增容作用对聚乳酸/高密度聚乙烯合金发泡行为的影响

以乙烯甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物（GEMA）为增容剂,采用熔融共混法制备了聚乳酸（PLA）/高密度聚乙烯（PE-HD）增容合金。以CO2为发泡剂进行釜压发泡,制备出PLA/PE-HD增容合金泡沫。结果表明,加入GEMA后,聚合物合金的结晶能力有所下降和流变性能略有提高;随着GEMA含量的增加,PE-HD分散相尺寸减小,数量增多,聚合物合金发泡样品的泡孔结构可以实现从复合泡孔到单一泡孔的转变。     

聚乳酸扩链改性及其挤出发泡的研究

采用扩链剂对聚乳酸（PLA）进行扩链改性,研究了扩链剂对PLA流变性能的影响。采用3种不同类型的化学发泡剂：发泡剂A（发泡母粒）、发泡剂B\[自制复合发泡剂：偶氮二甲酰胺（AC发泡剂）/碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)\]、发泡剂C(自制改性AC发泡剂),利用单螺杆挤出机对PLA进行挤出发泡。采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了发泡材料的断面泡孔结构。结果表明,加入扩链剂可有效提高PLA的熔体强度和黏度及降低其熔体流动速率,改善PLA的发泡效果,扩链剂含量为0.8份（质量分数,下同）时,发泡材料的发泡效果最好;实验所用的3种发泡剂中,发泡剂C的发泡效果最好,发泡剂含量为1.5份时,发泡样品的表观密度较小（0.6 g/cm3）,泡孔直径最小(约为57 μm),泡孔密度最大（约为7.69×10^6个/cm3）,泡孔分布均匀,无明显泡孔破裂和连通现象。     

环氧基POSS对PLA/PBAT共混材料发泡行为的影响

通过熔融共混法制备了聚乳酸/聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二酯/聚倍半硅氧烷(PLA/PBAT/POSS)复合材料,并利用超临界二氧化碳(CO_2)固相发泡法对复合材料进行发泡,通过差示扫描量热仪、高级动态流变仪和扫描电子显微镜等对复合材料的结晶行为、流变行为和发泡行为进行了研究。结果表明,POSS粒子对基体树脂具有增塑效应,PLA的冷结晶温度降低,结晶度提高;复合体系的流变性能明显提高,其发泡材料的泡孔密度和发泡倍率均随着POSS粒子含量的增加而增大,当加入7份(质量份,下同)POSS时,发泡材料的泡孔密度提高至8.25×10~7个/cm~3,发泡倍率达到13倍;POSS粒子对PLA泡沫的泡孔形态具有显著的调控作用。     

PBT含量对PLA/PBT原位微纤复合材料流变及发泡性能的影响

聚乳酸(PLA)是用量最大的可生物降解材料之一,由于其拉伸流变性能较差,难于发泡。本文采用聚合物微纳层叠共挤装置制备PLA/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)原位微纤复合材料(PLA/PBT-MRC),研究了PLA/PBT-MRC的微纤形态、熔体的动态流变性能和拉伸流变性能。PLA、PLA/PBT-MRC注塑发泡后的泡孔形貌、注塑发泡制品的拉伸、缺口冲击和弯曲力学性能。研究表明：PLA/PBT-MRC中微纤宽度低至0.72μm,宽度随PBT含量增加而增大;随PBT含量增加PLA/PBT-MRC的储能模量、损耗模量和复数黏度都增大;PBT含量增加可以明显改善PLA熔体的拉伸流变性能,相对PLA表现出明显的拉伸应变硬化;PLA/PBT-MRC注塑发泡后泡孔直径比PLA注塑发泡泡孔直径减小800%,泡孔密度增加600%,发泡制品的拉伸强度、缺口冲击强度、弯曲强度分别提高22.2%、10.1%和26.4%。     

聚乳酸与聚丁二酸丁二醇酯共混体系发泡行为的研究

通过熔融共混法制备聚乳酸/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PLA/PBS)共混体系和PLA/PBS/反应型增容剂(Cp)共混体系,并通过间歇式釜压发泡成型制得泡沫样品,研究了PLA/PBS共混体系和PLA/PBS/Cp共混体系的结晶行为、相态结构、流变行为和发泡行为。结果表明,PBS的加入对PLA降温结晶的影响不大,其熔体弹性有所提升,且PBS含量的变化对共混体系泡孔形态的影响较小;在PLA/PBS/Cp共混体系中,Cp的加入对共混体系中PLA的结晶性能有明显的提高;另外随着Cp含量的增加,其熔体弹性也显著增加;Cp可以有效地提高PLA与PBS间的相容性,改善泡孔的形态。     

聚乳酸/聚氨酯复合多孔材料制备及吸油性能研究

以聚乳酸（PLA）为基体,添加不同含量聚氨酯（TPU）熔融共混制备具有不同相形态的PLA/TPU共混物,基于超临界二氧化碳（scCO₂）微孔发泡工艺,研究不同发泡温度下PLA/TPU复合多孔材料泡孔结构、发泡倍率和开孔率对样品吸油性能的影响。结果表明,随着TPU含量从10 %（质量分数,下同）增加到50 %,共混物从典型的“海?岛”相形态转变为部分共连续相形态,PLA基体黏弹性提升,结晶能力下降;PLA70组分发泡后泡孔结构更为均匀,随着发泡温度的增加,泡孔尺寸和发泡倍率先增大后减小,在94 ℃发泡温度下发泡样品发泡倍率达到29.1倍,最大开孔率75 %;TPU的加入显著增加了PLA基体的弹性回复能力,94 ℃发泡温度下的发泡样品具有最大的抗压强度,永久形变量最小;针对硅油和环己烷的吸油测试发现对硅油的吸油量大于环己烷,发泡材料的吸油量与发泡倍率和开孔率的乘积成正比,针对硅油单次最大吸油量为10.4 g/g。     

聚乳酸/PBAT合金的微孔发泡行为研究

通过熔融共混法制备了聚乳酸(PLA)/聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)合金,同时添加扩链剂和成核剂苯基磷酸锌(PPZn)调整PLA的结晶和发泡性能。动态流变和差示扫描量热分析的研究结果表明,扩链剂可以改善PLA的熔体强度,PPZn可以促进PLA结晶;在实验条件下经过直接降压法发泡后,所制得的PLA/PBAT合金泡沫的泡孔直径为1~4μm,泡孔密度为109~10~(11)个/cm~3,均为微孔泡沫。     

高熔体弹性PLA/咖啡渣复合材料的发泡行为研究

通过熔融共混法制备二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯（MDI）改性的聚乳酸（PLA）/咖啡渣复合材料,利用超临界CO2对复合材料进行发泡,并对复合材料的流变性能、热性能、力学性能及发泡行为进行了研究。结果表明,MDI与PLA发生扩链反应,PLA/咖啡渣复合材料的熔体弹性、热性能和力学性能均显著提高;MDI能促进诱导冷结晶和熔融双峰形成,使复合材料的冷结晶度提高至24.68 %;加入MDI后,PLA/咖啡渣复合材料的泡孔密度和发泡倍率明显提高;在诱导冷结晶的温度下发泡,PLA/咖啡渣复合材料的泡孔密度和发泡倍率分别达到9.26×106 个/cm3和9.33倍。     

PLA/TPU复合体系微孔发泡性能的研究

制备了PLA/TPU复合材料,以CO_2为发泡剂,利用间歇式超临界发泡技术研究PLA/TPU复合材料的微孔发泡性能,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和XRD研究PLA/TPU复合材料的结晶性能、热性能;用扫描电镜(SEM)研究复合材料的相容性以及发泡后的泡孔形态。结果表明:TPU对刚性材料PLA有一定的增韧效果;采用超临界CO_2发泡技术,TPU含量的增加会降低泡孔尺寸,玻璃化转变温度几乎不变,结晶温度增加,结晶度增大。     

高密度聚乙烯流变结晶性能对发泡的影响研究

采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和Hakke平板旋转流变仪测试了2种不同高密度聚乙烯（PE-HD）的热性能和动态流变性能,结合间歇发泡实验探究了PE-HD的发泡性能。结果表明,PE-HD的结晶速率以及黏弹特性对其发泡性能有明显地影响;HDPE6098具有适合发泡的流变特性和相对分子质量分布以及较快的结晶速率,可以获得发泡倍率为17.69倍,泡孔密度为1.30×10^6个/cm3的样品;而HDPE7000F由于高相对分子质量区域较大,模量较大,导致发泡过程中泡孔生长受到限制,获得的制品较差。     

Preparation and characterization of polylactide/poly(polyethylene glycol-co-citric acid) blends

The blends of polylactide (PLA) and poly(polyethylene glycol-co-citric acid) (PEGCA) were prepared by melt mixing in an internal mixer. The effects of PEGCA content on the processibility, morphological, thermal, mechanical properties as well as hydrophilicity of PLA/PEGCA blends are investigated by rheometer, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, mechanical testing, and water contact measurements. During thermal processing, the presence of PEGCA delayed the melting of PLA and lowered the viscosities of the blends. PLA/PEGCA blends exhibited a phase-separated morphology. The sizes of the dispersed phase increased with increased PEGCA content. The glass transition temperature of PLA decreased with the addition of PEGCA. The crystallization behaviors of PLA and PEGCA in their blends were influenced by each other. Ductility and toughness of PLA were significantly improved by the presence of PEGCA. PEGCA also greatly improved the hydrophilicity of PLA significantly.     

胺端基型超支化乙二胺三嗪聚合物对PLA/PPC的增韧改性研究

以乙二胺和三聚氯氰作为原料,以丙酮为溶剂,通过“一步法”合成了胺端基型的超支化乙二胺三嗪聚合物(HBETP)。以HBETP作为改性剂,采用双螺杆挤出机熔融共混和注射成型法制备了聚乳酸(PLA)/聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)共混物,并用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、 热失重分析仪(TGA)、电子万能试验机、扫描电字显微镜(SEM)等测试手段对共混物的热性能、力学性能以及断面形貌等进行表征与测试。结果表明,与PLA/PPC共混物相比,当HBETP含量为0.6份时,PLA/PPC/HBETP共混体系在保持拉伸强度基本不变的基础上,断裂伸长率和冲击强度分别提高了266.0 %和122.9 %;HBETP是一种增韧PLA/PPC共混物的有效助剂。     

Thermal,mechanical, and rheological properties of polylactide/poly(1,2‐propylene glycol adipate)

Polylactide (PLA) was melt blended with poly(1,2‐propylene glycol adipate) (PPA) in a Thermo‐Haake mixer. Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of the blends were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile test, and small amplitude oscillatory shear rheometry. PPA lowered the glass transition temperature and increased the ability of PLA to cold crystallization. With the increase in PPA content (5–25 wt%), the blends showed decreased tensile strength and Young's modulus; however, impact strength and elongation‐at‐break along were dramatically increased due to the plastic deformation. Morphological results of PLA/PPA blends showed that PPA was good compatible with PLA. The plasticization effect of PPA was also manifested by the lowering of dynamic storage modulus and viscosity in the melt state of the blends compared with neat PLA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Isothermal crystallization kinetics and spherulite morphologies of poly(lactic acid)/ethylene acrylate copolymer blends

Isothermal crystallization kinetics and spherulite morphologies of partially immiscible blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and ethylene acrylate copolymer (EAC) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy. The DSC data obtained was analyzed using the Avrami equation. Crystallization kinetics of PLA from the melt was strongly influenced by the blend composition and the crystallization temperature. At a given crystallization temperature, the overall crystallization rate value was greater in the blends than in PLA suggesting that the presence of EAC enhanced crystallization of PLA. Polarized optical micrographs showed that the crystallization of PLA initially took place at the PLA/EAC interface. At high EAC content (>1 wt %), EAC domains acted as hindrance to crystallization reducing the overall crystallization rate of PLA in the blends. Based on the DSC analysis, the crystallization rate was maximum when PLA blend with 1 wt % EAC was isothermally crystallized at 103 °C. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45487.     

Tailoring the morphology and properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene)‐co‐(vinyl acetate)/starch blends via reactive compatibilization

Poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)/starch (PLA/EVA/starch) ternary blends were prepared by multi‐step melt processing (reactive extrusion) in the presence of maleic anhydride (MA), benzoyl peroxide and glycerol. The effects of MA and glycerol concentration on the morphology and properties of the PLA/EVA/starch blends were studied using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, the Molau experiment, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry etc. The plasticization and compatibilization provided a synergistic effect to these blends accompanied by a significant reduction in starch particle size and an increase in interfacial adhesion. Starch was finely dispersed in the ternary blends with a dimension of 0.5 ? 2 µm. Furthermore, EVA‐coated starch or a starch‐in‐EVA type of morphology was observed for the reactively compatibilized PLA/EVA/starch blends. The EVA with starch gradually changed into a co‐continuous phase with increasing MA concentration. Consequently, the toughness of the blends was improved. Since property stability of starch is an issue, the tensile properties of these blends were measured after different storage times and the blends showed good property stability. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of miscibility on mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/ polycaprolactone blends

Binary blends based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were prepared by melt mixing in a twin‐screw co‐rotating extruder in order to increase the low intrinsic elongation at break of PLA for packaging applications. Although PLA and PCL show low miscibility, the presence of PCL leads to a marked improvement in the ductile properties of PLA. Various mechanical properties were evaluated in terms of PCL content up to 30 wt% PCL. In addition to tensile and flexural properties, Poisson's ratio was obtained using biaxial extensometry to evaluate transversal deformations when axial loads are applied. Very slight changes in the melt temperature and glass transition temperature of PLA are observed thus indicating the low miscibility of the PLA–PCL system. Field emission scanning electron microscopy reveals some interactions between the two components of the blend since the morphology is characterized by non‐spherical polycaprolactone drops dispersed into the PLA matrix. In addition to the improvement of mechanical ductile properties, PCL provides higher degradation rates of blends under conditions of composting for contents below 22.5% PCL. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

From microstructure to mechanical properties of compatibilized polylactide/thermoplastic starch blends

Bio‐degradable polymer blends of polylactic acid/thermoplastic starch (PLA/TPS) were prepared via direct melt blending varying order of mixing of ingredients fed into the extruder. The effect of interface interactions between PLA and TPS in the presence of maleic anhydride (MA) compatibilizer on the microstructure and mechanical properties was then investigated. The prepared PLA/TPS blends were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile, and rheological measurements. Morphology of PLA/TPS shows that the introduction of MA into the polymer matrix increases the presence of TPS at the interface region. DSC results revealed the reduction of glass transition temperature of PLA with contributions from both TPS and MA. The crystallization temperature was decreased by the addition of MA leading to reduction of overall crystallization of PLA/TPS blend. The mechanical measurements show that increasing MA content up to 2 wt % enhances the modulus of PLA/TPS more than 45% compared to the corresponding blends free of MA compatibilizer. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44734.     

Assessment of mechanical performance,thermal stability and water resistance of novel conductive poly(lactic acid)/modified natural rubber blends with low loading of polyaniline

Biodegradable conductive polymer blends made from poly(lactic acid) (PLA), liquid natural rubber (LNR) and polyaniline (PANI) were prepared via a melt‐blending technique assisted by ultrasonic treatment. The effects of PANI at low loading (0.03 to 0.11 wt%) on the electrical conductivity and mechanical, thermal and physical properties of PLA/LNR/PANI blends were investigated. It was found that the mechanical properties of samples improved when PANI was introduced into PLA/LNR. Tensile results showed that the optimum loading of PANI was achieved at 0.07 wt% with an improvement of 8% in tensile strength compared to neat PLA/LNR. Although it was at low loading, the incorporation of PANI promoted an outstanding electrical conductivity to PLA/LNR blends. Thermal analysis of the PLA/LNR/PANI blends was conducted using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. The thermal stabilities of the blends were improved markedly with the presence of PANI. Comparing to PLA/LNR, the incorporation of PANI component improved the resistance towards water absorption. Variable‐pressure scanning electron microscopy micrographs of PLA/LNR/PANI confirmed the good mixing of PANI with PLA/LNR and strong interaction networks among the PANI, PLA and LNR components. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

聚乳酸/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯共混物的研究

通过熔融共混制备了聚乳酸(PLA)/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)共混物,采用扫描电子显微镜、差示扫描量热仪、旋转流变仪对其相容性、热性能和黏度等进行了研究,并研究了PBS的加入对PLA力学性能的影响。结果表明,PLA和PBS之间是部分相容的,PBS的少量添加并不影响PLA的拉伸强度,且其冲击强度随着PBS含量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,当PBS含量为10份时,共混物的冲击强度最好;与纯PLA相比,共混物的黏度有所增加,且随着PBS含量的增加,共混物的黏度逐渐增大;PBS的添加起到异相成核作用,促进了PLA的结晶。     

Thermal properties and non‐isothermal crystallization behavior of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/poly(lactic acid) blends

Thermal properties and non‐isothermal melt‐crystallization behavior of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The blends exhibit single and composition‐dependent glass transition temperature, cold crystallization temperature (T_cc) and melt crystallization peak temperature (T_mc) over the entire composition range, implying miscibility between the PLA and PTT components. The T_cc values of PTT/PLA blends increase, while the T_mc values decrease with increasing PLA content, suggesting that the cold crystallization and melt crystallization of PTT are retarded by the addition of PLA. The modified Avrami model is satisfactory in describing the non‐isothermal melt crystallization of the blends, whereas the Ozawa method is not applicable to the blends. The estimated Avrami exponent of the PTT/PLA blends ranges from 3.25 to 4.11, implying that the non‐isothermal crystallization follows a spherulitic‐like crystal growth combined with a complicated growth form. The PTT/PLA blends generally exhibit inferior crystallization rate and superior activation energy compared to pure PTT at the same cooling rate. The greater the PLA content in the PTT/PLA blends, the lower the crystallization rate and the higher the activation energy. Moreover, the introduction of PTT into PLA leads to an increase in the thermal stability behavior of the resulting PTT/PLA blends. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry