不同掺量非晶态C12 A7/CaSO4·2 H2 O体系对OPC早期性能的影响及作用机理

研究了不同掺量非晶态C12 A7/CaSO4·2H2 O体系对OPC净浆凝结时间、流动性和早期抗压强度的影响,通过XRD和SEM对水化产物的物相和形貌进行了表征,并采用量热试验对其水化历程进行了分析。结果表明：非晶态C12 A7/CaSO4·2H2 O体系掺量为5%,非晶态C12 A7与CaSO4·2H2 O的质量比为1.0∶1.0时,非晶态C12 A7/CaSO4·2H2 O体系能够促进C3 S和C2 S的水化,生成C-S-H凝胶相互交织搭接形成网络结构而促进凝结;同时也促使OPC水化早期产生大量针状晶体钙矾石,钙矾石与前期生成的C-S-H凝胶相互填充,使水化产物结构密实,提高早期强度。     

石膏掺量对以矿渣为掺合料的普通硅酸盐水泥性能的影响

采用水泥胶砂及直接测温法,研究了石膏掺量对以矿渣为掺合料的P·O42.5R水泥的强度及早期水化历程的影响.结果表明:适当增大石膏掺量,可显著激发矿渣微粉早期活性,使P·O42.5R水泥水化温峰升高,1d及3d水化热增大,3d及28d抗压强度提高;但是石膏掺量不宜过大,否则,P·O42.5R水泥的早期水化速度及强度会重新降低.XRD及SEM分析表明:在合适石膏掺量的情况下,P·O42.5R水泥净浆早期的Ca(OH)2(CH)和钙矾石(enttrigite,AFt)生成量大幅度提高,凝胶体增多,孔洞减少,结构较致密.     

少熟料煤矸石水泥的试验研究

从充分发挥煤矸石潜在活性的观点出发,在热活化的基础上采用化学激发的方法处理煤矸石,以达到用较少量的优质熟料辅以高度激发的活性废渣制备大量高性能水泥的目的。试验尝试采用CaO,Na2SO4和废渣磷石膏作复合激发剂,生产少熟料煤矸石水泥,通过对其强度和水化体系进行研究,找出三种激发剂的最佳配合比。在试验所采用的几种配比中,以5％磷石膏＋3％CaO＋2％Na2SO4的配比最好,煤矸石的掺入量可以达到50％,水泥净浆小试体28d强度可达48．1MPa。该水泥水化产物除了有C—S—H凝胶和钙矾石外,还生成网络状结构的无定形硅铝凝胶Na6[AlSiO4]6．4H2O。     

SO3掺杂对高镁熟料Alite晶型和水化性能的影响

文章探讨了SO3对高镁水泥熟料中C3S晶型的调控以及对该熟料水化性能的影响。通过X射线衍射对熟料矿物含量和C3S的晶型进行表征并测试了熟料的净浆强度及结合水。研究表明:当SO3的掺量为1%、2%时不会对C3S的形成带来阻碍,样品中f-CaO含量均小于1%。在该熟料中,阿利特以M3型为主,多为细小的晶体,SO3的掺入能够稳定M1型的阿利特。1%~2%SO3的掺入能促进熟料的水化,提高熟料的中后期强度,当掺量为2%时3、28d净浆抗压强度分别提高8%和5%。水化程度随着SO3掺量的增加而增加,水化产物中含有大量的钙钒石。     

木质素磺酸钙对水泥水化的影响

研究了掺加木质素磺酸钙(calcium lignosulfonate,CLS)后水泥净浆体系的水化速度、水化产物生成量,以及硬化水泥石的微观结构及孔隙结构的变化。CLS大幅度延缓了水泥水化放热,降低了水化速度,使3～10h内水泥的水化程度减少,但对1d后的水化程度影响不大且能促进水泥的后期水化。X射线衍射分析表明高掺量CLS促进硬化水泥中生成钙矾石,抑制水化硅酸钙(CSH)的早期生成,但对CSH的后期生成无影响。扫描电镜观察发现：CLS的掺加抑制了水化产物晶体的生长,使CSH凝胶难以形成空间网架,钙矾石晶体变得纤细。随CLS掺量的增加,硬化水泥中总孔隙容积增加,30nm以上的孔隙显著减少,10nm以下的微孔数量大幅度增加,平均孔径减小。掺加CLS的水泥浆体水化产物晶体发育不完全,硬化水泥的孔隙容积明显增加,是硬化水泥28d龄期内抗压强度显著下降的主要原因。     

不同矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥水化产物与力学性能的影响

为探讨矿物掺合料对预制装配式混凝土水化产物与力学性能的影响,采用20％的镍铁渣粉、锂渣粉、钢渣粉与矿渣粉分别取代水泥,在早期80℃蒸养7h条件下制备了水泥净浆与砂浆,对比研究了镍铁渣粉、锂渣粉、钢渣粉与矿渣粉对7h和28 d龄期蒸养水泥水化产物和力学性能的影响.结果 表明:除了C-S-H与Ca(OH)2外,7h蒸养水泥的水化产物主要为AFm与Ca4Al2O6(CO3)0.5(OH)·11.5H2O,28 d蒸养水泥的水化产物主要为Ca4Al2O6(CO3)0.5(OH)·11.5H2O和Ca4Al2O6(CO3)·11H2O,矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥水化产物种类影响较小;掺镍铁渣粉、锂渣粉、钢渣粉、矿渣粉后,7h蒸养水泥的化学结合水含量分别达到了纯水泥的93.27％、102.22％、90.24％、102.22％,28 d蒸养水泥的化学结合水含量分别达到了纯水泥的93.76％、95.08％、86.27％、95.68％,掺锂渣粉与矿渣粉可以显著提高7h蒸养水泥的水化程度,掺钢渣粉的效果最差;此外,掺锂渣粉、钢渣粉、矿渣粉改变了蒸养7h水泥浆体C-S-H的形貌,除了纤维状C-S-H外,掺锂渣粉水泥浆体中还有蜂窝状C-S-H形成,掺钢渣粉水泥浆体与掺矿渣粉水泥浆体中还有球形与薄片状C-S-H形成;掺锂渣粉可以提高早期80℃蒸养7h水泥胶砂的抗压与抗折强度,但四种矿物掺合料均不能改善28 d蒸养水泥胶砂的力学性能.     

粉煤灰水泥体系中粉煤灰活性的化学激发

本文借助于水泥物理性能试验和XRD测试手段就NaOH、Na2SO4和Na3PO4·12H2O三种不同阴离子钠盐的添加对粉煤灰水泥中粉煤灰活性的激发作用进行了比较性研究.结果表明,粉煤灰水泥中添加适量NaOH,Na2SO4和Na3PO4·12H2O均能有效地激发粉煤灰的活性,这个适宜掺量分别为NaOH:0.5%,Na2SO4:3.0%和Na3PO4·12H2O:2.0%.在适宜掺量下,NaOH添加可使水泥3 d和28 d抗压强度分别提高6.8%和7.7%;添加Na2SO4则对早期强度激发效果显著,3 d抗压强度可提高18.2%;Na3PO4·12H2O则对后期强度激发效果显著,28 d抗压强度可提高17.7%.XRD分析表明,上述三种化学物质的添加均引起了粉煤灰中石英衍射峰和水泥硬化体中Ca(OH)2衍射峰的降低,说明它们都在不同程度上促进了水泥水化放出的Ca(OH)2与粉煤灰中的酸性氧化物的反应,从而加剧粉煤灰潜在活性的释放.     

钢渣粉对MKPC浆体的改性作用试验研究

为了调查钢渣粉对磷酸钾镁水泥浆体的改性作用,测试了含不同量钢渣粉的磷酸钾镁水泥(MKPC)浆体的流动度、抗压强度、干缩率和水化温度,分析了MKPC浆体的物相组成和微观形貌.结果表明:钢渣等量替代MgO粉10％～20％,能使碱组份粉体的颗粒级配更合理,进而改善了新拌MKPC浆体的流动性.含10％～20％钢渣粉的MKPC浆体试件的5 h抗压强度提高5％～17％、1 d抗压强度提高不小于30％.含20％钢渣粉的MKPC试件的收缩变形仅为MKPC试件参考样收缩变形的60％.适量钢渣粉等量替代MgO粉,MKPC浆体中有效碱组份总量降低,造成MKPC浆体的早期水化程度降低.由于钢渣粉中的部分活性元素参与了水化反应,MKPC硬化体中出现了Ca2P2O7·3H2O、Ca2Al2Si2O8·4H2O和Fe3(PO4)2·H2O等新物相,钢渣粉中Ca、Fe、Al和Si元素渗入磷酸盐水化产物中,使水化产物的形貌变化较大,MKPC硬化体结构趋于致密.     

矿物质混合材对水泥砂浆抗硫酸盐腐蚀的影响

采用GB2420方法检测了掺加不同矿物质混合材后水泥砂浆的抗蚀系数(抗折强度比),并根据ASTM C1012标准检测了砂浆棒在5%硫酸钠溶液中养护15周后的膨胀率.结果表明:由于混合材稀释作用和二次水化作用,水泥中3CaO·Al2O3含量和水化产物中Ca(OH)2含量降低,砂浆样品在3%Na2SO4溶液中养护2个月后的抗蚀系数增加,样品15周的膨胀率显著降低.偏高岭土中大量的活性Al2O3有助于降低石膏饱和系数(即SO3和α-Al2O3的摩尔比),从而抑制由于形成钙矾石和石膏引起的膨胀.     

化学外加剂对粉煤灰-矿渣-水泥胶凝体系的激发作用

为提高粉煤灰-矿渣-水泥充填胶凝体系早期强度,选取10种激发剂,通过单掺及复掺试验,研究激发剂的早强性能,并获得最优配比,利用XRD、SEM、EDS手段分析了胶凝体系的水化产物及复合激发剂作用机理.结果表明:单掺激发剂时,当掺量≤1.4％,早强效果较优的依次为:NaCl>Na2 CO3>CaSO4·2H2 O>Na2 SiO3·9H2 O>三乙醇胺,复掺激发剂最佳配比为:NaCl、三乙醇胺分别为胶凝材料总质量0.9％和0.03％,硫铝酸盐水泥、CaSO4·2H2 O均为水泥熟料质量5％,胶砂试样3 d强度比空白样提高191.7％,28 d强度与空白样相差不大;胶凝体系受激发主要水化产物为C-S-H凝胶、水化氯铝酸钙和钙矾石,C-S-H凝胶构成了试样的强度主体,针状钙矾石与片状水化氯铝酸钙交错生长,具有加筋、填充作用,使微观结构更加密实、紧凑,提高了早期强度.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。