency at harvest, so it is desirable to deliver fruits directly to market in order to improve TSS/TA, the instrumental property best correlated with sensory characteristics. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

The flavour components of plum

Summary Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric examination of the aroma components of canned plums obtained by both atmospheric distillation and headspace techniques showed them to be both quantitatively and qualitatively different from those of fresh plums. 25 components were identified, the major ones being 3-hydroxy-butan-2-one, benzaldehyde, nonanal and 2-furaldehyde. Benzaldehyde and nonanal together with benzyl acetate are believed to make a significant contribution to the aroma of canned plums.

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Die Geschmackskomponenten der Pflaume:Eine Untersuchung über die flüchtigen Inhaltsstoffe der Pflaumen in Dosen

Zusammenfassung Gaschromatographische und gaschromatographische-massenspektrometrische Analysen zeigten, daß die Aromastoffe der dosenkonservier ten Pflaumen, sowohl durch atmosphärische Destillation als auch nach der Kopfraum-Technik erhalten, quantitativ sowie qualitativ verschieden von denen der frischen Pflaumen sind. Es wurden 25 Komponenten identifiziert, darunter als Hauptbestandteile 3-Hydroxy-butan-2-on, Benzaldehyd, Nonanal und 2-Furfurol. Benzaldehyd und Nonanal zusammen mit Benzylacetat stellen einen bedeutsamen Beitrag zum Aroma dosenkonservierter Pflaumen dar.

     

基于GC-MS、GC-O和电子鼻技术评价百香果酒香气特征

分别以紫皮百香果全果和果汁为原料发酵百香果酒,通过感官评价,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱和气相色谱-嗅闻方法,结合电子鼻技术,评价百香果原果汁及其发酵后的果汁酒和全果酒中的香气特征。结果表明：原果汁、果汁酒和全果酒共鉴定出78 种香气成分,包括21 种醇类、21 种酯类、10 种萜烯类、7 种酮类、4 种醛类、3 种醚酸类和12 种其他类物质;气相色谱-嗅闻结合香气强度法共鉴定出27 种特征香气成分,包括12 种醇类、7 种酯类、4 种萜烯类、2 种酮类、1 种酸类和1 种醛类物质,原果汁、果汁酒和全果酒三者香气强度差异显著（P＜0.05）;气味活度值大于1的特征香气成分分别有15、18 种和19 种,芳樟醇、β-紫罗酮和己酸乙酯是对三者贡献最大的特征香气成分;主成分分析显示三者差异区分明显,线性判别分析显示果汁酒和全果酒在风味上有重叠,但两者与原果汁间区别较大。     

PINEAPPLE JUICE CONCENTRATED BY OSMOTIC EVAPORATION1

Pasteurized pineapple juice was concentrated by osmotic evaporation to produce a 51 d?Brix concentrate that was reconstituted to single strength juice for evaluation. Headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) showed that the concentrate retained an average of 62% of the volatile components present in the initial juice. A sensory panel preferred initial juice over reconstituted concentrate, and noted a decrease in desirable flavor top notes as well as development of some processed flavor in the concentrate. Similar HSGC analysis of four other commercial juice samples showed a wide range of quantitative values for volatile components, with the initial juice being similar to the weakest of these commercial juices. Analysis of concentrated juice extracts permitted identification of additional less‐volatile components not monitored directly by HSGC of the juice. Relatively low levels of these components were also present in the initial juice. Although this nonthermally produced concentrate retains more volatile components than when traditional thermal processing methods are used, addition of aqueous aroma to the concentrate may be required for satisfactory flavor.     

Comparison of the key aroma compounds in hand-squeezed and unpasteurised,commercial NFC juices prepared from Brazilian Pera Rio oranges

Application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis on a hand-squeezed (juice A) and an industrially squeezed, unpasteurised orange juice (juice B), revealed qualitatively almost the same set of odour-active compounds. However, while in juice A, vanillin, ethyl butanoate, wine lactone, (Z)-3-hexenal, (S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate and (S)-linalool were detected with the highest flavour dilution (FD) factors, in juice B prepared by means of an FMC extractor, several compounds, like (R)-limonene, (R)-α-pinene and octanal showed higher FD factors, in addition to ethyl butanoate, wine lactone and (S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate. Quantification of seventeen odorants in both juices by means of stable isotope dilution assays followed by a calculation of odour activity values (OAV; ratio of concentration to odour threshold) revealed a clear change in the ranking order: while (S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, (R)-limonene, (Z)-3-hexenal and linalool were first in rank among the odorants of juice A, in juice B, (R)-limonene and (S)-linalool followed by (S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate showed the highest OAVs. Sensory experiments revealed that the much higher concentrations of the seven peel oil constituents, and the lack in (Z)-3-hexenal, are the reason for the aroma differences observed for both juices. Further experiments indicated that lowering the pressure during commercial juicing, and also the avoidance of a freezing/thawing process could be helpful in getting closer to the aroma of hand-squeezed orange juice, because peel oil constituents are lowered and, in particular, the latter procedure leads to a complete degradation of (Z)-3-hexenal.     

Impact of Multicolored Asian Lady Beetles on the Sensory Properties of Concord and Niagara Grape Juice

ABSTRACT: The presence of Multicolored Asian Lady Beetles (MALB) in grape juice is increasingly problematic. The overall objective of this study was to determine the specific sensory impacts of MALB on Concord and Niagara grape juice. The aroma threshold for MALB-taint in both juices was determined and expressed as the best estimate threshold (BET). The aroma BET for MALB-taint in Concord grape juice was 1.8 and 0.65 MALB/L Niagara grape juice. The specific sensory attributes of the grape juices influenced by the presence of MALB were then described. In Concord grape juice, trained panelists (n = 9) found significant increases in vegetal aroma and earthy flavor as MALB concentration increased from 0.45 to 7.2 MALB/L. In Niagara grape juice, with increasing MALB concentration, trained panelists (n = 8) indicated significant decreases in honey and sweetness with corresponding increases in sourness, astringency, and vegetal and earthy aromas and flavors (P < 0.05). For both aroma and flavor, consumer rejection studies were performed using paired preference comparisons of control juice to MALB-tainted grape juice. For Concord grape juice, consumers (n = 60) rejected the aroma of MALB-tainted juice at 1.8 MALB/L and the taste/flavor of the MALB-tainted juice at 3.6 MALB/L. For Niagara juice, consumers rejected the aroma of the juice at 3.6 MALB/L. This study demonstrated the presence of MALB negatively impacts the sensory properties of Concord and Niagara grape juice. Grape juice processors may use this research for quality control measures and for establishing tolerance limits. Practical Application: The Multicolored Asian Ladybeetle (MALB), initially used for biocontrol, has been shown in previous literature to impact the sensory properties of wines. The presence of MALB in grape juice is now becoming problematic; however, there is little research describing the specific sensory impacts of MALB on grape juice. This study examined the sensory impact of MALB on both Concord and Niagara grape juice. While the threshold and trained panel evaluations from this study provide valuable sensory profile information, grape juice processors may be particularly interested in the consumer rejection of MALB-tainted grape juice as they can use this research for quality control measures and for establishing tolerance limits.     

Influence of yeast on the yield of fermentation and volatile profile of ‘Węgierka Zwykła’ plum distillates

The character of plum brandies depends on a unique aroma profile of the plum and the microbiota present on the surface of the fruits, as well as yeast used for fermentation. In this study, an evaluation of the effect of microorganisms applied for the fermentation of W?gierka Zwyk?a var. plum mashes and processing temperature (18 °C, 30 °C) on its efficiency and volatile profile, as well as taste and flavour of distillates obtained was performed. An estimation of the odour activity values (OAVs) of the volatile compounds was also conducted. Regardless of whether the fermentation was carried out using Saccharomyces bayanus wine yeast or by native microflora present on plums as well as raisins, the efficiency of this process was high and ranged between 91.7 and 96.7% of the theoretical efficiency. Especially rich in esters (among others ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate) was the distillate derived after fermentation with the microflora of plums and raisins, at 18 °C. An evaluation of the individual aromatic effect of chemical compounds present in tested distillates, in terms of their OAVs, revealed that the highest OAVs were reached with isovaleraldehyde. Other compounds that showed aroma values >1 and possibly had an effect on the overall aroma of tested plum distillates were the following: hexanal, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl benzoate, ethyl hexanoate, 1‐propanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol and 1‐hexanol. The performed sensory ranking showed that the best rated distillate was the one obtained after fermentation with the indigenous microflora of plums and raisins, at 18 °C. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Radiation Disinfestation of California Stone Fruits Infested by Medfly—Effectiveness and Fruit Quality

The effectiveness of radiation disinfestation of California peaches, nectarines and plums infested by Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata) and the effects of gamma-radiation up to 1 kGy (100 krad) on the sensory qualities of these fruits were studied. Medfly eggs in infested peaches and nectarines treated at 0.4–0.5 kGy (40–50 krad) in a Cobalt-60 irradiator did not hatch. Results in irradiated plums were inconclusive. Results of triangle tests with a taste panel of 15–20 show no differences in sensory qualities between plum and nectarine samples irradiated at 0.3 kGy and their controls. Some differences were detected between irradiated samples and controls: color and flavor of peaches at 0.3 kGy; color of plums and peaches 0.5 kGy; aroma of peaches and texture of plums at 0.5 kGy. At 1 kGy, differences were found in the texture of plums, nectarines, and peaches, and color and flavor of nectarines. Better control of harvesting, shipping and handling would help retain the qualities of these irradiated fruits.     

Evaluation of volatile flavour compounds from cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L) juice by the Osme gas chromatography/olfactometry technique

The headspace volatile components of the juice of cashew apples from a commercial Brazilian dwarf genotype were separated by high‐resolution gas chromatography and identified by GC/MS. Five judges evaluated the GC effluents using the Osme technique in order to determine the importance of each compound to the characteristic cashew aroma. Esters methyl 3‐methyl butanoate, ethyl 3‐methyl butanoate, methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl trans‐2‐butenoate and methyl 3‐methyl pentanoate were important to the sweet, fruity and cashew‐like aroma. Cis‐3‐hexenol, hexanal and 2‐methyl‐2‐pentenal presented different green notes. In spite of the flame ionisation detector being unable to detect sulphur compounds, the olfactometric analysis revealed chromatographic regions where sulphur‐like odours were perceived by the Osme sensory panel. The most intense unpleasant odour was due to 2‐methyl butanoic acid, which was described as very stinky. The sensory panel showed good olfactory sensitivity and reproducibility. Sensory and instrumental data correlation allowed a greater understanding of the role of several volatile compounds in the sensory quality of the juice. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

超高压处理对草莓浆香气成分的影响

为了探讨超高压(UHP)处理对草莓浆香气成分的影响,将鲜榨草莓浆经不同压力高压处理后,采用顶空固相微萃取(SPME)富集,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)检测超高压处理前后草莓浆香气成分的变化,并用面积归一化法测定各种成分的相对含量。结果表明：超高压处理后草莓浆香气成分发生明显改变,其中以丁酸甲酯、己酸甲酯、己酸乙酯、2,5-二甲基-4-羟基-3(2H)-呋喃酮等发挥主导作用的酯类和醛类等香气物质含量增加最为显著,说明超高压处理可有效增强草莓浆的特征香气。综合分析可得,300MPa超高压处理可有效保留和增强草莓浆主要香气成分含量和种类。因此对草莓加工而言,超高压处理是一种很有前景的冷加工技术。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Acrylonitrile-co-Divinylbenzene (AN/DVB) Polymeric Resins for the Isolation of Aroma Compounds and Anthocyanins from Strawberry

In this study, the aroma compounds and anthocyanins were recovered from strawberry by using crosslinked acrylonitrile-co-divinylbenzene (AN/DVB) adsorbent. Suspension polymerization technique was utilized for the synthesis of adsorbent resins with a porous character, and the optimal AN/DVB and diluent/DVB ratios of the adsorbent were determined as 0.5 and 1.5, respectively. After that, packed bed applications were carried out using this adsorbent resin. The adsorption process was accomplished by passing 240 ml strawberry juice through the column, and the desorption process was completed by obtaining the eluate from the column in 20 ml methanol. Aroma compounds analyses were applied to the six samples of the column output and eluate which desorbed from the columns. All experiments were carried out in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. It was determined from the total peak areas that 90 % of the aroma components of the strawberry juice were isolated by the packed bed column. Total monomeric anthocyanins were determined via the pH differential method, and 279.5 and 256.58 mg Pg-3-glu/kg strawberry were found in the strawberry juice and eluate, respectively. Approximately, 92?±?1 % of the total monomeric anthocyanins were isolated from the sample. Finally, the prepared column system was reused six times by regeneration and each use gave a similar performance.     

Change in aromatic components of banana during the preparation process of juice and microcapsule powder

Based on the importance of pleasant aroma on quality of banana products, a study was carried out on how the aromatic profile of banana is affected when fresh ripe banana is processed into puree, clear juice, microcapsulated banana powder and reconstituted juice. Solid‐phase micro‐extraction extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identification showed that puree, clear juice and reconstituted juice possessed the similar aromatic profiles with esters as the crucial components contributing the most to the characteristic aroma. Components of secondary importance to the aroma were contributed by the carbonyl fractions, followed by alcohols and hydrocarbons and elemicin. Only four compounds were retained on the surface of the microcapsulated banana powder. Primary component analysis extracted two principal components that exhibit 100% contribution to the total variance of the data set. Aroma profile of banana puree, clear banana juice and the reconstituted banana juice show no significant difference, with esters as the decisive components of the aroma and isoamyl butyrate as the major constituent of the esters, while the compounds responsible for the characteristic aroma were hardly detected from the microcapsulated banana powder, indicating that the main volatile components can be effectively encapsulated through microcapsulation.     

不同乳酸菌发酵对刺梨汁品质及风味影响

以副干酪乳杆菌SR10-1（全文简称SR10-1）、干酪乳杆菌（全文简称H1）、发酵乳杆菌GZSC-1（全文简称GZSC-1）发酵的刺梨汁为研究对象,对发酵前后刺梨汁品质变化进行对比,并采用气相-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy, GC-IMS）和电子鼻技术对不同乳酸菌发酵刺梨汁的挥发性风味物质组成及差异进行分析。结果表明,SR10-1发酵刺梨汁中VC和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的损失率最低（P<0.05）,H1发酵刺梨汁中单宁降解率最高,达到(41.37±1.08)%。电子鼻分析结果表明,3株乳酸菌发酵的刺梨汁气味轮廓相似,但SR10-1对发酵刺梨汁的气味贡献度最高。采用GC-IMS从3组乳酸菌发酵样品、稀释4倍刺梨原汁和刺梨原汁样品中共分离出54种挥发性成分,鉴定出44种物质,主要有酯类、醛类、醇类和酸类化合物。3株不同乳酸菌发酵样品中共有的挥发性风味物质包括叶醇、乙醇、乙酸丙酯、3-戊酮、乙酸乙酯、丙酮等;二甲基硫、丙酮和丁酸乙酯分别是SR10-1、GZSC-1和H1发酵样品的特征性风味物质;H1和GZSC-...     

不同发酵方式对鸭梨酒香气成分的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析四种不同发酵方式所酿制的鸭梨酒的香气成分,并结合不同香气成分的阈值与相对香气活度值,分析四种鸭梨酒的主体香气成分。四种鸭梨酒共检测到56种香气成分,其中清汁发酵和加酶带渣发酵鸭梨酒检测出38种香气成分,浊汁发酵鸭梨酒检测出32种香气成分,而带渣发酵鸭梨酒检测出31种香气成分。四种鸭梨酒的香气成分主要是酯类、醇类、酸类和醛类物质,但这些香气物质的种类及含量却有较大的差异。四种鸭梨酒的主体香气成分共有19种,其中共有的主体香气成分有11种,即乙酸异戊酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、琥珀酸二乙酯、辛酸乙酯、苯乙醇、1-壬醇、苯甲醛、癸醛、萜品油烯和β-大马酮。本研究的结果表明,发酵方式对鸭梨酒的香气成分种类及其含量具有显著影响。清汁发酵的鸭梨酒香气种类更丰富,感官品质也更优。     

Quantitative composition of volatile constituents in cultivated strawberries,Fragaria ananassa cv. senga sengana,senga litessa and senga gourmella

The volatile components of cultivated strawberries Fragaria ananassa cv. Senga Sengana, Senga Litessa and Senga Gourmella were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Employing standard-controlled aroma separation by combined vacuum distillation-liquid-liquid extraction, as well as prefractionation on silica gel, the aroma substances of freshly harvested and deep-frozen strawberries from two growing seasons were quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. Methyl and ethyl butanoate, methyl and ethyl hexanoate, trans-2-hexenyl acetate, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2-hexen-1-ol as well as 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone were identified as main volatile components. In comparison to Senga Litessa and Senga Gourmella, Senga Sengana showed higher amounts of aroma compounds. In general, deep-freezing resulted in decreases of the concentrations of most of the aroma substances, but higher amounts of 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone were found in deep-frozen berries than in the freshly harvested ones.