碱矿渣水泥基胶凝材料的碳化特征研究

抗碳化性能是混凝土耐久性的重要方面.以水玻璃与氢氧化钠(NaOH)为碱组分,粒化高炉矿渣为胶凝材料,研究了碱矿渣水泥的抗碳化性能,并分析了碱矿渣水泥易于发生碳化的主要原因.结果表明:与硅酸盐水泥相比,碱矿渣砂浆的碳化程度较大,碳化未引起碱矿渣水泥石干燥收缩的增加.碱矿渣水泥基胶凝材料硬化体碳化程度较大的主要原因是其水化产物不存在Ca(OH)2、硬化体孔溶液的高碱性及较大的干燥收缩.     

硅酸盐水泥混凝土的碳化分析

介绍了硅酸盐水泥混凝土的碳化反应和碳化过程,分析了Ca(OH)_2与水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)的碳化作用.Ca(OH)_2发生碳化反应的同时,C-S-H也会发生碳化反应;Ca(OH)_2的碳化产物是方解石,而C-S-H碳化后会转变成无定形硅胶,可能形成稳定性差、结晶度差的球霰石、文石,其分解温度低于方解石的分解温度;C/S低、结晶度差的C-S-H凝胶易于碳化;水泥浆体孔隙溶液中的碱含量越高,碳化速度越快,深度越大.     

钙硅比对水化硅酸钙加速碳化的影响

废弃水泥石、钢渣等碳酸化固定CO2不仅可以缓解温室效应还可以实现废弃物的再利用,同时制备出性能优良的建材制品。为了研究废弃水泥石矿物组成的碳酸化机理,探讨了钙硅比对水化硅酸钙加速碳化的影响。结果表明:随着钙硅比增加,水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)碳化率逐渐降低,高钙硅比的C-S-H具有相对粗大的孔结构使得早期的碳化速率增加;碳化产物中文石、球霰石、方解石在不同钙硅比时所占比例不同,钙硅比≤0.67时文石占较大比例,钙硅比≥1.00时方解石为主要碳化产物,钙硅比=0.83时球霰石含量最大;加速碳化条件下形成的碳酸钙分解温度分成两部分,在400~620℃范围内文石和球霰石都分解,方解石在650~800℃范围内分解。     

水玻璃-矿渣水泥砂浆的抗碳化性能

通过酚酞试剂、XRD、SEM分析等方法,对水玻璃激发的碱矿渣水泥砂浆的抗碳化性能进行了研究.试验结果表明:水玻璃-矿渣水泥砂浆的碳化比硅酸盐水泥砂浆严重;碳化深度随碱当量的增大而减小;随水玻璃模数增大,砂浆的碳化深度先减小后增大,模数为1.2时,碱矿渣水泥砂浆抗碳化性能最好;水玻璃-矿渣水泥砂浆碳化后所生成的碳酸钙主要以方解石和霰石的形式存在,水玻璃-矿渣水泥砂浆碳化后抗压强度会降低.     

碱激发矿渣水泥水化C-A-S-H凝胶微观结构的研究

通过核磁共振、扫描电镜和纳米压痕技术研究了普通波特兰水泥和碱激发矿渣水泥水化28 d形成的C-S-H和C-A-S-H凝胶的微观结构.结果表明,波特兰水泥水化形成的C-S-H凝胶的结构主要由5链14 nm的托贝莫来石(60％)和2链硅钙石(40％)组成;碱激发矿渣水泥的主要水化产物是C-A-S-H凝胶,随激发剂的性质不同而具有不同的组成和结构:当激发剂为NaOH溶液(Na2 O含量为矿渣质量的4％)时,形成的C-A-S-H凝胶是介于5链14 nm和14链11 nm的托贝莫来石之间的中间结构;当激发剂为水玻璃溶液(Na2 O含量为矿渣质量的4％)时,C-A-S-H凝胶的结构主要由11链14 nm和14链11 nm的托贝莫来石组成,与NaOH作激发剂一样,以水玻璃作激发剂的碱激发矿渣水泥水化的C-A-S-H凝胶不具有超高密度状态.     

碱激发剂浓度及模数对碱矿渣胶凝材料抗压性能及水化产物的影响研究

采用水玻璃(复掺氢氧化钠调整模数)激发粒化高炉矿渣活性制备碱矿渣净浆试样.采用抗压强度测试、X-射线衍射(XRD)、综合热分析(TG-DSC)等技术手段研究了激发剂碱浓度(4%、6%、8%)及模数(0.75、1.00、1.50、2.00)对碱矿渣胶凝材料抗压性能及水化产物的影响.研究结果表明:激发剂模数较低时(0.75和1.00),碱矿渣胶凝材料抗压强度随着碱浓度的增加而呈下降趋势;激发剂模数较高时(1.50和2.00),试件强度在碱浓度为6%时达到最大值.在相同碱浓度下,激发剂模数为1.50时试件抗压强度值最大.碱矿渣胶凝材料主要水化产物为C-S-H凝胶,同时伴有C-A-S-H凝胶生成.另外观测到少量斜方钙沸石(CaAl2Si2O8· 4H2O)的生成.在部分配合比中还观测到水滑石(Mg6Al2(OH)16CO3· 4H2O)的存在.碱浓度较高的碱矿渣胶凝材料中生成了较多的C-S-H水化产物.激发剂模数较高时(1.50和2.00),更有利于碱矿渣中C-S-H水化产物的生成.碱浓度/模数较低时, C-S-H产物结晶度有所提高.相较于C-S-H凝胶结晶度,其生成量对碱矿渣胶凝材料抗压强度的影响更为显著.     

碱-矿渣水泥缓凝问题的研究进展

分析了碱-矿渣水泥的水化凝结特点及快凝的主要影响因素,介绍了碱-矿渣水泥缓凝物质的研究情况.认为缓凝物质的缓凝特点如下:(1)在水化初期,缓凝物质快速与碱矿渣水泥中的离子发生化学反应,形成保护膜,同时降低溶液中Ca2+的浓度,阻止碱组分与矿渣的快速水化生成C-S-H凝胶;(2)引入带电荷的阴阳粒子,在电荷斥力作用下延缓Ca2+的移动速度,或降低硅酸根离子的静电引力,从而阻止C-S-H凝胶的生成,延迟硅酸根离子的聚合,以达到缓凝的效果.     

碱矿渣水泥的激发性能与热激发工艺

研究了碱矿渣水泥钠水玻璃复合激发剂中水玻璃掺量对碱矿渣水泥性能的影响,在降低水玻璃掺量的同时,通过蒸养手段,对碱矿渣水泥实施了"热激发".结果表明:其硬化体12h的强度已接近28d强度,较之常温养护,硬化体碳化明显减少.通过不同蒸养制度的对比,得出"3 6 3;80℃"蒸养制度是适宜的热激发工艺;通过对常温养护与蒸养试样的XRD、SEM分析,表明蒸养后碱矿渣浆体中的水化物种类与常温下的相同,主要为C-S-H凝胶,但结晶度变差.     

碱矿渣水泥的热激发研究

研究了在热激发条件下,碱组分中的水玻璃掺量对碱矿渣水泥性能的影响及其规律.结果表明:通过蒸养手段实现了"热激发"的两个主要作用:(1)水玻璃的加入量在8.89%～18.45%范围内时,各配比激发时限可缩短为常温下十分之一左右;(2)水玻璃的掺量维持在≥12%～13%时,硬化体的强度变化不大,12h抗压强度可达到50MPa以上.通过对常温养护与蒸养试样的XRD、SEM分析,表明蒸养后碱矿渣浆体中的水化物种类与常温下相同,主要为C-S-H凝胶,但结晶度变差.     

碱矿渣胶凝材料水化产物的试验研究

本研究旨在较为系统全面地研究分析碱矿渣胶凝材料的水化产物及特性.研究采用不同碱浓度和模数的水玻璃制备碱矿渣胶凝材料,利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、热重-差示扫描热分析(TG-DSC)、能谱仪(EDS)等技术手段研究了碱矿渣胶凝材料水化产物及特性.结果 表明,碱矿渣胶凝材料中水化产物主要为低Ca/Si的C-S-H凝胶和C-A-S-H凝胶,同时也包含了水滑石类物相,但含量所占比例较少.碱矿渣胶凝材料水化产物对碱金属离子有较强的结合能力.以上结果为进一步阐明该材料的水化机理提供了理论依据.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

基于ATRP法制备的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂的吸硼性能的研究

以大分子引发剂氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)经原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法引发丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体的共聚接枝,制得一种触角状亲水性环氧载体(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)),再经二乙醇胺(DEA)的环氧基开环胺化反应,得到一种含多个-NCH2CH2OH螯合配基的多齿-五元螯合环的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA)。将此树脂用于硼吸附研究,结果表明,PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA树脂对硼的吸附满足Langmuir方程,为单分子层吸附;饱和吸附量约为37.7 mg·g-1,且树脂5 min即可达到吸附平衡,与其它已报道的吸硼树脂相比,该树脂具有更高的吸附量和吸硼速率。吸附动力学研究表明,树脂吸附硼的过程主要由颗粒扩散过程控制。重复使用5次后该树脂的吸附量基本不变,解吸率均在90%以上,重复使用性能良好。